A1 MANUAL Andrew’s Series

2.2 connected rates of change

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question types
10cm

Water dispenser

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A water dispenser in the shape of a cylinder with radius 10 cm is filled with water.
The water is dispensed at a steady rate into an empty cup in the form of an inverted
cone of height 8 cm and base radius 4 cm.
(i) After t seconds, the depth of water in the conical cup is x cm, show that the volume
 x3
of water in the conical cup is cm 3 .
12
(ii) If the depth of water in the cylinder decreased by 0.0025 cm s1, find the rate of
change of the volume of water in the conical cup
(iii) Hence, calculate, at the instant when the volume of water in the conical cup is
2
 cm 3 , the rate of increase of
3

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A1 MANUAL Andrew’s Series
(a) the depth of the liquid in the conical cup,
(b) the area of the horizontal surface of the liquid in the conical cup.

[Solution] BEYOND A SOLUTION

(i) Learn how to plan for solution by
r x 1 1. Picking up clues quickly
 r x every time
4 8 2
2. Mastering solving
Vol of water in cup,
techniques and skip
2
1  x x 3 redundant steps
V    x  cm 3
3 2 12 3. Grasping and using
multiple concepts for
difficult questions
(ii)
dh
 0.0025 cm s 1
dt
Vol of water decreased in cylinder after 1 sec  (10) 2  0.0025
 0.25 cm 3 (iii)
dV
Rate of change of volume of water in the conical cup 
dt
 0.25 cm 3
 x3 dV  x 2
V cm 3 
 when volume of water
12 dx 4
2
in the conical cup is  cm3
3
x 2
3
   x  2 cm
12 3
therefore the rate of increase of the depth of the
liquid in the conical cup
dx dx dV
 
dt dV dt
4
  0.25
 x2
4
  0.25
 4
1
 cm/s
4

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A1 MANUAL Andrew’s Series
Area of the horizontal surface of the liquid in the conical cup
 x2 dA  x
A   r2   
4 dx 2
Therefore the rate of increase of the area of the horizontal
surface of the liquid in the conical cup,
dA dA dx
 
dt dx dt
x 1
 
2 4
 (2) 1
 
2 4
 0.25
 0.785 cm 2 /s

Type 2

A round table has a radius of 3 m and a height of 1 m. A small lamp O is placed h m

vertically above the centre of the table, where 0 < h < 4. The lamp casts a shadow of the
table on the ground.
9 (1  h) 2
(a) Given that the area of the shadow is A m2, show that A  .
h2
1
(b) The lamp is lowered vertically at a constant rate of m/s , find the rate of change of
4
A with respect to time when h = 3.

[Solution]

(a) By similar triangles,

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3 r

h h 1
3(h  1)
r
h

Area of shadow  r 2
 9(h  1) 2 
   2

 h 
9 (1  h) 2

h2

dA dA dh
(b)  
dt dh dt
9 (1  h) 2
A
h2

dA 18 (1  h)h 2  18h(1  h) 2


dh h4
18h(1  h)(h  1  h)

h4
 18
 (1  h)
h3

dh 1
When h  3 and  ,
dt 4
dA 18  1 
  3 (4)  
dt 3  4
dA
 2.09 m 2 /s (3 sig. fig.)
dt

Type 3
A ladder PQ of length 6 m has one end Q leaning against a vertical wall and the other end
P resting on the horizontal ground. The height from Q to the ground is h and the length
from P to the wall is x. Given that Q slides down the wall at the rate of 0.5 ms 1 when h =
4 m, find the rate which the other end P slides along the horizontal ground.

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6m h

P x

[Solution]

62  h2  x 2
x  36  h 2

1
dx 1 
 (36  h 2 ) 2 (2h)
dh 2
h

36  h 2

h  4 m,

dx 4

dh 20
2

5

dx dx dh
 
dt dh dt
2
  0.5
5
1
 ms 1
5

Type 4
Find the range of values of x for which the function f ( x)  2 x 3  3 x 2  12 x  7 is
decreasing.

[Solution]

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f ( x)  6 x 2  6 x  12

f ( x)  0
6 x  6 x  12  0
2

2  x 1

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