feed to a typical coal processing Guidized bed (Skinner, 3970); fine particles in the distribution have a considerable effect on the calculation. Similarly, it is not clear at present exactly how dy should be specified in applying the correla- tion for jet penetration depth to a bed with a wide range of particle sizes. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was carried out at the Research Laboratories of ‘Westinghouse Electric Corporation and was pertially sponsored by the Office of Goal Rescarch. The author wishes {0 thank Dr. D. L. Keaims for the encouragement and advice he has ‘offered daring many useful discussions. NOTATION = jet nozzle diameter ‘mean particle diameter initial bubble diameter acceleration due to gravity volumetric gas flow rate jet penetration depth measured from nozzle jet penetration depth measured from apex of cone jet nozzle velocit initial bubble volume length of conical section of jet (ye/L = 0.55) yo = distance between apex of cone and jet nozzle Greek Letters 6 jet half-any m= density of ia P= density of solids LITERATURE CITED Baw, V. A.V. I. Markhevka, T. Kh, Mebk-Akhnazarov, and 1D. 1. Orociako, “Investigation of the Stmeture of a Now- form Fluidized Beds” Int. Chem, Eng., 9, 263 (1969), Behic, L.A, and P. Kehoe, “Grid Region in a React CHE J. 19, 1070 (1973 Dasidson, J. Harrison, Fluidized Particles, Cam bridge Uni. Press, England (1963). Grace, J- RL, "Viscosity of Flaidized Beds,” Can. J. Chem. Eng., 45, 30 (1970). Hareison, D.,and 1. . Leung, “Bubble Formation at an Orifice ina Fluidized Bed,” Trans. Inst. Chem. Engrs, 39, 409 (1961), Kunii, D., and O. Levenspiel, Fluidisation Engineering, Wi New York (1968). Markhevka, V. 1, V. A. Basov, T. Kk, MelikeAKhnazars, and D. 1, Orochko, “The Flow ‘of a Gas Jet into a Fluidized Bed," Theor. Found. Chem. Eng, 3, 80 (1971), Mery, J. M.D, "Penetration ot & Horizontal Gas Jet into a Finidized Bed,” Trans. Inst. Chem. Engrs, 49, 189 (1971). Rowe, P. N., “Experimental Properties of Bubbles,” in J. F. Davidson and D. Harrison (Eds.), Fluidization, p. 199, Aca. demie Press, New York (1971). Shabhova, N.'4., “Outfow of Turbulent Jets into a Fluidized Bec,” Inch Fiz, Zh., 14, 61 (1968). Skinner, D. G., The Fluidized Combustion of Coal, National ‘Coal Board, London (1970) Yang, W. C. and D. L. Keaiins, "Recirculating Fluidized-Bed Reactor Data Utilizing @ Two-Dimensioaal’ Cold Model,” AICHE Symp. Ser. No. 141, 10, 27 (1970) Zenz, F. A., “Bubble Formation and Grid’ Design,” in J. Xi Pirie, (ed), Fluidization, p. 136, Inst. Chera. Eng, London (1968). Menuserigt recelsed December 11, 1976; reivon received January 280 ond accepted January 28, 1975. A Generalized Thermodynamic Correlation Based on Three-Parameter Corresponding States The volumetric and thermodynamic functions correlated by Pitzer and BYUNG IK LEE co-workers analytically represented with improved accuracy by a modified BWR equation of state. The lower temperatures. It is in a form particularly convenient for compvter use. ‘The S-parameter corresponding states principle as pro- posed by Pitzer and co-workers has been widely used to correlate the volumetric and thermodynanie properties needed for process design. The original cerrelations by Pitzer et l., based on that principle, wove limited to reduced temperatures above 0.8, Several extensions to ae apontare bee tescared in the lave dye, year, Most of these correlations are in tabular or graphieal form, difficult to implement on the computer. Also, significant Aiserepancies appear at the interface (near T, = 0.8) Page 510 May, 1975 sentation provides a smooth between the original tables of Pitzer et al. and more recent extensions to ond nansition MICHAEL G. KESLER Research and Development Corporation Pest Office Box 1026 Prineoton, New Jersey 08540 between the original and extended co-relations. ‘The objective of this work was to develop an analytical correlation, Fased on the 3-parameter corresponding states RUA tad coving te athe reoas of T, anal practical interest tm Knother ob- jective was to improve the accuracy and consistency of the published correlations. This has been achieved by means of two equations of state, similar in form to tha of Benedict, Webb, and Rubin, for the simple and refer- ence Fuids. AIChE Journal (Vol. 21. No. 3)nate bn ee tence CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE This paper describes a method of analytically represent- jing volumetric and thermodynamic functions based on Pitzer’s S-parameter corresponding states principle. The functions clade: GER Botha y dpa cretion, bar an exh and the second virial coefficients. artures, Fugacit ‘Two equations of state, for the simple and reference fluids, accurately represent the volumetric and thermo- dyna low temperatures. It has also provided tion between the original correlations of Pitzer et al. and more recent extensions by others to low temperatures, The method has been found to be reliable over a wide range of conditions for nonpolar and slightly polar sub- stances and their mixtures. Its accuracy, like that of the original Pitzer correlations, is best in the subcooled and superhened regions, Thelneuiaey is dined, although to a lesser extent than in the Pitzer correlations, in these developments is a new reduced vapor pressure ‘equation and a means of estimating acentrie factors from that equation, as well as a set of mixing rules for calculat- jing pseudo critical properties and acentrie factors of mixtures. In a series of