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Zionism = National Movement of the Jews for Return in Country of Zion – ‘The
Holly Land’ (or ‘The Promise Land’) and the formation of Eretz Israel State (not
necessarily a definition).
Development Zionist movements in European countries and the U.S. (mid-
section. XIX - sec. XX) becomes the engine and sponsor (through organizations
Joint type) of various stages of Jewish Return, in a land barren and then hostile;
social phenomenon is called generic: ALYA. National consciousness develops in
jewish communities in Europe based on two social vectors: Simultaneous event
in communities in Europe, two contradictory states of mind: Integration into
the daily lives of the majority population of Jews (and in some cases, the
assimilation through mixed marriages).
Resistance and organizing demonstrations in front of anti-Semitism and
intolerance of other ethnic populations in the majority.
How this sequence have different times in different European countries,
including the Russian Empire, hebrew communities were in a continuous search
for solutions. Formation of national consciousness. The join around Jewish
That although many times there were open conflicts between the rabbi.
Although many families of Hebrew in the middle class realized why not go in the
wilderness when going very well where they lived, with the majority population.
Therefore the first who left were poor people - schnorers. A large number of
immigrants took to the road America beginning sec. XIX (where, no more than
70 years and will come before the main financial support of the Jewish Joint).
Another initiative was jew tycoon Moritz de Hirsh (finance, among others the
construction of railways in the Balkans and East) send to 7000 in Russia
Hebrew poverty in Argentina. Jew tycoon Edmond de Rotchschild funds
directly (1870-1910) the creation of compact settlements in Palestine ...
Individual events and punctual.
It was to be like, before Messaiah (God sent) waiting at a handful of Hebrew, the
rabbi to lawyers, bankers, men of culture, etc. from all jewish communities in
Europe and Russia, and social conditions very different; but united by the belief
that Return is the only way to true peace and dignity Hebrew people. It
confirmed the tragical Schoah of the Jews in European fascism and
communism, the harbinger of countless pogroms neighborhoods of big cities
but in small urban settlements at the end of sec. XIX and early XX century.
Is unpleasant, but correctly noted that this process was not idyllic place.
The five social vectors: The Council of Rabbies (the classic and Hassid are in a
continuous war of deaf and leading jewish communities).
Considered class (great bankers of Europe, accustomed to generous gestures
singular, too full of them to mix with the herd – is famous that say Rotchschild
bankers to Zionist leader Theodor Herzl: ‘What do you think that, with 100,000
schnorers (poor) to cure a Country of Israel ?!’), middle class (swing between
satisfaction and empowerment recent idea of financial support and
participation - especially the Hebrew of these young families – to build
economic infrastructure to the future new Hebrew State).
Poor People (ordinary people today to live together, side by side with the
majority poor population, but having a higher education community and
practice of faith for thousands of years) - They will mobilize by Theodor Herzl,
(after being rejected by bankers Hirsch and Rotchschild) They constitute a
majority in the firsts ALYA.
Zioniştii (heterogeneous group as social class of origin and countries of origin,
gathered around the idea of achieving the Jew - Eretz Israel during 1840 - 1897
which will be the rule of law and fact in the Basel Congress in 1897 had many
moments in which opinions and attitudes were different. Unity of purpose and
location of the miracle right leaders in the latter exodus Hebrew of the people
resulted in the establishment of the State of Hebrew (1948). The road was
opened for business two Rabbi: Yehuda Solomon Alcalai
Screaming with pain, Jews break their clothes on them; the cry of thousands of
desperate people, while creating an unforgettable moment, that they will
remember the friends and its enemies (as Stephen Tzveig writer and publicist
Jew Austrian proponent of assimilation of Jews as and constant opponent of
Herzl, assisting in the funeral recognized events in Jewish supreme evidence of
the value of Herzl’s symbol for millions of Hebrew Diaspora). Herzl was the first
Jew who, after 1800 years, it take action and declare before the world that Jews
are a people with rights of any nation, and continues through to convince
millions Hebrew to follow him. A face in spite of evidence and contest of
representatives Hebrew (spiritual or financial), following the vision of the
organization until the Zionist Movement its materiality - World Zionist
Organization.
