OKYO

CARCELLAR, MARY ROSE G.

 OKYO FACTS

•Japan's capital and the country's largest city. COUNTRY JAPAN

•one of Japan's 47 prefectures, but is called a
metropolis (to) REGION KANTO
•23 city wards (ku), 26 cities, 5 towns and 8
villages, including the Izu and Ogasawara ISLAND HONSHU
Islands
•originally known as Edo,"estuary". Its name AREA 2,187.08 km2 (844.4 sq mi)
was changed to Tokyo (Tōkyō: tō (east) + kyō
(capital)) POPULATION 13,010,279 (April 1st, 2010)

DENSITY 5,847/km2 (15,143.7/sq mi)

OKYO MAP

(39)

Tokyo 23 Wards and Cities

Tokyo In perspective of the rest of

Japan.
OKYO map

Tokyo
google
map
OKYO map
1-Chiyoda Three Central
2-Chuo Wards 40.65
3-Minato
sq. km
4-Shinjuku
5-Bunkyo
6-Taito
7-Sumida
8-Koto Inner Wards
9-Shinagawa 191.08 sq. km
10-Meguro
11-Ota
13-Shibuya
16-Toshima
18-Arakawa

12-Setagaya
14-Nakano
15-Suginami
17-Kita Outer Wards
19-Itabashi 339.86 sq. km
20-Nerima

Tokyo Administrative District Map 21-Adachi
22-Katsushika
23-Edogawa
 GEOGRAPHICAL
FEATURES
1. Geography
•The Tokyo Metropolis is
located in the middle of the
Japanese archipelago
comprised by 3 regions:
a. A major urban area
along Tokyo Bay
b. Plateaus, hills and
mountainous areas in
the western part of the
major urbanized area
c. Islands located in the
south of Tokyo Bay
 GEOGRAPHICAL
FEATURES
2. Surroundings
• Edo River :
Separates Tokyo
from Chiba
Prefecture
•Mt. Nishitani :
Border line with
Saitama Prefecture
•Mt. Kumotori, Mt.
Mito, Mt. Shoto :
Border line with
Yamanashi
Prefecture
•Tama River :
Separates Tokyo
from Kanagawa
Prefecture
•Tokyo Bay :
Southeast
•Islands : Spread to
the south of the Bay
 GEOGRAPHICAL
FEATURES
3 TOPOGRAPHY
•The topography of Tokyo can be divided into:
a. Mountainous land. Western part of Tokyo, about b. Hilly land. Spreading into the
1/3 of mainland southern part of the Kanto
Plain to the northern part of
the Kanagawa Prefecture.
c. Tableland. Represents large
area of mainland and forms
the main foundation of the
Tokyo Metropolis as a
business, dwelling and
farming land.
d. Lowland. Forms downtown
area and industrial area of
Tokyo-Yokohama
e. Chain of Islands.
Approximately 1/5 of the
area of the Tokyo Metropolis.

Topography of Tokyo
HISTORY & CITY FORM
 HISTORY &
CITY FORM
1457: Small Castle built
by Ota Dakan, military
landlord, approximately
on the site of the present
Imperial Palace
•No stone fortified walls
•Scattered thatched
roofed houses

1600s: Tokugawa Ieyasu arrived

•Excavated canals
•Built waterworks
•Extended in a clockwise pattern
•Residential areas where allocated
within the spiral
•Edo Castle, Palace
1614: Castle was completely •Daimyo Upper Residence
•Daimyo Middle Residence
rebuilt w/ stone ramparts •Daimyo Lower Residence
•Samurai Quarters
•Craftsmen
•Tokugawa family land
•Daimyo land
•Temples, Farmland, etc.
 HISTORY &
CITY FORM
1639: Law of Shogunate closed the country to the rest of the
world (200 years)
•Japanese culture & urban life – inwardly oriented (Buddhist
teachings, woodblock prints…)
1853 JULY: Commodore Matthew Perry initiated
reopening of country
1868 Meiji Restoration:
•friendly relations w/ other countries
•moved capital from Kyoto to Edo and renamed Tokyo
(Eastern=To and Capital=kyo)

1869:
•Government was transferred to Tokyo
•New government offices, ministries & military
installations was arranged around Imperial Palace
•“Experimental Stage”: testing western things
•Development of Urban Infrastructures
•Samurai, Daimyo estates = public land:
residential areas, military complexes,
agricultural fields
 HISTORY &
CITY FORM
1872 FEB. 26 : Major Fire – “golden
opportunity” to introduce western-style
urban structures
•Fireproof houses of red brick and stone,
particularly in Ginza Street
•Red-brick Ginza mall