papers, Pitzer and co-workers (Pitzer et al., 1955; Pitzer and Curl, 1957; Curl and Pitzer, 1958) demonstrated that the compressibility factor and other derived thermodynamic functions can be adequately rep- resented, at constant reduced temperature and pressure, by a linear function of the acentrie factor. In particular, the compressibility factor of a fluid whose acentrie factor is o, is given by the following equation: Z=Z + oZ a) where Z® is the compressibility factor of a simple fuid and Z represents the deviation of the compressibility factor of the real uid from Z', Z® and Z° are as- sumed functions of the reduced temperature and pressure. Using this approach, Pitzer and co-workers correlated volumetric and thermodynamic properties over the range of reduced temperatures, 0.8-4.0, an reduced pressures, 0-9.0. More recently’a number of authors (Chao et al., 1971; Chao and Greenkorn, 1971; Carruth and Kobayashi, 1972; Lu et al,, 1973; Hsi and Lu, 1974) have extended the correlations to lower tem- peratures. The correlations of Pitzer and co-workers have been used extensively to calculate compressibility factors and enthalpies of nonpolar substances and their mixtures. This approach, however, has proven inadequate when calcula- tions are made: 1. In the critical region; 2. For liquids at low temperatures: 3. At the interface of the original correlations and the corresponding extensions; 4. For widely boiling mixtures, particularly those con- taining high concentrations of very light and very heavy components. This difficulty is closely related to problems in defining the pseudo critical properties of the mixture. One of the objectives of this work was to improve the correlations in the above areas. More generally, the ob- jective has been to provide = practical analytical frame- ‘work for representing the volumetric and thermodynamic functions in terms of the three parameters of the corre- sponding states principle developed by Pier and co To facilitate analytical representation, the compressi- bility factor of any fluid has been expressed in this work in terms of the compresibitty factor of « simple fd Z® and the compressibility factor of a reference fuid 20°, as follows: Z=Z + ——— (2 — 2) (2) When Z is expressed as in Equation (2), the deviation term Z") in Equation (1) is obviously equivalent to (Z‘”” approach is used to represent analytically other derived thermodynamic functions, such as fugacity and the de- partures of enthalpy, entropy, and isobaric and isochoric heat capacities from the ideal gas state. corresponding equation of state constants were readjusted “Tabtt 1. Constavrs ron Equation (3)) Constant Simple fuids Reference fuids by 0.181183 be 0.265728, by be 0.203488, a 4 0.031336 a 0.0186984 .050361 AIChE Journal (Vol. 21, No. 3) Constant Simple fuids Reference fuid 00 0.016901 ea 0.042724 0.081577 ay xc 108 0.155488 0.48736 dy x 108 0.623689 0.0740336 e 0.85392 12 1 0.060167 0.03754 May, 1975 Page S11‘er the compressibility factors and the derived imic properties of other substances, in addition to those of octane. Briefly, the work consisted of the following: 1. Modification of Benedict et al. equation of state (1940) as represented by Equation (3). 2, Fitting the constants in Equation (3) using experi- mental data on enthalpy, P-V-1, and the second virial coefficient. 8. Derivation of a new vapor pressure equation and its use to derive an equation for estimating acentrie factors. 4, Use of a new set of mixing rules to define critical temperatures and pressures and acentric factors of mix- tures. ‘These steps are described below in further detail. DESCRIPTION OF WORK The compressibility factors of both the simple uid Z®? and the reference fluid Z‘"? have been represented by the following reduced form of a modified BWR equation of state: where B= by ~ by/T, ~ by/T3 = by TA @ C= 0, ~cy/Te + eT? (5) D=dy + dy/T, (8) In determining the constants in these equations, the fol- lowing constraints, Equations (7) and (8), were used along with the data shown in Tables 3 and 4, raf ap, #P, 7 (25), = (2%), <0 tat gaan Additional care was exercised to obtain a smooth function of [2° — Z:®] around the loci of minimum compressibil- ity factors between P, = 1 and 2, (at saturated condition) a above T, = 0.5, was done using along with the correspond- ing expression for other thermodynamic properties, and Equation (3) with the constants for Z'"? determined from n-octane data, However, as alluded to earlier, these con- stants were adjusted to obtain the best fit to all the data, as referenced in Tables 8 and 4 ‘beSonstas ans gived Tape 2, Companisox oF Rcpucen VAPOR PRESSURE Log B® Carruth- T, ‘This work Pitzeretal. —Kobayeshi = Hsi-Lu 1.00 1.000 00 = = 0.98 0.051 0.050 = = 0.96 0.103, 0.402 = = 0.94 0157 0156 = = os2 0.213 0212 = = 0.90 0270 0270 = = 088 0.329 0.330 = = 086 0.390 0.391 = = 084 0.454 0.455 = = 082 021 0522 = = 080 0591 0592 = 0591 078 0.665 0.665 = 0.664 076 74> oa = 0.740 o74 0.823 0.823, = 0823 072 0.909 0.909 = 0.908, 070 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.63 1.096 1.088 11096 1.098 0.66 L199 1198 1.198 1198 064 1.308 1308 1308, 1307 062 1495 1426 1424 1420 060 1549 1552 Bad 1543 058 1883 1.688 1680 1679 058 1837 1834 1518, 1.823 054 1.982 = 1965 1.982 052 2.150 2130 2.149 0.50 2332 = 2315 2333 0.48 2.530 = 2515 = 048 2.748 = 2730 = 044 2.983, = 270 = 042 3244 = 3240 = 040 3.532 = 3540 = 038 3852 = 3870 = 036 4209 = 4220 = 034 4.609 = 4.600 = 032 5.068 = 5.05 = 0.30 5578 = 5.450 = Page 512 May, 1975 Log Pe“? Carruth This work Pitzeretal. Kobayashi. HsiLu 0.000 00 = = 0.042 0.012 = = 0.086 0.086 = = 0132 0.133, = = 0.79 0.180 = = 0.229 0.330 = = 0.283 0.285 = = 0.339 = = 0.400 = = 0.468 = = 0597 = 0.542 0.615 = 0.620 0.699 = 0.709 : 0.790 = 0789 0.890 = 0.880 1.000 3.000 1.000 1.120 1.120 1.075, 1352 1350 1206 1397 15380 133 1587 1545 1518 1734 amo 1.688 1.929 1908 1.867 244 2.120 2.061 2.383 = 2370 2273 2.648 = 2.660 2.526 2944 = 21960 2.826 3.273 = 3.310 = 3.642 = 3.695 = 4.056 = 41100 = 4521 = 4540 = S047 = 5.010 — 5.644 = 5.560 as 8.323 = 6.240 = 73102 = 7080 = 3.000 = 8.300 = 9.042 = 9.940 = AIChE Journal (Vol. 21, No. 3) t | i I { ii step and Z” from the second, the compressibility factor Z for the fluid of interest is determined from Equa- tion (2) where (3) follow: ‘nally, with Z" Systems Subcooled liquid tal dere pave Methane* 1-Butene Neopentane* L-Pentene n-Octane® t-Doilecane n-Heptadecane Gycloherane Benzene Hs Ethane-n-pentane Propane-nedecane mDecane-ttetrae decane n-Dodecane-n-hexa- decane Hydrogen-n-hexane Methane-n-Butane- r-Decane ‘Superheated-vapor Methane* Neopentane* HS Saturated liquid L-Butene n-Nonane Hydrogen-n-hexane Saturated vapor Hydrogen-n-hexane No. of points a 16 18 7 2 13 15 u“u Wr 2 13 16 10 5 Bars Ses tase X ate used in correlational work. AIChE Journal (Vol, 21, No. 3) The thermodynamic functions desived from Equation Tr, 0770-1.44 0.74-1.08 10-1.15 0-76-1.07 0.66-0.98 0.46-0.70 052-086 041-072 0.41-0.72 0.44-0:78 0,56-0.92 055-0.91 0.74-0.92 07-1.28 0153-0.88 045-055 049-052 064-1.56 053-160 1.09-1.17 08-1.15 074-1.19 078-10 063-0188 035-091 076-10 07-1.03, 0.59-1.56 078-10 076-10 07-1.03, 288.7 P Avg. abs. dev, % 1.08 1.08 uit 222 187 128 1.09 0.99 1M 282 043 B15 12 086 1.03 284 3.48 0.95, 184 03 os oat 1.55, 1.38 35 1.98 ost 1.63 BRES ‘Tamuz 3. Conpanison or CatcuLaten Compressisttiry Factors wir Literature Data References Vennis etl. (ast) Sageand Lacey (1955) Dawson etal. (1974) Day and Felsing (1951) Felsing and Watson (1942) Chappelow etal. (1971) Sage and Lacey (155) Rossini eta (1953) Rossini et al. (3983) Doolittle (a964) Reamer and Sage (1957) Sage and Lacey (1955) Sage and Lacey (1955) Reamer etal. (1960) Rearner and Sage (1966) ‘Snyder et al (asa) Snyder et al (ata Reamer and Sage (1957) Sage nd Lacey (1950) Vennie et al, (1970) Dawson etal. (1g74) Sage and Lacey (1955) Sage and Lacey (1955) Sage and Lacey (1955) Sageand Lacey (195 Sage and La (1955) Reameretal,” (1960) Reamer and Sage (1957) Sage and Lacey (1955) Sageand Lacey (1955) Reamer etal (1960) Reamer and Sage (1957) Moy, 1975 Page 513TABLE 4. COMPARISON oF CaLccLareo ENnitatoits wrrit Lirexatune Data ‘Avg. abs. dev. System No. of points qT URE References Methane* 40 061-149 037.30 2600 Jones etal (1963) Ethane 70 041.35, 028.283, 2300 Staring (as72) Propane* 42 032-107 081-325 2100 Yessvage (1968) n-Pentane® 66 0.63.13 041-287 3000 Lenoir et al (1970) mOctane™ 50 052-103, 055.3.88 2500 TLenoit et al. (2970) ‘Hexadecane* 30 041-085, 01968 4000 Lenoit and Hipkin (1970) cis2-pentene 25 0.95-1.05 038.264 53600 Lenoir etal (ign) ‘Gyclohexane 36 076-112 017-237 2500 Lenoir et al (gn) Benzene aT 083-115 028-197 3300 Lenoir etal en) Methane-propane 49.4%-50.8% “4 04-138 037.30 6100 Yesavage (1968) pane 49.5%-50.2 28 og2-1.14 0.38-3.02 1600 Starling (ag72) m-Pentane-n-octane 59.1%-40.39% 18 0.58-1.04 0.40-3.25 2600 Lenoir etal (1970) 19 0.83-1.08 0.38-2.66 2600 Lenoie et al (sn) 58.7% 41.3% 26 0.55.0.98 0.08-4.22 7400 Lenoir and Hipkin (1970) Beazene-n-hexadecane 58.1%-41.9% 18 074.087 oaitd 4600 Hayworth etal (1971) + Data used in cortlational work, 8 P)_ by + by/T2 + 2by/TP +n(E) =a) - = — 20;/T dy A apr t2e 02) where P* = 1 atm, for API Research Project 44 S* data Be? BVP To calculate any of the quantities given in Equations (9) through (16), given a T and P for the fluid of interest, the following procedure, illustrated by the en- thalpy departure function, should be followed. Page 514 May, 1975 1. As described earlier, determine V; and Z° for the simple uid at the T, and P, appropriate for the uid of interest. Employ Equation (11) and, with the simple fluid constants in Table 1, calculate (H — H*)/BT,. Call this [(H — H*)/RT.J®. In this calculation, Z in Equation (11) is 2, 2, Repeat step 1, using the same 7, and P,, but em- ploying the reference fluid constants from Table 1. A new V_ and Z:° will be obtained. With these, Equation (11) allows the caleulation of [(H — H*)/RT.J. In this calculation, Z in Equation (11) is 2. 3. Determine the enthalpy departure function for the fluid of interest from (UH — H°)/RTe] = [(H — H*)/RT J + (w/o) {(H — H*)/RT.] — ((H ~ H*)/RT]} where w‘” = 0.3978. The tabulated values generated by this procedure are shown in Tables 5 through 14. Pound the eiteal properties have Been ily well extabs lished, but values of the acentric factor have not been satisfactorily determined until recently. Passut and Danner (1973) have reported accurate values for a large number of hydrocarbons. However, some of their reported values (for example, I-pentene, diolefins, and acetylenes) do not appear to be consistent. ‘This is likely the rebule of the use of inaccurate data for the vapor pressure or critical properties for these compounds. In addition, Passut and Danner’s tabulations do not include a number ‘of compounds encountered in hydrocarbon processing, The above considerations have AIChE Journal (Val. 21, No. 3)(€ “ON “LZ “IOA) IMINO BYDIV $261 ‘Ow Sis e6eq TR 0.010 