Max Nordau
Was born in Budapest in 1849, the son of Gabriel Südfeld an Orthodox rabbi of
Sephardi origin. Following courses at primary school Hebrew, Catholic college
and obtain licensee in Medicine. Is married to a Protestant Christian, and is set
in Paris where he opened a medicine cabinet. At the same time is a writer and
correspondent for the press. He meets Theodor Herzl in the preliminary stages
of the process Dreyfuss. Both share the belief that anti-Semitism is a universal
fact. Assimilation that practiced the Hebrew is bankrupt; Return that in Eretz
Israel and the formation of a Jew is the only way for the Jews. Become a friend
and comrade of ideas and promotion of the Zionist movement, Theodor Herzl.
It will be noticed as an organizer of the first Zionist congress. At first Congress
(1897) will be the secretary of Congress.
In the speech was addressed to those present in the courtroom, he underline as
a characteristic of Hebrew communities mess everywhere, not so much material
-present more or less supportive of the misery existing in the majority
population living in each community-such as moral. Even in Western countries
- Europe, declared the equality of Jews with the majority of the state, is
accompanied by inducement of majority of the population that a Jew can have a
sense of honor, sense of duty, patriotism and morality as they are.
Arguments related to pre-existing feelings of hate a Jew. Emancipation of Jews
in Western Europe has created a feeling among them that “Hebrew in the
Ghetto” became a frustration their daily life where they suffered shame and
humiliation. They forget that for hundreds of years he was a place of refuge and
preserve spiritual and moral values of people ... Those who choose the path of
assimilation, social and cultural, and want to be French, German ... before being
considered Jew, believing in such a life of dignity and decent society in which
the majority live. From this posture minimizes the manifestations of anti-
Semitism that observed around him. But these phenomena, apparently more or
less minor, while it induces a feeling misery moral, social support in the absence
of the Hebrew native traditions which went on the road to assimilation.
He asks Congress to find ways to build financial and educational structures able
to achieve unity of Jewish spiritual recovery through education and training to
regenerate links with local communities. Staff will remain in the future
Congress, as president or vice president, promoting a democratic debate and
decision making. In1892 published his best known: “degeneration” which
criticizes the so-called degenerate art based on the negative social effects that
have rapid urbanization on the human body and psyche. Dies in 1923.
Ze’ev Jabotinski
Ze’ev Jabotinski (Vladimir Evghenievici Jabotinski ) was born on October 18
1880 in Russia, in a family of Hebrew askenazi of the middle class, in Odessa.
Next primary, secondary and high school in the Russian education system.
Learn Ivrid in particular.
Ydish was the language they spoke in the family. Talent
Joseph Trumpeldor
Joseph Trumpeldor was born on 1.12.1880 in the town of Pyatigorsk, Russia.
His father, Wulf Trumpeldor, served 25 years in the Russian army, being in the
War in the Caucasus. In fights data loses an arm.
Being among the few Hebrew families considered “useful Jew”, his family was
allowed to settle in the area outside the residence of the West Russian Empire
(Pale area), outside which the Jews were forbidden to live. Joseph Trumpeldor
came as a volunteer in the Russian Army in 1902.
During the Russian-Japanese War (1904-1905), participated in defending the
Port Arthur siege of the Japanese army. Loses his left hand but asked to
continue fighting. After the conquest of the port is taken prisoner by the
Japanese until the cessation of hostilities. Repatriated to Russia received four
medals and order ‘Cross of St. George’. In 1906 also receives the captaincy rank
in the army reserve of Czar (unique case - the Jews had no right to higher
degrees in Russian army).
He next Faculty of Law in St. Petersburg. In the year 1911 he made Alya with a
group of young Zionist from Russia to Palestine (under the Ottoman
occupation), where work on a farm. Participate in the creation of the first
Kibbutz (agricultural socialist community): Degania.
At the beginning of World War I, that does not accept Turkish citizenship, it is
to be expelled from Alexandria (Egypt), along with other hundreds of Russian
Hebrew origin (Russia are enemy of Turkey, allied with German and Austro
Hungarian empires). This meets with Ze’ev (Vladimir) Jabotiski. Together form
the basis of Hebrew Legion - a way to participate in the British war effort for the
release of Palestina and Eretz Israel state building. Body is formed of Horse
Zion unit (Zion mule Corp). Participate in this unit (integrated in British Army)
in the battles at Gallipoli. Is again wounded in the shoulder. This unit is
disbanded in 1915. Together with Jabotinski moves two years for the
establishment of Hebrew Legion (1917).
In 1918 he return at Petersburg. This he form self defense squads of the
Hebrew communities in acts of vandalism before the gangs that haunted Russia
during the Civil War (1917 to 1921). In parallel organizations set up his young
Hebrew preparing to come to Israel (HeHalutz).
