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Division Multiplexing
1
Overview
! Introduction
! applications
! multicarrier systems
! Why use OFDM?
! multipath transmission
! How OFDM works
! Applications of OFDM
! Problems with OFDM
! Research in OFDM
2
Applications of OFDM
! Digital Television
! European and Australian standard
! Wireless Local Area Networks (LANs)
! Hiperlan 2
! ADSL (asymmetric digital subscriber loop)
! High speed data transmitted along existing
telephone lines
! Future mobile telephony?
3
Multicarrier systems
! Single carrier system
! signal representing each bit
uses all of the available
spectrum
frequency
W ! Multicarrier system
! available spectrum divided
into many narrow bands
! data is divided into parallel
data streams each
! transmitted on a separate
frequency
band
W N
4
What is OFDM?
! OFDM is a multicarrier system
! ! uses discrete Fourier
Transform/Fast Fourier
frequency
W N Transform (DFT/FFT)
! sin(x)/x spectra for subcarriers
! Available bandwidth is divided
into very many narrow bands
Frequency
! ~2000-8000 for digital TV
W/N ! ~48 for Hiperlan 2
! Data is transmitted in parallel
on these bands
5
Why is OFDM so popular for
new broadband systems?
! Most broadband systems are subject to
multipath transmission
! Conventional solution to multipath is an
equalizer in the receiver
! high data rates - equalizers too complicated
! With OFDM there is a simple way of dealing
with multipath
! relatively simple DSP algorithms
6
What is Multipath?
! More than one
transmission path
between transmitter
and receiver
! Received signal is the
sum of many versions
of the transmitted
signal with varying
delay and attenuation
7
Effect of Multipath on
Received Baseband Signal
1 2 3 4 5 Signal on Path 1
Received
Signal on Path 2
Signal
Signal on Path 3
9
How does OFDM solve the
multipath problem?
! Data is transmitted in parallel
! longer symbol period
! e.g. for N parallel streams, symbol period is N
times as long
! Cyclic prefix
! trick to avoid residual ISI
10
How are signals transmitted in
parallel without interference?
First three subcarriers ! Each subcarrier has a
different frequency
! Frequencies chosen so
that an integral number
of cycles in a symbol
Symbol period period
! Signals are
2π kt −2π lt mathematically
T
12
Baseband OFDM system
Discrete frequency domain Discrete Time Domain
Each input controls Samples of modulated
signal at one frequency and multiplexed signals
Transmitter
Low-
Parallel Serial
Received A/D Pass
to FFT to
high speed Conver Filter-
Serial Parallel
data -ter ing
Receiver
13
How are OFDM signals generated?
Typical IFFT Output Samples ! Parallel data streams are
used as inputs to an IFFT
! IFFT output is sum of
signal samples
! IFFT does modulation and
Signal values at the output multiplexing in one step
of the IFFT are the sum ! Filtering and D/A of
of many samples of many
sinusoids - looks random samples results in
baseband signal
14
Modulation
! Varying the complex
numbers at the IFFT
input results in
modulation of the
subcarriers
8-PSK
16-QAM
15
Signals at Input and Output of
Transmitter IFFT
Transmitter
Complex value IFFT output
representing data gives samples
is input to IFFT of modulated
multiplexed
signal
16
OFDM in a multipath environment
- effect on one subcarrier
! Received signal in
First symbol Second symbol
one symbol period
is not a sinusoid
Signal on Path 1
! Causes intercarrier
interference (ICI)
Signal on Path 2
delay ICI
17
Cyclic Prefix
Cyclic Prefix Symbol without prefix
Signal transmitted on
one subcarrier for
one symbol
18
Effect of multipath on symbol
with cyclic prefix
Signal on Path 1
Signal on Path 2
19
Frequency selective fading
1
Transmitted
Signal
Amplitude
0
Main signal +
Delayed signal
-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Symbol Duration
2
Amplitude
Transmitted
0 Signal
Main signal +
-2 Delayed signal
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Symbol Duration
20
Spectrum of Received Signal
! Multipath fading causes
some frequencies to be
attenuated
! Fading is approximately
W
constant over narrow band
! This is corrected in the
receiver
21
Amplitude and phase change
! Multipath delay causes
1
Transmitted
Signal
change in amplitude and
phase of each subcarrier
Amplitude
0
Main signal +
Delayed signal
Change depends on
-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
2
Symbol Duration !