0.75 o.9922 0.9935 19986 0.9954 0.9959 069961 0.9963 19965, 049966 1.00 0.9967 029968 0.9969 O.9972, 0.9975 0.9978 1.20 0.9981 1.30 069985 1640 0.9988 1.50 0.9991 1660 049993 1.70 0.9998 1.80 069995 1.90 0.9996 2.00 0.9997 2620 0.9998 2.40 0.9999 2.60 1.0000, 2180 1.0000, 3.00 10000 3.50 10001 4200 10001 0.050 040145 0.0130 0.0119 0.0110 0.0103 0.0098 0.0093 0.9377 049508 0.9598 049669 0.9725 0.9768 0.9790 0.9803 0.9815 0.982 0.9826 0.9832 0.9837 0.9842 0.9855 0.9876 0.9891 029904 0.9926 0.9942 0.9954 0.9964 0.9972 0.9977 0.9982 0.9986 0.9992 0.9996 0.9998 1.0000, 10002 1.0008 120005, 06100 0.0290 0.0261 0.0239 o.oza1 0.0207 0.0195 0.0186 040178 0.8958 049165 069319 049436 0.9528, 0.9573 0.9600 0.9625 0.9637 0.9648 0.9659 029669 0.9679 0.9707 0.9747 0.9760 0.9808 0.9852 0.9884 0.9909 0.9928, 0.9943 0.9955 0.9964 O.9972 0.9983 0.9991 0.9997 120001 1.0008 1.0008 1.0010 0.9983 0.9994 150002 1.0008 140017 Looz1 0.0741 0.0710 9.0687 0.0670 0.0661 0.0661 0.7800 0.8059 0.8206 0.8338 0.8398 0.8455 0.8509 0.8561 0.8610 0.8743 0.8930 0.9081 0.9205 0.9396 049536 0.9636 0.9714 0.9775 0.9823 01986) 0.9892 0.9937 0.9969 0.9991 1.0007 10018 10035 1.0083 Tanux 5. VaLvis oF 2:0? 0.600 041737 021564 0.1429 0.1322 061236 061166 21109 061063 0.8779 0.9083 0.9298 0.9456 0.9575 0.9667 0.9739 0.9796 o.9e42 049910 0.9957 049990 140013 120030 1.0055, 1.0066 0,800 041330 041307 041301 0.1321 041359 9.1410 0.5580 0.5887 046138 046353 0.6542 0.6710 0.7130 0.7689 0.8032 028330 0.8764 0.9062 0.9278 0.9439 0.9563 049659 0.9735 0.9796 0.9886 019948 0.9990 1,002) 120083 120075 1.0090, PR 1,000 0.2892 0.2604 0.2379 0.2200 0.2086 0.1939 0.1842 1.200 043470 0.3123 0.2853 042638 0.2465 0.2323 0.2207 0.2113 0.2038 0.1981 0.1942 21924 0.1935 0.1963 0.1998 042055 0.2097 062154 0.2237 042370 0.2629 0.4437 0.5984 0.6803 047363 0.8111 0.8595 0.8933 O.9180 0.9367 o.gsi1 0.9626 0.9715 0.9867 0,999 0.9998 Loose 10074 1.0120 120140 16500 044335, 0.3901 0.3563, 0.3294 0.3077 0.2899 062753 0.2634 9.2538 0.2464 ooze 2382 0.2383 0.2405 0.2432 0.2476 0.2503 042538 0.2503 0.2660 0.2715 0.3131 0.4580 0.5798 0.6608 0.7624 0.8256 0.8689 9.9000 0.9234 049613 0.9552 0.9664 0.9826 0.9935 1.0019 120063, 10101 1.0156 Alois 24000 045775 045195 0.4746 0.4366 0.4092 0.3053 043657 0.3895 0.3364 023260 0.3182 023132 0.3116 o.3l22 0.3138 0.3166 0.3182 0.3208 0.3220 0.3260 0.3297 0.3452 0.3953 004760 0.5605 0.6908 007753 0.8738 0.9043 0.9275 0.9456 0.9599 0.9806 0.9945 1.0060 150106 1.0153, 1.0221 Lozes 34000 0.8648 t7775 0.7095 0.6551 6110 0.5747 15466 065197 9.4991 0.4823 044690 044501 044506 044508 0.4516 o.asee 044533 0.4547 0.4604 0.4770 0.5042 0.5425 046346 o.re0e 0.7887 0.8610 0.8809 0.9118 0.9359 0.9550 0.9827 1.0011 1.0137 1oze3, 1.028% 120368, 1.0401 54000 144366 1.2902 11758 1.0861 1.0096 049675 0.8959 0.8526 0.9297 029557 0.9772 1.0094 130313 140663 1.0565 120635 1.0723 10767 141136 10.000 2.8507 265539 203211 241338 1.9801 1.8520 1.7440 1.6519 Lis729 1.5047 144456 143943 143496 143257 1.3108 1.2908 1.2901 1.2035, Lier72 Leani0 142650 1.2481 1.2232 1izo21 Vilaes 1.1580 1.1619 141339 121320 121343 141391 Livasz 1isie 141635 qli728 Leit92 121630 Li tess Lieas 11773DIS 260g S26 ‘AoW (E "ON ‘LZ “IOA) IPUINO B4DIV. 0.010 =0,0008 -070009 =0,0010 =0,0009 =0,0009 70,0316 0.0012 0.0010 050009 0.0008 0.0007 =02 0006 0.0005 0.0003 0.0000 0.0002 0.0008 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 v.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 o.0007 0.0007 v.0007 0.0006 00006 00005 0.0005 0,050 70,0060 =0,0046 0.0068 =0,0047 050045 -0.0043 =0.0061 ~0,0772 020507 =020339 =0,0228 70.0152 0.0099 =0,0075 ~0.0062 -0,0050 0.0006 70,0039 =0.0036 ~0,0030 70,0026 0.0015 00000 0.0011 0.0019 0.0030 0.0036 00039 00060 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0039 0.0037 0.0035 0.0033 0.0031 0.0029 0.0026 0.0023 0.100 0.008) 0.0093 040095, 0.0094 =0.0090 0.0086 ~0. 0082 0.0078 0.1161 =0. 0744 040487 0.0319 =0,0205, =0.0154 =0.0126 70,0101 =0.0090 +0,0079 =0,0069 0.0060 -0.0051 -0,0029 0.0001 0.0023 0.0039 0.0061 o.oo72 0.0078 0.0080 0.0081 0.0081 0.0079 0.0078 soos 0.0070 0.0066 0.0062 0.0059 0.0052 0.0046 0,200 =0,0161 020185 =0.0190 0.0187 0.0181 0.0172 ~0. 0164 70,0156 0.0168, 0.0163, -0.1160 0.0715, 70,0862 0.0326 ~0.0262 -0,0208 0.0: 0.0261 0.0140 0.0120 0.0102 70,0056 0.0007 0.0052 0.0086 0.0125 0.0147 0.0158 O.ole2 0.0163 0.0162 0.0159 0.0155 0.0147 0.0139 0.0131 .0124 0.0117 040103 0.0091, 0.400 0.0323 0.0370 70,0380 70,0374 ~0,0360 0.0363 0.0326 040309 70,0296 0.0262 70,0272 70,0268 “0.1118 =0,0763 0.0589 79,0450 0.0390, 70,0335 0.0285, =0, 0240 0.0198 0.0092 0.0038 o.o127 0.0190 0.0267 0.0306 0.0323 0.0330 0.0329 0.0325 0.0318 0.0310 0.0293 0.0276 0.0260 0.0265 0.0232 0.0204 o.o1e2 Tante 6. Vatuss or Zit 0.600 0.0486 0.0554 =0,0570 0.0560 0.0539 =0,0461 10,0438 0.0417 =0.0401 =0,0391 040396 7041662 0.1110 9.0770 70,0531 70.0435 70,0351 =0.0277 =0,0097 0.0106 0.0237 0.0326 o.us29 0.0877 0.0087 0.0501, 0.0457 0.uses 0.0677 0.0864 0.0637 sos 0.0387 0.0365 0.0345 0.0303 0.0270 -0,0665, 0.0738 0.0758 7040745 0.0716 0.0682 0.0666 70.0611 0.0579 040550 040526 =0,0509 -0.0503 0.0514 0.0540 041667 0.1100 0.0796 0.0588, =0.0629 0.0303 0.0032 0.0236 0.0396 040499 osoe12 0.0661 0.0677 0.0677 0.0667 0.0652 0.0635 0.0617 0.0579 0.0546 0,052 0.0683 0.0456 0.0401 0.0357 PR 1.000 -0,0806 0.0921 =0,0946 0.0929 =0,0893 =0,0869 0.0803 =0.0759 0.0718 =0,0681 0.0648 0.0622 =0,0606 0.0602 0.0607 0.0623 0.0641 0.0680 =0,0879 0.0223 =0,0062 o,oz20 0.0476 020625 oLo719 0.0819 