Returned to Palestine (1919) became a founding member of the Movement of
Socialist Zionist Yishuv. He lives in Kibbutz Kfar Gilad where lead a self-
Hashomer Hatzair area colony of Upper Galilee in Hebrew. On 1 March 1920,
together with ten comrades, he comes to defend Kibbutz Tel Chai (Tel Hai).
Dies, shot in the arm and stomach in the evening.
He said about him: “I am an anarchist-communist and a Zionist.” He militated
for the formation of a trade unionist and socialist community of Hebrew in
Russia.
He contributed to the generation of movement for the establishment of
settlements in Hebrew socialist organization (Kibbutz), which formed the
backbone of the Jewish Return and units Haganah self defense, between 1920 –
1948.
Members Zionist movement who were in Palestine at that time were
considered episode of Defense Hebrews in Tel Chai as the first major battle to
defend Hebrew settlements in Palestine. He also formed when changing
mentality: from passivity to persecution to a new type: strong reaction and
defense of their own resources, without waiting for others to come to give
‘protection’ (in this the case - the British Mandate).
Case Trumpledor hero is in itself demonstrative: from a family of Russian
Hebrew ‘assimilated’ majority population, without knowledge of childhood
Jewish tradition and Yiddish language.
He went to war in the imperial Russian army, where many young Hebrew
attempting to evade from service in Russian army.
He excelled as a soldier to defend the citadel-Port Arthur. Seriously injured
required to continue fighting. After that he is prisoner in Japan. Receives
military honor - “St. George Cross” and is the first Jew officer in the Russian
army. All they look at all the traditional image of the Jew : inhibited and timid in
front of opponent. He stood up to the last gasp kibbutz Tel Chai and drop dead
‘does not matter, it is good to die for your country’ (lamut tov b’ad artseinu -
words related to a comrade: Pinchas Shneiurson), words that became the
national slogan for the fighters of Haganah, Irgun, Palmah, Lehi organizations
and later to all the people of Eretz Israel. Marking the annual Tel Chai Day (11
Adar) was established in a ceremony at the national average – in institutions
and schools, in pilgrimages. Title of ‘hero amputate’ (ha-ha-gibor gidem) make
it glory.
Day becomes a celebration of Hebrew anonymous soldier, after the
establishment of Eretz Israel. The secular ‘ritual’ linked to personality of this
new type of behavior the Hebrew people, was essential in forming the Eretz
Israel and the behavior of reference for the thousands of ‘Trumpledor’ heroes
and heroine who sacrifice in the battles for territorial identity, which followed.
Hebrew Legion
In turn has formed the Lehi group (1940) (known as the “Stern Gang” after the
name of the leader, Abraham Stern). Irgun and Lehi organizations will attack
until 1948, British military objectives and centers of Arab extremism.
Some of them:
6.11.1944 - Lehi kill Lord Moyne in Cairo. It was official with the highest level of
British government in the area. Later, Yitzhak Shamir said that the
assassination was led for his Arab extremist leaders support and affirmation in
public of racial inferiority of Jews from Arab.
22.07.1946 - Irgun blow up the ‘King David‘ hotel in Jerusalem, Staff of the
British army: 91 dead 46 wounded.
12.01.1947 – Lehi attacked with dynamite British police station in Haifa. 4 dead
and 140 wounded.
4.05.1947 - Irgun attacked fortress prison Accra. 20 prisoners Irgun and Lehi 7
prisoners are released. Are killed 9 Irgun fighters. 182 Arab prisoners manage to
escape.
29.02.1948 - Lehi blow up a British military train at Northern Rehovot: 28
soldiers dead, 35 wounded.
9.04.1948 and Lehi attacked the Arab town of Deir Yassin. Are killed between
100-120 civilians.
17.09.1948 Lehi kill UN mediator Folke Bernadotte, in Jerusalem.
In 1939 British authorities set severe restrictions on Jews emigration in
Palestine. That when the extermination of Jews began 6 years earlier in
Germany and soon will expand throughout Europe, with the German
occupation. Haganah takes care to ensure illegal Jews coming to Palestine
(Palmach organization). By the end of the war, claimed to bring over 100,000
Hebrew, in which ships have broken the British naval blockade of Palestine.
Many other ships were stopped, both British and German naval forces (see, for
example ship ‘Struma’).
