International Relations

PROJECT
CIA – 2

A brief review on the National Security

Subm
itted By:
Introduction:-
National security is the requirement to maintain the survival of the nation-
state through the use of economic, military and political power and the exercise of
diplomacy. The concept developed mostly in the United States of
America after World War II. Initially focusing on military might, it now
encompasses a broad range of facets, all of which impinge on the military or
economic security of the nation and the values espoused by the national society.
Accordingly, in order to possess national security, a nation needs to
possess economic security, energy security, environmental security, etc. Security
threats involve not only conventional foes such as nation-states but also non-state
actors such as terrorist organizations, narcotic cartels and multi-national
organizations; some authorities including natural disasters and events causing
severe environmental damage in this category.
Measures taken to ensure national security include:
 using diplomacy to rally allies and isolate threats
 marshalling economic power to facilitate or compel cooperation
 maintaining effective armed forces
 implementing civil defense and emergency preparedness measures
(including anti-terrorism legislation)
 ensuring the resilience and redundancy of critical infrastructure
 using intelligence services to detect and defeat or avoid threats and espionage,
and to protect classified information
 using counterintelligence services or secret police to protect the nation from
internal threats

Definition:-
There is no single universally accepted definition of "National Security". A typical
dictionary definition, in this case from Farlex dictionary, defines national security
as the following:
"The requirement to maintain the survival of the nation-state through the use of
economic, military and political power and the exercise of diplomacy."
However, a variety of definitions provide an overview of the many usages of this
concept. The concept still remains ambiguous, having originated from simpler
definitions which initially emphasized the freedom from military threat and
political coercion to later increase in sophistication and include other forms of non-
military security as suited the circumstances of the time.
Walter Lippmann gave one of the early definitions in 1943 in terms of a nation
and war:
"A nation has security when it does not have to sacrifice its legitimate interests to
avoid war, and is able, if challenged, to maintain them by war."
In Harvard, history professor Charles Maier's definition of 1990, national security
is defined through the lens of national power:
"National security... is best described as a capacity to control those domestic and
foreign conditions that the public opinion of a given community believes necessary
to enjoy its own self-determination or autonomy, prosperity and wellbeing."
In 2010, Barack Obama included an all-encompassing world-view in his definition
of America's national security interests as:
• The security of the United States, its citizens, and U.S. allies and partners;
• A strong, innovative, and growing U.S. economy in an open international
economic system that promotes opportunity and prosperity;
• Respect for universal values at home and around the world; and
• An international order advanced by U.S. leadership that promotes peace, security,
and opportunity through stronger cooperation to meet global challenges.

History of the national security concept:-

The origin of the modern concept of "national security" as a philosophy of
maintaining a stable nation state can be traced to the Peace of Westphalia, wherein
the concept of a sovereign state, ruled by a sovereign, became the basis of a new
international order of nation states.
As an academic concept, national security can be seen as a recent phenomenon
which was first introduced in the United States after World War II, and has to
some degree replaced other concepts that describe the struggle of states to
overcome various external and internal threats. The earliest mention of the term
national security, however, was made in Yale University in 1790 wherein reference
was made to its relation with domestic industries.
The concept of national security became an official guiding principle of foreign
policy in the United States when the National Security Act of 1947 was signed on
July 26, 1947 by U.S. President Harry S. Truman..
In India, the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses realized in 1965 that
"national security is a wider concept than defence."

What is war?
War is a behavior pattern of organized violent conflict, typified by
extreme aggression, societal disruption, and high mortality. This behavior pattern
is found in many primate species including humans, and also found in
many ant species. It involves two or more organized groups. Such a conflict is
always an attempt at altering either the psychological hierarchy or the material
hierarchy of domination or equality between such groups. In all cases, at least one
participant (group) in the conflict perceives the need to either psychologically or
materially dominate the other participant. Amongst humans, the perceived need for
domination often arises from the belief that an essential ideology or resource is
somehow either so incompatible or so scarce as to threaten the fundamental
existence of the one group experiencing the need to dominate the other. Leaders
will sometimes enter into a war under the pretext that their actions are primarily
defensive, however when viewed objectively, their actions may more closely
resemble a form of unprovoked, unwarranted, or disproportionate aggression.

Causes of war:-
* Greed - the desire for more power and more territory * Religious idealism *
Corrupt governments * Discontent and poverty * Man's innate sinfulness
The causes of war is to show your power over another country, but there are many
different reasons why war starts. First of all, country's think it helps answer their
problems and solve political issues. No one really knows why country's start war
with another country when they are aware themselves that it will create a big
destruction in both countries, but still they go ahead and start war not realizing they
are putting people's lives in danger.
Generally war is the result of a national entity wishing to improve the standard of
living for its people. A major second cause is when a nation perceives a possible
reduction in a current standard of living and fights to protect what it already has.
Britain for example, fought myriad wars all over the globe in conquest of other
peoples. These were mostly wars of imperialism, where the local population was
subverted to the will of the English. Ireland, India, South Africa, Australia, Ghana,
etc. all suffered as the British advanced.