0.0857 00864 0.0855 0.0838 0.0816 0.0792 0.0767 oyo719 0.0675 0.0634 0.0598 0.0565 0.0497 0.0443 1.200 -9,0966 041105 70.1134 0.1113 =041069 =0.1015 =0,0960 0.0906 0.0855 =0,0808 -0,0767 0.0731 =0,0701 0.0687 =0,0678 040669 70.0661 20,0646 70,0609 0.0473 0.0227 021059 0.0897 0.09463 0.0991 041048 041063 041055 041035 0.1008 0.0978 0.0947 0.0916 0.0857 +0803 0.0754 ovo7i 0.0672 0.0591, 0.0527 14500 =0,1207 =041379 70,1414 70.1387 70.1330 =041263 =0,1192 0.1122 -041057 70.0996 0.0940 0.0888 0.0860 -0,0810 0.0763 040759 020740 0.0715 0.0678 s0L0621 70.0526 0.0051 041630, O1548 onlerT 0.1420 0.1385 061345 041303 Oelasy oetzis 061173 042133 021057 0.0989 o.o929 0.0876 0.0828 0.0728 0.065) 24000 =0,1608 =0,1836 0.1879 =0,1860 70,1762 =0,1669 =0,1572 =0.1476 =0,1365 0.1298 0.1217 01138 0.1059 0.1007 -0.0967 0,092) ~0,0893 10,0861 0.0824 =0.0778 0.0722 050432 0.0698 0.1667 041990 O,1991 0.1894 01806 01729 01658 041593 041532 0.1676 0.1374 0.1285 041207 0.1138 0.1076 0.0949 0.0849 34000 0.2607 70.2738 042799 =042160 0.2013 0.1672 =041736 =0,1602 041463 051374 =0.1310 =041240 =0.1202 =0.1162 =o.1118 0.1072 =0,1021 =0,0838 =0,0373 0.0332 0.1095 0.2079 0.2397 0.2633 0.2381 042305 o.2ze6 ol2144 0.2069 041932 O.1e12 041706 061613 0.1529 041356 1219 5.000 =0.3996 70,4523 =0,4603, 70,4675, 70,4253 =0,3991 =0,3718 053447 =0.3184 0.2925 042682 042439 70.2195 70,2065 041943 -0.1837 0.1783 041728 =0,1672 0.1615 70.1556 7041370 0.1021 0,061) 0.0141 0.0875 0.1737 942309 062631, 0.2788 7.000 0.6365 0.6162 0.5831 7045446 70,5067 =0,4653 0.4270 70.3901 =0,3565, 30,3201 0.2662 7042661 =0.2526 =0,2391 =0,2322 =0.2254 =0.2185 0.2116 0.2087 70.1835 =0,1469 2021084 =0,0678 040176 0.1006 0.1717 0.2255 0.2628 0.2871 043017 0.3097 063135 +3089 043009 0.2915 0.2817 0.2584 0.2378 10.0) 20.7915 70,8663 =0,895 cores +0280 0.7821 0.6928 70,6346 =0.5785 0.5250 20,4760 70,4258 0.3788 =0,3516 =0,3339 70,3163 0.3075 0.2989 70,2902 70,2816 0.2731 70,2476 =042058 0.1602 0.1231 9.0423 0.0350, 0.2058 0.1673 2179 0.2576 o.2a76 63098 02.3355, 0.3459, 043475, 023643 0.3385, 0.3198 O. 20960.050 6.0483 5.904 Se761 5.612 5.463 5.312 Sil6e 0.118 O101 0.088 (E "ON ‘LZ “1eA) IPUINOF ayDIY 0.078 02069 0.062 0.058 0.056 0,054 0.053 O.052 0.052 0.050 0.049 0.066 0.042 0.039 0.036 0.031 0.027 0.024 o.o21 0.019 0.017 015 0.014 O.ole 0.010 S261 ‘AoW O.007 0,006 0.004 oro0e Als 2604 0.100 64040 5.901 5.757 5.459 54309 54159 o.213 02183 0.160 O14) one 0.113 6109 o.107 0.105 103 0.101 0.099 0.094 0.086 0.079 0.073 0,063 0.055 L048 0.043 0038 0.034 0.031 o.oz8 0.023 L019 vols vol) 0.007 02005 0.400 6.022 5.882 54738 54590 5.440 5.290 Sc141 4.838 41679 44507 42309 04596 0.545, 0.516 0.990 0.478 0.466 0.455 0.645 06636 0.607 0.367 04334 0.305, 0.259 O.226 0196 00173 04153 06137 06123 ool o.092 0.076 06066 0.058 0.045, o.029 osol7 0.800 54999 5.858 5.713 Seale 54265 5.116 4,968 4.818 i066 44499 41316 4.094 3.920 30763 1.356 1273 1.206 asi li1oz 1,060 0.955 0.627 0.732 0.657 0.545 0.463 0.400 0.350 0.309 0.275 01246 O.22e o.12 00150 02105 0,088 0.056 02033 WAH AT. r 14500 5.957 5.818 5.668 5.519 5.369 54220 5.073 4.927 4.781 40632 46478 seale e127 42000 36904 36796 36736 3.670 3.598 36516 36422 34030 26203 1719 14443 1116 0.915 L774 L667 0.583 0.515 o.45e Ovald 0.334 0.275 0.228 0190 00159 0.099 0.058 5.000 5.748 5.595 5.442 5.28 5.135 4.986 41842 46702 46566 perery 44303 4.173 42043 3.963 34910 34858 3.829 3.801 3774 3.746 36718 3.632 36486 3.329 30166 2.486 20178 1.906 1672 16309 1.167 0.937 0.761 0.621 0.508 0.815, 02239, 01167 Taoue 8. Varurs on [ ME ] 8 | PR = or 0,010 04050 04100 04200 04400 04600 04800 1400014200 14509 24000 34000 $4000 74000 1040 12,098 124096 124095 11,091 116083 114076 116069 11,062 114055 116044 116027 104992 10.935 10,872 zx 10.656 106655 104654 10,653 106650 106646 104643 10,640 104637 106632 104626 104609 104581 10.554 3 10¢121 100121 106121 106120 106121 106121 104121 Losd21 106121 106221 100122 104123 104128 106135, : 91515 9.515 90516 94517 9.519 9152194523 92527 9.531 9.537 91549 94576 9,611 z 81868 82869 81872 8.876 8.680 8.854 8.892 8.899 8.909 8.932 92030 x o .080 84211 86215 8.221 8.226 8.232 86263 8.252 84267 84298 24425 0105972568 S73 71579-71585 7.591 71603 T1618 7463274669 7.824 01065 01247 64949 6,952 64959 6.966 6,973 6.987 6.997 72017-74059 72239 0.034 O,1AS Osa15 6,360 66367 6.373 61395 6.407 6442064475, ecerT 0.027 51796 5.809 5.832 5.868 5.918, eui42 0,021 0,542 S271 54293 5.330 5.385 5.632 0.017 or401 1758 em silo s.872 5.149 oco1s 0,308, si2s6 41255 41298 4.371 sieae ovo1e ov26s 16236 3.962 3.937 31987 44073 steze oco11 o.241 01996 3.737 373 31873 si2ke 0,010 0,219 0.837 1,616 3.467 34670 4.077 9.010 0,209 0.776 15324 3.327 3.568 ai992 0.009 0,200 o.7ee 10154 Beles Bisee 31909 0.009 o.i91 Overs 1,034 2.952 31358 31825 0,009 0,183 0.632 0,940, 21595 3.251 35762 0,008, 04175 0.594 0,863, 1.723 34142 3.661 0,007 00153 02458 0,691 0.678 2.800 3.818 0,008 0.123 01381 0,507 0,673 2.167 31023 0,005, 0,099 01296 02385, 01503 1.497 2iest o,o08 0,080 9.232 0,297 0,361 0,934 2.273 zs 04003 0,052 06142 04177 o.218 06178 04300 1.592 9 0,032 0.083 0,100 o.11s 02070 0,084, 1012 * 0.018 0.0462 0,048, 0,046 0,008 -0,078 = 0,007 0,012 04013 0,011 0,006 200151 oval? : 05000 0.003 0.009 -0,017 Zor040 ro.202 -0,028 | 8 39,006 -06015 +0025 0.037 0.067 04098 06143 =04241 0.203 a 70005 0.011 0.023 +06037 04053 0.088 00117-00169 =00271 201330 4 07 =0,015, 30 0.047 0,065 20.105 02136-05190 -0.295 soL824 = 0s010 0,020 0.060 0.062 0.083 Tosl2e 0.163 0.221 -01331 200551 a 70,001 =0.006 -0-012 -0,023 -0.0a7 -0,071 =0,095 Tolle -0.161 -0,202 -0,356 202631 : 0,001 0,006 0,013 0,026 -0,052 =0.078 =0,104 =04156 06196 04257-06376 =04567 =06687 z 0,001 -0.007 -0.014 -0,028 -0-055 0,082 -0.110 ror164 0.206 701391 0.591 -0.729 ° 01001-02007 -0.016 -0,029 -0.058 -0-086 -0.114 r0.170 0.211 702403 20.763 iS 9,002 -0.008 -0.016 -0,031 -0.062 -0.092 0.122 tor181 -0.224 r0.825 col827 e Toiss2 Coleao Sola74 0,002 =0.008 =0.016 ~-0,032 -0.066 -0.096 -0.127 -0.158 -0.188 ~0.233(E “ON ‘1 1A) 19UANOF T4OTY S261 ‘how 61s 260g 0,010 11,616 isis 10,802 10.453 10.137 0,038 0.029 0.023 0.018 0.015, 0,013 0.011 0,009 0,008 0.008 0.007 0.007 o.o07r 0.007 0.007 0,006 0,006 0.005, 0,005 0,006 0,003 0.003 0.002 0,002 0.002 0.002 0.00% 0.001 0.001 0,001 0-001 0.000 92000 0.000 0.000 0.050 10.008 91579 94196 8.847 6.531 8.245 7.983 0.122 0.096 0.078 0.064 0.054 0,046 0.082 0.039 02037 0.036 0.035, 0.034 0.033 06032 0.030 0.026 0.023 0021 0.017 0.014 0.011 0.010 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.008 0.004 0.008 04003 e002 o.002 0.001 0.001 0.800 74304 6.869 6.483 6.132 5.816 5.531 5.273 5.036 4.816 42600 4.388 42168 3.912 36723 31856 1.056 o.971 0.903 0.847 0.799 0.787 0.656 0.537 0.452 0.389 0,298 0.237 0,196 on162 0.137 0.117 0.102 0,089 0.070 0.086 0.046 0.039 0,033 Logs oloi7 7.000 5.683 5.194 acre 4e401 sn078 3.788 34537 36315 36117 2.939 26777 25629 2.491 2e4l2 22362 2.312 22287 2.263 2.239 2.215 2.191 2.121 2.007 1.897 1.789 1,581 1.386 1208 1,050 L915 o.702 0.620 0.492 0.399 06329 277 0.236 0.166 0.123Oz eBog S261 ‘how (E “ON ‘LZ “1A) 1OUNOF auDIV TA 0.010 0430 16.782 0635, 15.413, 114200 94948 8.828 04309 0.216 0.156 06116 0.08 06100 166764 15.402 13.981 12.558 11,197 94946 76832 06491 0,340 0.246 06183 0.140 O.120 0.109 0.099 0.094 0.090 0,086 082 0.078 0.069 0.055 0.045, 0.037 0.026 0.019 0.014 O.0n2 0.008 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 .o0z 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0,200 16.746 15.387 0.400 164705 154359 l= 7 0.600 166665 15.333 0.800 164626 15.305 sy 1.200 164547 14500 166488 15.211 13.849 12.462 ano 9.897 7.801 6.926 e149 56453 4.820 46230 36884 3.68 34402 3.268 36126 2.967 2e7A4 2.557 16463 0.618 0.502 O.al2 22 0.200 0.147 ste 0.087 9.079 0.057 0.048 04035 o.o27 o.oat o.018 0.015 volt 0.009 2.000 164390, 15.144, 13.803, 124430 11.107 9.882 8.777 76794 6.922 6.147 Seasz sea2e 34669 36437 3.318 36195 3-067 2.933 2.790 2.283 1.261 0.656 O.sa7 04300 02220 0166 o.129 o.102 0.083 0.069 0.056 0.043 0.036 0.028 0.023 0.020 9.015, voi 34000 166195 15.011 54000 7.000 154837 15,468 14.751sZ6L ‘how izg 260g =0,003 =0,002 0,002 =0,002 0,002 70,002 ~0.002 0,001 0,001 =0,001 =0,001 =0,001 -0.001 =0,001 0,000 0,000 =0,000 0 =02000 ~0,000 +000 0,000 0.000 0 0.050 44402 73.166 2.261 716575 =12040 0.614 70.269 0,026 -0.021 0.017 -0.016 0.012 =0.010 0.009 =0.008 =0.008 0.008 70.007 -0.007 =0.007 =0.007 =0.006 =02005 =02005 -0,00% 0,003 =04003 =0.002 70,002 =0.001 -0,001 =0,001 9.001 0.000 =04000 -0.000 02000 0.000 02000 0.000 0.100 =44696 3.461 2.557 1.871 714336 o.911 70.566 0.283 92043 04035 0.029 =0,026 =0.020 0.018 0.017 -0.016 02016 70.015 0.015 ol 018 0,016 0.013 0.011 =02009 =0,008 04006 0.005 =0.006 02003 0.002 0.002 0,002 0.001, 0.001, 05000 0,000 02000 0,200 =4,985 731751 721868 =2.162 1,628 =1,206 =0,859 70.576 70.381 20,146 0,059 rotoas 0,061 =0,037 =0.035 -0,033 =0.032 Zot031 030 =0,029 =0,028 =0,025 0.400 56261 741029 =3.128 eres 1.912 1.488 1146 04862 79.627 =02430 =04266 =0.123 =0.086 0.077 =0.072 -0.067 =02065 704063 0.061 =04059 =0,057 =0.052 30,045 =04039 =0.036 =0.026 =0.020 0,016 0.012 =0.010 =0,008 =04006 =04005 =0.003 =0-001 =0.000 02000 0.001 0.001 o.p02 Tani 11. Vatves or Uog(f/p)}® 0.600 =5e412 =4.183 =3.203 =24601 =22070 =1.647 21304 =1.023 20.789 =0.592 =04426 =0,285 =04166 =06122 00113 =04105 20.101 =02098 =0,095 =0.091 +0,088 =0.080 =04069 =0,059 0.800 =5.512 =42285 =3.387 =2.707 =20177 =14755 =1413 14132 =01899 =0.703 -0,537 702396 06276 =o.216 04176 =0.148 7051462 =0,137 705132 =0,127 0,122 00110 =0,093 70.080 =0,069 =0,052 =0.060 =0,032 0,025 =0,020 0,015 =0,012 =02009 =0,005 =0.003 =0.001 0.001 L002 0.003 L004 PR 1,000 754584 40359 736463 =2.785 =2.256 71,835 21496 1.216 0.981 70,785 70.619 70,479 0,359 0.296 0.258 =0,223 =0.206 =0,191 =0.176 70,168 0,161 30,143 =0,120 =0,102 0,08) 0,066 0.051 =0,039 =0,031 =0,026 =0,019 =0,015 0.012 0.007 0,003 0,001 0,001 0.002 0,004 0.005 =0,256 =0.238 0.226 0,210 =0.180 =0,148 =0.125 =0.029 -0,023 =02018 =0,016 =0.001 0.001 0.003 +005 0.006 1.500 5.697 4e4T79 736588 2.913 =2,387 714969 71.630 #14352 sheiz0 30.925 =0.760 =0,620 0.500 =04437 =0,398 0.362 20,344 =0,328 0.312 =0,297 0,282 0,242 =04193 =0,160 00135 04100 =0.070 =0,059 =06 046 =0.036 =04028 =0.022 0,017 70.009 02004 =0,001 0.002 0.003 0.006 o.007 24000 91.015 70,851 20.711 70.591 0.827 70.488 =0.452 700434 0.417 70.401 =02385 704370 0.327 0.267 =0.220 704186 704136 06101 0,077 =0.060 =04046 70.036 =0.028 0,021 0,012 =04005 0.001 0.003 02005 0.008 02010 3.000 5.810 4.611 234735 =3.071 =2.555 26145 -1.812 216539 o1esl2 saad -0,958 =0,819 =9,700 0.637 30.598 =0,561 0.543 =0.526 =0,509 =0.493 =0.677 704633 704368 =0.312 =0,266 204195 200146 0.111 =0,050 =0,038 =0,029 5-000 54782 241608 23.752 23.106 =2.601 =26201 -1.878 =1,612 21.391 1.208 =14066 0.911 0,794 0.732 =04693 =0,657 =0,639 =0.622 =0.605 =0,589 =0,573 70.529 =0,462 70.403 70.352 =04269 =0.205 =04157 0.120 0,092 =0,069 =0.052 =0,037 =0.017 =0.003 