•Vast number of Japanese were sent abroad to acquire

western knowledge
•Meiji gov’t invited technicians, engineers & architects
ROKUMEIKAN GUEST HOUSE & CENTRALIZATION OF
GOV’T OFFICE DISTRICT:
•Rokumeikan (1883)- gov’t guesthouse
•Ministry of Justice (1895) – Hermann Ende &
•Supreme Court (1896) - Wilhelm Bockman
•Bank of Japan (1896)
•Tokyo Station (1914)
 HISTORY &
CITY FORM
CITY WARD REFORM ORDINANCE:
•Marked the beginning of modern city
planning
•Concentrated on Urban traffic network

DEVELOPMENT OF
TRANSPORTATION:
•1872: Japan’s first railway line
•1881: Japan Railway Company formation
•1883: Opening of new lines bet. Ueno &
Kumagaya
•1885: New lines bet. Akabane &
Shinagawa
 HISTORY &
CITY FORM
THE QUAKE-STRICKEN CAPITAL : SEPT. 1,
1923
•magnitude - 7.9
•Struck southern Kanto District
•Disfigured Tokyo’s façade and buried streets and
networks
•Population dropped to 1.53 M from 2.49 M

Monseibashi Station before and after the earthquake

 HISTORY &
CITY FORM
EARTHQUAKE RECONSTRUCTION
PROGRAM:
•provided an opportunity to expand
bureaucratic structure for city planning
•Construction continued from 1923 to
1930

Reconstruction got work

underway. The earthquake
awakened the popular interest in
the idea of city planning

The Imperial Capital Reconstruction Plan for Tokyo City (1923).
 HISTORY &
CITY FORM
HOUSING DOJUNKAI:
•Temporary shelter housing 78,000 victims of the Great Kanto Earthquake

Nakanogo
Aoyama
apartment apartment
house house

Totanonom
apartment
Kiyosuna-
house dori apartment
house
 CITY PLANNING BEFORE & DURING
THE WAR
TERMINAL STATION IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS:
•1927: Tokyo’s first subway lines bet. Ueno and
Asakusa symbolized change in Tokyo’s transportation
facilities
GROWTH OF SUBURBAN
RESIDENTIAL AREAS:
•Prime housing sites began to be
developed primarily in suburban
areas (1920s)

The development of Tokyo’s urban transit
Aerial photograph of Denenchofu in Ota ward
system from late Meiji to 1930s
 CITY PLANNING BEFORE & DURING
THE WAR

ONGOING
INDUSTRIALIZATION &
REGIONAL PLANING:
•Factories were built further and
further away from the city
center
•1920s: concentration of
manufacturing plants 20-50 km
from downtown Tokyo

The spread of Industrial areas
 CITY PLANNING BEFORE & DURING
THE WAR
AIR-RAID DEFENSE
PLANS & BUILDING
REMOVAL:
•1943: vacant slots and
empty strips – developed
as air-defense zones
•“Forced Removal”:
decided to decrease
density of built-up areas
including removal of
important facilities

Plans for air-defense zones (1943)

 WAR DAMAGE & RECONSTRUCTION
PLANS
TOKYO REDUCED
TO RUINS:
•1945: City was
reduced into ruin,
again, after the
destruction of Great
Kanto earthquake
•Devastated area:
•195 sq. km
•28% of ward
land
•710,000
houses
•Even before war
ended, experts
began laying plans
for reconstruction

Ginza air raid
Koto industrial area
Fire-ravaged Shinjuku

 WAR DAMAGE & RECONSTRUCTION
PLANS
EMERGENCY HOUSING PLAN:
•Erected prefabricated housing in war-damaged cities

Makeshift huts among the ruins

Prefabricated housing
 WAR DAMAGE & RECONSTRUCTION
PLANS
WAR DAMAGE REHABILITATION PLAN:
•Announced in 1946…turned out into visionary dream because:
•Tokyo’s population began to grow in a faster rate
•Tokyo lost a chance to make improvement on overcrowded urban fabric.

Arterial Road Plan, the Tokyo War Damage
Land-use map for the ward area, the Tokyo War
Rehabilitation Plan (1946) Damage Rehabilitation Plan (1946)
 WAR DAMAGE & RECONSTRUCTION
PLANS
REVIVAL OF INDUSTRIALIZATION:
•Korean War outbreak, Japanese mining & manufacturing
industry began to expand
•Population grew from 3.44 M (1946) to 5.38 M (1950)

Return to
industrial strength

Industrial area at Koto ward.

Metalworking and machine
industries
 WAR DAMAGE & RECONSTRUCTION
PLANS
LEAVING THE POSTWAR
PERIOD BEHIND:
•Act for Comprehensive
Development of National Land
(1950)
•Economic Council’s Concept for
Comprehensive Development
(1954)
•Projects: harbors, railroads,
communication networks,
manufacturing & production
facilities, industrial complex
•By mid 1960’s Japan had become
one of the world’s major industrial
power.