He held numerous protest actions against this ad hoc coalition between the
German and British, by reducing the rate of legal immigration. Organizations
Irgun and Lehi pass to armed action. Since 1943 the leadership of the Irgun is
taken by Menahem Beghin.
Palestine after mandate ended. Each state? would comprise three major
sections, and the Arab enclave Iaffa. Jews get 56% of territory (499,000
Hebrews and 438,000 Arabs).
Palestinians receive 42% of territory (818,000 Arabs and 10,000 Hebrew).
Jerusalem and Bethleem were to be administered by the UN.
UN decided that by that time the British Mandate and British military units had
the role to ensure order in Palestine.
Time produced a great joy among the Jews of Yishuv and despair among Arabs.
Neither the UK was not satisfied.
Competition circumstances or premeditated strategy, applied to the scheme that
was supposed to demonstrate that the territory can not self govern – to provoke
a civil war between Hebrew and Arabic in Palestine ... the use of the tense of the
two communities.
They re-start violence. Population of 2,000,000 (Arabic and Hebrew) has
sustained thousands of human losses, the dead and wounded in this fight
between ‘cousins’.
Were involved, fighters of Palestine and beyond. Arab Liberation Army and the
extended local area attacks Jews. Arab fighters from Egypt came under the
command of Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni, a face without any reaction from the
British army ... the thousands of volunteers recruited Arabs have achieved the
blockade of 100,000 Hebrew in Jerusalem. Haganah attempts to send food and
to break the blockade has resulted in thousands of Hebrew warriors, dead and
wounded, hundreds of armored cars and buses destroyed. Arab attacks extend
Negev and Galilee in the North. The Hebrew defend each pocket of land.
Arab propaganda convinced that Jews would soon be ‘thrown into the sea‘. A
hundred thousand of Palestinian Arabs refuge in camps outside of Palestine.
British Gouvernment proposed annexation Palestinian area in the Hashemite
Kingdom of Jordan)... Ben Gurion asked that every man and woman to be
trained and incorporated into military units Haganah. Golda Meir obtain huge
funds from Jews in the Diaspora and official support of Stalin for Zionist
Movement. Are produced significant quantities of military equipment through
the raising of arms exporters and Haganah agencies in Europe. They go to the
theater of battle to March 1948. Ygal Yadim plan a response to the announced
Arab international invasion in Palestine (The Dalet Plan). Between 5-20 April
1918 is to unlock the battle of Jerusalem, and killed Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni.
Also during this time of the Arab population massacre of Deir Yassin
(organizations Irgun and Lehi), which, combined with the death of the leader
Arabic (Egyptian), causes a new wave of Palestinian immigrants, ‘caught in the
middle’ and depressed the inefficiency of the facts weapons of its leaders. Is the
defeat of the Arab Liberation Army from Mishmar Ha Emek (Kibbutz; basic
training Haganah units since 1942) by units Palmach fighters and the
withdrawal of Arab alliance with Druze. To ensure the link between the Jewish
settlements, and Haganah Irgun troops conquer towns Tiberias, Haifa, Safed,
Beisan, Jaffa, crab. Another
250,000 Palestinians Arabs take out his exile. Hope those remaining was the
Arab Legion of Jordan, well-equipped and trained by the British. This attack
Kfar Etzion on May 13 1948.
In 14 May 1948, David Ben-Gurion declared independence of Israel. On the
same day, the invasion by troops of the five Arab states begin first Arab-Israeli
war.
In 31.05.1948 In Haganah and Palmah formally declared ‘Israeli Defense Force’
- IDF, becoming a regular army of the State Eretz Israel.
Thus ends with lights and shadows, the history of the movement of Jewish self
defense of Yishuv (Palestine) for 41 years. A story worthy of being told of any
nation, friend or foe of the Hebrew people, because:
Is an example of adaptation and organization at a rapid initial unfavorable -
numerical superiority and hatred Arab extremists, since 1920, to a population
(Jews of Yishuv) morally and militarily not prepared for military struggle.
Is a mix of individual heroism of the group of Hebrew fighters. If die a
leading, five other were ready to take the lead. If die an Arab leader (where Abd
al-Qadir al-Husayni) to neutralize an army instantly. After many years, another
Arab military leader - Osama bin Laden will incorporate ‘Jewish experience’ to
the troops in Al Quaid ...
Is a mobilization of funds and logistical resources of the Community of Jews in
the world, well managed by different Hebrew belief, the same purpose:
Return on ancestral lands. What people would like to have such a group of
leaders and organization to weather the tribulation!