0.007 O.ole ovols 0.025, o.oze 7.000 5.679 341530 =31696 =31063 22.572 1611 711396 216215 71.062 05930 0.817 70.756 0,719 0.017 0.025, 0.03) 0.038 41 10,000 754461 41352 236545 =2.938 =20468 =2.096 #14795 21.549 216368 s1ei72 1.026 =0,901 20.793 =0.735 20.699 70.665 202649 70,633 617 =0,602 70.508 702546 0,482 426 =0.377 0,293 =0,226 200173 129 =0,098 =0,066 =0,043 =0,024 O.004 ooze 04037 0.046 0.053 0206), or08ezs Bog $261 ‘AoW (E "ON ‘LZ OA) 1UANOS BYDIV 0.010 -8.778 ~6.528 4.912 3.726 2.838 0,013 =0,009 0,006 0,003 0,002 0,001, 0,001, 70.001, 0.001, 0.000 0.000 06050 =8.779 6.530 4.916 3.728 2.839 24163 1.644 0.100 8.781 61832 4.916 34730 2.041 24165 11646 =0.020 0.013 0.009 0.007 =0,005 0.200 78.785 76.536 4.919 73.736 12.845, 70.481 =0:321 0.039 0.029 =0,023 0.005 0.001 0.005 0-007 0.011 0.013 Tance 12. Vavers oF [log(f/p)) 0.600 8.797 76.551 4.937 236750 20861 24186 706013 0.006 o.002 0.008 o.o1z 0.017 0.020 0.021 O.o21 soa O.021 0.020 o.o19 O.o18 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.013 0.800 =8.806 =61559 281965 =3.758 =21869 2.192 1.671 =16265 2948 =0,698 +0493 0.332 =0,206 0.141 =0.103 0.042 =0,035 030 025 =0.021 0,017 =0,007 0.004 con 0.017 0.023 L027 0,028 0.029 0,028 o.028 0.027 0.025 oLo24 0.023 o.oz1 0.020 0.018 0.016 PR 1.000 8.811 6.567 74.956 =3.766 =2,877 =2.199 677 21.271 30.952 +0, 700 70,499 =0,338 =0,210 00146 =0,108 30,075 =0,026 0,019 0,007 0,007 0.016 0.023 0.030 0.036 0.036 0.035 0,034 0,034 0.032 0,030 0.028 0.027 14200 14500 =8,818 8-828 6.575 6.587 34,962 23.776 2.884 =0.151 0.116 sili it a ae 2.000 =8.045 =6.606 =4,995 =34806 2.915 24236 <16712 14306 70.983 =0.728 =0,526 70,366 70.236 04170 =04132 =0.038 -0,026 0.007 0.041 0.056 0.064 0.071 0.075 3,000 =8.880 36.665 54035 =3.845 =2.953 2.273 216767 #16336 1.013 0.756 =0.551 0.388 -0.256 =04190 0.151 06116 0.056 0.061 =02005 0.042 L074 0.093 o.109 e112 5.000 =84953 =6.723 50115 =3.923 =31027 =24342 =1.812 397 070 =0.809 =0,600 =0.432 =0.296 0.228 =0.1687 00169 200132 3099 0.084 =04069 0.029 0.026 0.069 o.loz oetee 06161 0.167 0.167 0.165, 0161 0157 o.152 06143, 0.138 0.127 0.120 elle 0.101 0,090 7.000 =9,022 =6:800 52195 ~4.001 23.101 =0,262 01220 “0.180 lez 00144 06127 00111 =0,095 =0,052 0.008 0.057 0,096 0.150 0.18) 197 0.204 0.205 0.203 0.200 04196 0.18 6176 0.167 0.158 0.152 00134 0.121(E ‘ON ‘LZ “IOA) pousnor aUDIV SZ6L ‘AoW ets o6og 06050 2.807 2.810 2.926 2.990 34005 3.002 34009 0.387 0.298 0.236 e191 ois 0.131 O18 o.all 6104 0.102 0.098 0.095 O.092 0.089 Lone ovo7) 0,063 0.055 0,044 0,036 0.029 0.025 O.0al 0.018 0.018 Ovo1e O.o1d 0.009 0.007 0.006 0.009 0.003 O.0028 0,200 2.814 2.815 2.933 2,991 32003 2,997 2.999 3.036 3.138 3351 1,032 02794 0.633 0.560 518 0.480 0.463 O.687 0.431 oa 0.403 0.365 0.313 271 0.237 o.1e5 0.149 oyiee 0.101 0,086 0,073 0,063 0,055 0,043 0,034 0,028 0,023 0.020 0,013 o.o10 0.600 24830 2.823 2.935 2.993 34001 2.990 2.986 3.014 34099 3.286 34647 So408 16858 14538 16375 14240 ae1a1 16126 1.076 1.029 0.986 0.872 o.T24 o.e12 0.525 0.400 06315 0.255 0.210 0.176 96150 0.129 ole 2086 0.069 06056 0.046 0.039 0.027 0,019 0,800 2,856 Brees 2.945 2.997 2.998 2.978 2.963 2.973 32033 3.172 34640 3.957 5.095 6.720 9.316 94585 7.350 6.038 5.156 45516 4.025 31047 2.168 1.670 12345, 0,946 o.711 01557 00449 o.371 0.311 0.265 o.229 0.175 0.138 Oenne 0,093 o.o7a 0.053 0.038 314353 20,234 6.510 3.885 2.758 e711 L208 o.oie o.719 0.583 0.484 0.409 0,350 0.265 0.208 04168 0,138 06116 0.079 0.057 1.500 2.096 2.875 24965 3.006 2.995 26961 2.927 26914 2.937 3.015, 3176 3.470 42000 46533 5.050 54785 6.279 6.897 7.686 4.708 10.062 16.457 6.985 44430 2.458 1.650 0.752 0.619 06519 00443 04334 0.261 oezie 0.172 Osta 0.098 oso7l 10.000 34466 30313 36293 3.237 3elze 2.908 2.67 2.709 2.502 21463 2.373 2iese 2.227 2.195 20175 26159 20151 2eias 24138 2131 2e125 2.110 2.093 2.083 2.079 2.077 2.068 2.038 1.978 1089 16778 16656 14531 lies 1.086 o.917 0.779 o.668 Ova7e 02350zs 960g s£61 ‘how (€ “ON “LZ “1A) Pano a4DIV 0.010 8.462 96775 11.494 12,651 3s 0.511 06345 O.242 L174 o.129 0,097 0.075 0,058 0.050 0,066 0,062 0.060 0.038 0.037 0,035 0.034 0.030 o.024 0.020 O.016 o.o12 0.050 86445 96762 116484 12.663 134106 13.035 124679 1.518 1.026 0.726 06532 0.399 0.306 0.263 0.239 o.2i7 0.207 04198 0189 Oelat 0.173 0152 0.123 0.102 0.083 0.058 0.062 0.039 0.023 0.017 0.013 ovoid 0.008 0.005 0.004 0.100 8.426 96746 11e471, 124633 13.099, 13.030 12.675 12.148 2.698 Leva izle 0.879 0.658 0.560 0.505 06456 0.534 0.614 0.396 0.376 04359 0.313 o,282 02205 06168 06116 0.083 0.045 0.036 0.027 Ovo. 0.017 0.011 0.007 0.005 0.002 0,200 8.361 9.713 11.438 12.613 13,086 13,021 12.668, 12.145 11.557 10.967 3.511 2i247 1.563 lize 1eaae 1.018 0.962 ooo 0,863 Ovals 0.778 0.669 o.528 o.424 06345 04235 06166 0120 0,089 0,068 0,052 ovo 0.032 0.021 OLo14 0,010 0,008 0,006 0,003 o.002 0.400 8.281 92646 114394 12.573 13.085 136002 12.653 126137 11.564 10.995 104490 9.999 5.486 36890 3.215 2enie 24506 26324 2.162 26016 1.886 1.559 1174 0.910 o.722 06676 0.329 06235 06173 06130 6100 0.078 0.062 0.040 o.oz8 0.020 014 O11 006 0.008 04600 ase 9.568 116343 12.532 13.025 126128 11.563 1neo1n 104536 106153 96793 9.389 = 6 | » 7 PR 14000 14200 8.011 7.920 92430 9.360 1li2so 11.188 120451 12,409 12,964 12.933 124939 12.917 12,589 12.574 12,105 12,092 11,553 11.536 1ijozs 11.022 104583 10,590 10,297 10.321 10.349 10.409 10.769 10.875 11,420 11.607 76173 14500 76785 9.256 1110 126347 12.686 12.882 12.55u 12.060 11.524 11.013 10.587 10.324 106401 10-801 11.387 124498 