Ginza 4-chome 10 years after the

war
 GROWTH OF THE CITY & LARGE
SCALE DEVELOPMENT
INTERNAL MIGRATION:
•People were flocking to the
capital – population explosion
•From 13.8 M to 18.89 M
•This lead to the construction of
wooden apartments

ONGOING PROCESS OF LAND

RECLAMATION:
•Industrial sites were created by
reclaiming land from sea and walls
were built along the Tokyo Bay
shoreline.
•emergence of automobile traffic
- canals and inner waterways
were filled to build roads
•Sites for port, airport, factory and
As seen
from 2,300
rail-freight facilities
meters
GROWTH OF THE CITY & LARGE
SCALE DEVELOPMENT

•Port of Tokyo:
•one of the largest Japanese
seaports
•a key point for seaborne
transportation sustaining
production and consumption

The port of Tokyo activities in the city.
and Land
Reclamation
 GROWTH OF THE CITY & LARGE
SCALE DEVELOPMENT
TOKYO OLYMPICS & INFRASTRUCTURE
IMPROVEMENT:
•Preparation for 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo: resulted
in significant improvements to the infrastructures of
Yoyogi
Tokyo National Sports
Stadium
•First elevated expressway & new subway lines

SKYSCRAPER ERA:
•1963: 31m height limitation was replaced w/ a
system limiting the ratio of total interior floor space
to size of plot
•Launched a race to build higher buildings. The main
arena is the west side of Shinjuku.

Kasumigaseki
Tokkaido bullet train

Building

Shinjuku Subcenter (1985)

 GROWTH OF THE CITY & LARGE
SCALE DEVELOPMENT
BIRTH OF TAMA NEW TOWN:
•Population grew: 10 M in 1962, 11 M in 1967 and
11.92 M in 1987 – overcrowded housing conditions
•Green areas were being squeezed out of the city

Location of Tama New Town

 GROWTH OF THE CITY & LARGE
SCALE DEVELOPMENT
URBAN SPRAWL:
•Outward expansion continued into early 1970’s
•More surrounding areas become urbanized
•Sprawl: irregular development or spread of a city
out into its suburbs

Urbanization of
Musashino Plateau
GROWTH OF THE CITY & LARGE
SCALE DEVELOPMENT

Expanding Urbanization
 GROWTH OF THE CITY & LARGE
SCALE DEVELOPMENT
MOTORIZATION
& DISTRIBUTION
CENTERS:
•Improvement of
traffic and
distribution
efficiency:
relocation of
commercial
distribution
facilities out of the
center to the
periphery of the 23
wards

Physical distribution centers

 GROWTH OF THE CITY & LARGE
SCALE DEVELOPMENT

PREVENTION OF
URBAN
DISASTER:
•Roads, parks, &
rivers were being
developed to serve
as firebreaks

Rough sketch of the evacuation area

 TOKYO TODAY: AS AN
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS CENTER
INTERNATIONALIZATION:
•Internalization accelerated the concentration of
businesses in Tokyo area through:
•Brought growing number of foreign
corporations to Capital
•Emerging information encouraged
corporations to move business
departments to central Tokyo
•Improved quality of office buildings and
office automation
•High-tech business industries congregated
to Tokyo

DEPOPULATION & LAND-PRICE:

•Concentration of business and gov’t offices -
residential neighborhoods were replaced into
high rise housing and office buildings
•Land-price increase
•“Doughnut effect”: daytime vs. nighttime
population
Growing number of foreign companies
 TOKYO TODAY
CURRENT STATE OF LAND UTILIZATION
 TOKYO TODAY
PROFILE BY DISTRICTS
•From the book “The Long-Term Plan for Tokyo Metropolis”:

a. First Ward Area Block – b. Second Ward Area
Central Area (Chiyoda,
Chuo and Minato Wards)

Political, economic and
cultural functions:
business office quarters,
government office
quarters, financial and
commercial centers,
school and student
quarters, and sopping and
entertainment quarters.
c. Third Ward Area Block –
Block – Yamanote Shitamachi Area (Taito, Koto and
Area ( Shinjuku, Arakawa Wards)

Major industrial area
Bunkyo, Shibuya and

Manufacturing and processing
Toshima Wards)

Stores and offices of metals, leather and clothing ,
publishing and printing are its
developed in this
block mainly in main industries.
and around with
terminals of mass
transit
 TOKYO TODAY
d. Fourth Ward Area Block e. Fifth Ward Area Block f. Sixth Ward Area g. Seventh Ward Area
– Southern Area – Western Area Block – Block – Eastern Area
(Shinagawa and Ota (Meguro, Setagaya, Northern Area (Adachi, Katsushika
Wards) Nekano, Suginami ( Kita and and Edogawa Wards)