subcarrier frequency
Amplitude
Transmitted
0 Signal
-2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Main signal +
Delayed signal ! Corrected in receiver by
one complex multiplication
Symbol Duration
per subcarrier
22
Multipath fading corrected by
‘single tap equalizer’
24
DVB - single frequency
network DVB designed to allow the
!
25
OFDM in ADSL
! OFDM used in ADSL is usually called ‘Discrete
Multitone’ (DMT)
! Two way transmission
! transmission can be tailored to the particular
channel
! Baseband system
! only real (not complex signal can be transmitted)
26
Frequencies used for ADSL
Power Spectral Density
Upstream
Frequency
0-4
kHz Downstream 25-1104 kHz
Power Spectral Density
27
OFDM/DMT in ADSL
Power Spectral Density
Upstream
POTS
! 256 subcarriers
! Test signals transmitted
! received signal and noise level of each tone
measured
! Large constellations used on good tones
28
Hiperlan-2 - Wireless LAN
! 64 point FFT, 52 subcarriers used
! Different modes
! signal constellation, error coding, cyclic prefix
! Two way channel
! feedback be used to determine transmission mode
29
OFDM Problems
! High peak-to-average power ratio
! peak signals power much greater than average
signal power
! need very linear amplifiers with large dynamic
range
! Very sensitive to frequency errors
! tight specifications for local oscillators
! Doppler limitation
30
High peak-to-average power
! OFDM signal is sum
of many separate
sinusoids
! In worst case may
all add
constructively
! High peaks occur
rarely
31
Solutions to peak-to-average
power
Transmitter
Frequency
W/N
34
PCC-OFDM - solution to
frequency sensitivity
1 1 1
0 0 0
-1 -1 -1
-5 0 5 10 -5 0 5 10 -5 0 5 10
Frequncy Frequncy Frequncy
35
ISI/ICI of OFDM and PCC-OFDM
OFDM PCC-OFDM
! Concentration of subchannels in time and
frequency domain reduce ICI and ISI
36
PCC with overlapping symbol
periods
0 T/2 T 3T/2 2T
! Symbols are overlapped
! ISI is deliberately introduced
! equalizer required in receiver to recover data
37
PCC-OFDM receiver structure
exp (− j 2π ( f c + ∆ f )t )
y0,i z0,i
v0,i v0,i−1 v0,i−2
" T/2 "
" " Weight T/2 "
LPF
Delay
BPF X and
line yN−1,i
DFT and
zN−1,i sum vN−1,i Delay vN−1,i−1Delay vN
ADC 2 2
2
−1,i−2
One DFT
operation
Data clocked
in at rate T/N
every T/2
Vi−1 " Two-
Vi Dimensional D̂i
Vi+1 Equalizer
"
38
Performance in a multipath
channel
0
10
-1
! PCC-OFDM
outperforms OFDM
10
Advantages increase
-2
10 !
as delay spread
Bit Error Ra te
-3
10
increases
-4
tolerance to delay
10
!
10
-5 four line a r s ta ge s - 10dB
four line a r s ta ge s - 15dB spread depends on
equalizer length, not
OFDM - 10dB
OFDM - 15dB
-6
40
Baseband OFDM system
Transmitter
Low-
Parallel Serial
Received A/D Pass
to FFT to
high speed Conver Filter-
Serial Parallel
data -ter ing
Receiver
41