24000 74558 9,080 10.980 126243 12.805 126823, 12.506 124026 116495 10.986, 106556 10.278 10.279 10.523 10,865 11.445, 11.856 12.388, 13,081 34000 76103 8.728 10.709 12.029 12.639, 12.695 12.407 11.943 11416 10.898, 106446 10s111 94940 9.965 10,055 106215, 10.323, 106457 106617 10.805, 11.026 ies 5-000 6.270 8.013 106170 11.592 12.288, 12.407 12.168 1.728 11.208, 10.677 106176 98740 9.389 9.225 90136 9.062 Pert ab 10.533, Lisa, 11.673, 11526 Ligted 10.661 10.132 9.591 90075 assez 8.322 8.152 7.986 7.905 T1826 7787 72670 74595, 7.377 72031 6.702 6.386| | egos, Carruth and Kobayashi (1973), and Willoit and Zwolinski (1971) for heavy hydrocarbons. he equation is given below: | 0.108947 7,4 + w( 15.2518 — 15.6875/7s_ | =1S 4721 In T, + 049877 TAY (17) This equation satisfies: 1. The definition of acentric factor, « = —log (P,*) ~TatT, = 0. 2, The Riedel condition da/dT, = 0 at T, = 1.0. 3. The critical point requirement, P;* = 1.0 at Ty = 10. Equation (17) gives the following relation between ‘Riedel's parameter and the acentric factor: | ae = 5.824 + 4.850 / (18) ‘As shown in Table 2, Equation (17) is in good agree- ment with the tabular correlations of others (Carruth and Kobayashi, 1972; Pitzer et al., 1955; Hsi and Lu, 1974). ling mixtures encountered in petroleum processing, where compositions often range from methane to components boiling over 600°C. The use of Kay's additive rule to calculate critical pressures of such mixtures often leads to significant erzors. To improve overall accuracy, several sets of mixing rules have been studied, Vea = ZaRTo/ Pes | (20) Za = 0.2905 — 0.085.) (21) EVALUATION AND DISCUSSION Figures 1 through 4 compare the results obtained fom the proposed correlations with those of other methods in caloulating compressibility factors and enthalpy de- ppartures. As can be seen, the proposed analytical method is in good agreement with other tabular correlations for simple fiuids. The comparison of this correlation with experimental data for real fluids is also favorable as shown in Table 8 and 4. Similar agreement was also AIChE Journal (Vol. 21, No. 3) In Poy# — 5.92714 + 6.09648/Ty- + 1.28862 In Tr — 0.169347 To? 15.2518 — 15.6875/Ty, — 19.4721 In Ty, + 0.49577 Toe observed for entropy values and fugacity coeficients, On the ether hand, the agreement in the deviation faction as defined by ‘Pitzer and co-wo' is only fair, The disagreement, however, is probably due to inaccuracies in the original deviation functions rather than in those of new correlations. As shown in Table 3, this method was successfully applied to ', and Py as high as 8.7 and 31, respectively. ince Pitzer’s method, as adopted in this work, is less accurate sround the two-phase region, the compressibility factors of saturated vapor and liquid were also evaluated. These are given in Table 8. As expected, the accuracy in this cave fb lightly poorer then that ‘ef subsosled or superheated fluids, In this connection it should be pointed ‘out that the values at saturation conditions were obtained by extrapolating isotherms into the saturation envelopes of the tuuple and reference fluids. This is in li wah the Curl and Pitzer’s observation (1958) that fuids with higher acentric factors have lower reduced vapor pres- sures at the same reduced temperatures. The second virial coefficients obtained from Equation (4) and the equivalent form of Equation (2) are com- pared in Figures 5 and 6 with those of other correlations (Pitzer and Curl, 1957; Tsonopoulos, 1974). Again the is) values obtained from Equation (4) compare favorably with literature data. Tsobaric heat capacity equation, Equation (14), was also evaluated using the methane and propane data of ig. 2. Comparison of Z‘t), May, 1975 Pace 525 |rela * sah RT e ie ms. cmpatan ot [ = Teropadee 1576 99a 88806 Fig. 5. Second virial coefficients of simple fluids. Page 526 = May, 1975 -i600}- -*700}- ~1200}- & "5 -900l e -2000+- | — This Work -200}, Teonopouos (974) Pitzer and Curl (1957) ecaehon ond Aiver 0963) -2200) $70 380300400" TEMPERATURE °K Fig 6. Second vial coefficient of moctane. It should be pointed out that the critical properties used throughout this work, except for the critical pressure of L-pentene (P; = 39.9 atm, bom Reid and Sherwood, 1966) were taken from the API Data Book, while the acentric factors were obtained from Equation (19). ACKNOWLEDGMENT ‘The authors are grateful to Mobil Research and Develop- seat Corporation fr the permision to publish tis paper NOTATION by, ba by, ba = constants as given in Table 1 1, C2, C3, Cy = constants as given in Table 1 1, dy = constants as given in Table 1 B,C, D = coefiicients in Equation (3) C, | = isobaric heat capacity C= isochoric heat capacity E defined by Equation (10) t fugacity H = enthalpy P= pressure P* = reference pressure for ideal gas state entropy R= gas constant s entropy T = temperature Vv = volume V, = PV/RT. x molar composition Z = compressibility factor Greck Letters a = Riedel’s parameter B = constant as given in Table 1 7 constant as given in Table 1 @ = acentric factor Superseripts L = liquid AIChE Journal (Vol. 21, No. 3) | { ' j Poe :4 = saturation condition Vo = vapor o ideal gas state (0) = simple fuid property (1) deviation function (rn) = reference fluid Subscripts & = normal boiling point critical condition ‘component identification = reduced property LITERATURE CITED American Petroleum Inst, Technical Data Book—Petrleum Refining, 20 Ealt. 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