The low-lying area
are congested with
and Nerima Wards) Itabashi
Primary industries
dwellings, stores
A residential Wards) include growing of
and factories. district in the
Made up of flowers and

Seaside area has ward are of Tokyo an foreign-born
developed as an
In Setagaya, industrial vegetables and
industrial area for a Suginami and section on raising of goldfish.
long time Nerima wards, lowland

Today, this district there are still and
has factories tracts of residential
producing electric, section
transport and farmland
machinery and has
highest shipment
amount in Tokyo.
 TOKYO TODAY
CITY FACILITIES: 2. CITY EXPRESS RAIL ROAD – SUBWAY (1997)
1. ROADS (categorization under the City •12 subway lines (230 km)
Planning Act: 1976) •Carry anually 2,184.00 M passengers
•Automobile roads (1984)
•Arterial roads New York: 997 M (1984)
•District streets Paris : 1,303 M (1979)
•Special roads

a. ARTERIAL ROADS: d. TAMA DISTRICT ROADS

•Radial roads •511 roads (1,248 km)
•Ring roads
•Spider web-like network e. METROPOLITAN EXPRESSWAYS
•36 radial roads (360 km) •12 expressways (170 km)
•11 ring roads (237 km)

b. SECONDARY ROADS & OTHERS:

•446 (1,022 km)

c. STATION-FRONT PLAZAS, STREETS AROUND

STATIONS
•53 plazas infront of stations – JNR & private
railway stations
 TOKYO TODAY

NETWORK OF ARTERIAL ROADS

 TOKYO TODAY
SUBWAY ROUTE MAP
 TOKYO TODAY
TOKYO LONG TERM PLAN:
•Launched in 1982 (3rd Tokyo Long Term Plan)
•2 parts
•“Basic Concept”: projects an image of Tokyo as it should be in the 21st
century outline of policies
•“10-year Operating Plan”: specific projects for Tokyo Metropolitan
Government
Ikebukuro: a town
expected to grow into a Ueno-Asakusa: A
composite city traditional town that
creates tomorrow's
Shinjuku: Business and culture
entertainment
quarters

Shibuya: A town that Kinshicho-Kameido:

generates information An activated industrial
•Sub Center and fashion and cultural town
•Tama “core”
•Business center or
sub center
•Large-scale new town
•Principal cities
Waterfront Subcenter: A future-
Osaki: A town for high- type subcenter that meets the
tech information needs of internationalization and
exchanges informalization Metropolitan center

Multi-core metropolis concept
Development of Sub-centers with individual
character
 TOKYO TODAY

Graphic Representation of the basic concept behind Third Long-Term Plan

 TOKYO TODAY

INCREASING THE SUPPLY OF GOOD HOUSING

Western area of
Tama New Town

Minami-Osawa,
Tama New Town

TOKYO’S URBAN LANDSCAPE AND HISTORIC BUILDINGS

Harumi-dori Avenue
Kachidoki Bridge. After the

repair and refurbishing
Scott Hall, Waseda University
 TOKYO TODAY
DEVELOPMENT OF WATERFRONT
•Waterfront Subcenter:
•To create an international center of finance: business
and commercial sites, housing complexes, and other
facilities

•Distribution-related zone
•Cultual exchange zone
•Production and processing zone
•Greenbelt and recreation zone
•Airport-related zone
•Urban function zone
•Waste-treatment zone
•Undeveloped zone
•Utilization configuration under review
•Waterfront subcenter (Tokyo Teleport
Town)

Tokyo International
Exhibition Center
(under construction)

Land Utilization of Tokyo Port Waterfront Area

 TOKYO TODAY

BUILDING A CAPITAL OF CULTURE

•To create places where a rich urban
culture can evolve

Edo-Tokyo
Museum of
History (1992)

Tokyo
Gymnasium
Tokyo Metropolitan
(1990) Art Space
SUMMARY
 REFERENCES

“City Planning of Tokyo”- Tokyo Municipal Government: TMG Municipal Library No. 13

“Long-term Plan for Tokyo Metropolis: My Town Tokyo…Heading into the 21st Century”-Tokyo
Metropolitan Government: TMG Municipal Library No. 18

“Tokyo: The Making of a Metropolis”-Tokyo Metropolitan Government: TMG Municipal Library
No. 27 (1993)

“A Hundred Years of Tokyo City Planning”-Tokyo Metropolitan Government: TMG Municipal
Library No. 28 (1994)

“World Cities: TOKYO”-Botond Bognar (1997)

http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH

http://www.japaneselifestyle.com.au/tokyo

http://www.japan-guide.com

http://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVI/5-W1/papers/21.pdf