Weapons:-
A weapon is a tool used with the aim of causing damage or harm (either physical
or mental) to human beings. In human society weapons are used to increase the
efficacy and efficiency of tasks such as hunting, fighting, the committing of
criminal acts, the preserving of law and order, and the waging of war.
Weapons are employed individually or collectively. A weapon can be either
expressly designed as such or an item re-purposed through use (for example,
hitting someone with a hammer), their form can range from simple implements
such as clubs through to complicated modern implementations such
as intercontinental ballistic missiles and biological weapons. Weapon development
has progressed from early wood or stone clubs through revolutions in
metalworking (swords ,maces, etc.) and gunpowder (guns, cannon), electronics and
nuclear technology.
In a broader context, weapons may be construed to include anything used to gain a
strategic, material or mental advantage over an adversary on land, sea, air, or even
outer space.

Elements of national security:-

As in the case of national power, the military aspect of security is an important, but
not the sole, component of national security. To be truly secure, a nation needs
other forms of security. Authorities differ in their choice of nation security
elements. Besides the military aspect of security, the aspects
of diplomacy or politics; society; environment; energy and natural resources;
and economics are commonly listed. The elements of national security correlate
closely to the concept of the elements of national power. Romm (1993) lists
security from narcotic cartels, economic security, environmental security and
energy security as the non-military elements of national security.
Military security:
This is traditionally, the earliest recognized form of national security. Military
security implies the capability of a nation to defend itself, and/or deter military
aggression. Alternatively, military security implies the capability of a nation to
enforce its policy choices by use of military force. The term "military security" is
considered synonymous with "security" in much of its usage.
A condition that results from the establishment and maintenance of protective
measures that ensure a state of inviolability from hostile acts or influences.
Political security:
The political aspect of security has been offered by Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver, Jaap
de Wilde as an important component of national security, Political security is about
the stability of the social order. Closely allied to military security and societal
security. System referent objects are defined, such as nation-states, nations,
transnational groups of political importance including tribes, minorities, some
religious organizations, systems of states such as the European Union and
the United Nations, besides others. Diplomacy, negotiation and other interactions
form the means of interaction between the objects,
Economic security:
Historically, conquest of nations have made conquerors rich through plunder,
access to new resources and enlarged trade through controlling of the conquered
nations' economy. In today's complex system of international trade, characterised
by multi-national agreements, mutual inter-dependence and availability of natural
resources etc., the freedom to follow choice of policies to develop a nation's
economy in the manner desired, forms the essence of economic security. Economic
security today forms, arguably, as important a part of national security as military
security.
Environmental security:
Environmental security deals with environmental issues which threaten the
national security of a nation in any manner. The scope and nature of environmental
threats to national security and strategies to engage them are a subject of debate.
While all environmental events are not considered significant of being categorized
as threats, many transnational issues, both global and regional would affect
national security.
Types of warfare:-
Conventional warfare:
Conventional warfare is a form of warfare conducted by using conventional
military weapons and battlefield tactics between two or more states in open
confrontation. The forces on each side are well-defined, and fight using weapons
that primarily target the opposing army. It is normally fought using conventional
weapons, not chemical, biological, nor nuclear weapons.
The general purpose of conventional warfare is to weaken or destroy the
opponent's military force, thereby negating its ability to engage in conventional
warfare. In forcing capitulation, however, one or both sides may eventually resort
to unconventional warfare tactics.

Unconventional warfare:
Unconventional warfare (UW) is the opposite of conventional warfare. Where
conventional warfare is used to reduce an opponent's military capability,
unconventional warfare is an attempt to achieve military victory through
acquiescence, capitulation, or clandestine support for one side of an existing
conflict.
On the surface, UW contrasts with conventional warfare in that: forces or
objectives are covert or not well-defined, tactics and weapons intensify
environments of subversion or intimidation, and the general or long-term goals
are coercive or subversive to a political body.
Objectives
The general objective of unconventional warfare is to instill a belief that peace and
security are not possible without compromise or concession. Specific objectives
include inducement of war weariness, curtailment of civilian standards of
living and civil liberties associated with greater security demands, economic
hardship linked to the costs of war; hopelessness to defend against assaults, fear,
depression, and disintegration of morale.
The ultimate goal of this type of warfare is to motivate an enemy to stop attacking
or resisting even if it has the ability to continue.

Biological warfare:-
Biological warfare (BW), also known as germ warfare, is the deliberate use
of disease-causing biological agents such as protozoa, fungi, bacteria, protists,
or viruses, to kill or incapacitate humans, other animals or plants. Biological
weapons (often referred to as bioweapons) are living organisms or replicating
entities (virus) that reproduce or replicate within their host victims.
Biological weapons may be employed in various ways to gain
a strategic or tactical advantage over an adversary, either by threat or by actual
deployment. Like some of the chemical weapons, biological weapons may also be
useful as area denial weapons. These agents may be lethal or non-lethal, and may
be targeted against a single individual, a group of people, or even an entire
population. They may be developed, acquired, stockpiled or deployed by nation
states or by non-national groups. In the latter case, or if a nation-state uses
it clandestinely, it may also be considered bioterrorism.

Characteristics of biological weapons:-

Anti-personnel:
Ideal characteristics of a biological agent to be used as a weapon against humans
are high infectivity, high virulence, non-availability of vaccines, and availability of
an effective and efficient delivery system. Stability of the weaponized agent
(ability of the agent to retain its infectivity and virulence after a prolonged period
of storage) may also be desirable, particularly for military applications.
Anti-agriculture:
Biological warfare can also specifically target plants to destroy crops or defoliate
vegetation. The United States and Britain discovered plant growth regulators
(i.e., herbicides) during the Second World War, and initiated an herbicidal
warfare program that was eventually used in Malaya and Vietnam in counter
insurgency. Though herbicides are chemicals, they are often grouped with
biological warfare as bioregulators in a similar manner as biotoxins. Scorched earth
tactics or destroying livestock and farmland were carried out in the Vietnam war
and Elam War in Sri Lanka.
In 1980s Soviet Ministry of Agriculture had successfully developed variants
of foot-and-mouth disease, and rinderpest against cows, African swine
fever for pigs, and psittacosis to kill chicken. These agents were prepared to spray
them down from tanks attached to airplanes over hundreds of miles. The secret
program was code-named "Ecology".
Attacking animals is another area of biological warfare intended to eliminate
animal resources for transportation and food.

Chemical warfare:
Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical
substances as weapons. This type of warfare is distinct from Nuclear warfare and
Biological warfare, which together are the three tenets of NBC, the military
acronym for Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (warfare or weapons). Neither of
these falls under the term conventional weapons which are primarily effective due
to their destructive potential. Chemical warfare does not depend
upon explosive force to achieve an objective. Rather it depends upon the unique
properties of the chemical agent weaponized. A lethal agent is designed to injure or
incapacitate the enemy, or deny unhindered use of a particular area of
terrain. Defoliants are used to quickly kill vegetation and deny its use for cover and
concealment. It can also be used against agriculture and livestock to promote
hunger and starvation. The threat and the perceived threat have become strategic
tools in planning both measures, and counter–measures.

Nuclear warfare:
Nuclear warfare, or atomic warfare, is a military conflict or political strategy in
which nuclear weaponry is detonated on an opponent. Compared to conventional
warfare, nuclear warfare can be vastly more destructive in range and extent of
damage. A major nuclear exchange could have severe long-term effects, primarily
from radiation release but also from possible atmospheric pollution leading
to nuclear winter that could last for decades, centuries, or even millennia after the
initial attack. Nuclear war is considered to bear existential risk for civilization on
Earth.
The first, and to date only, nuclear war was World War II: near the end of the war,
the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. After World
War II, nuclear weapons were also developed by the United Kingdom, France,
the Soviet Union, and the People's Republic of China, which contributed to the
state of conflict and tension that became known as the Cold War. In the
1970s, India and 1990s, Pakistan, countries openly hostile to each other, developed
nuclear weapons.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the resultant end of the Cold
War, the threat of a major nuclear war between the superpowers was generally
thought to have receded. Since then, concern over nuclear weapons has shifted to
the prevention of localized nuclear conflicts resulting from nuclear proliferation,
and the threat of nuclear terrorism.
Nuclear Terrorism:-
Nuclear terrorism by non-state organizations is an unknown factor in nuclear
deterrence thinking, as states possessing nuclear weapons are susceptible to
retaliation in kind, but sub- or trans-state actors are not. The collapse of the Soviet
Union led to the possibility that former Soviet nuclear weapons might become
available on the black market while no warheads are known to have been mislaid,
it has been alleged that suitcase-size bombs might be unaccounted for.
Another possible nuclear terrorism threat are devices designed to disperse
radioactive materials over a large area using conventional explosives, called dirty
bombs. The detonation of a dirty bomb would not cause a nuclear explosion, nor
would it release enough radiation to kill or injure a lot of people. However, it could
cause severe disruption and require potentially costly decontamination.