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CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENTICATION
SUBMITTED BY:-
Anil Kumar (7EC-133L)
Manjari Sharma (7EC-138L)
Yatin Kumar (7EC-145L)
Anuj Tyagi (7EC-147)
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
3. BLOCK DIAGRAM
4. EXPLANATION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM
5. DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS
5.1 PIC MICROCONTROLLER
5.2 APR 9600
5.3 DTMF
5.4 LCD
5.5 LM358
5.6 ULN2804
7. FABRICATION METHOD
8. SOFTWARE USED
9. PROGRAMMING CODE
10. WORKING OF PROJECT
11. APPENDIX
11.1. ANCILLARY COMPONENTS
RELAY
TRANSISTOR
RESISTANCE
CAPACITORS
DIODE
LED
TRANSFORMER
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
MICROPHONE
LOUD SPEAKER
11.2. ADVANTAGES
11.3. APPLICATION
11.4. BIBLOGRAPHY
11.5. PHOTO OF PROJECT
11.6. CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
Here is a micro controller based, versatile circuit through which we control the
home appliances in our absence. In this project two section are presents one is the
transmitter and the second is the receiver section. When the signal sends from the
transmitter then the receiver send the status in the form of sound signal related to
that appliance This project is made due to the fact kipping in mind to solve the
upcoming problem in the field of controlling equipments from the certain distance
or any part of the world.
By implementing this technique we can control machinery through our phone, the
status of particular of our particular equipment on/off. The project is advantages is
giving us many benefits like saving time, money, and electricity and avoid
accidents.
This system detects the ringing signal from your exchange with the help of
ring detector and automatically switches ON. This device saves your money. This
circuit switches off after a time of 60 second (you can change this switch ON time
which is discussed in detail in coming section).
Before changing the state of device we can confirm the present status of the
device. This circuit gives an acknowledgment tone after switching On the device to
confirm the status of the device.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
TX
RX
MCU
This project will overcome the disadvantages of the radio frequency system
which have short distance communication and the short frequency. Here is a micro
controller based, versatile circuit through which we control the home appliances in
our absence. In this project two section are presents one is the transmitter and the
second is the receiver section. When the signal sends from the transmitter then the
receiver send the status in the form of sound signal related to that appliance. After
getting the status we can ON or OFF that appliance.
In the block diagram of advance controlling and monitoring system there are two
mobile phone in which one act as transmitter and other act as the receiver. When
the call is made by the mobile at the transmitter then the call is automatically
received at the receiver as it is in the auto-answering mode.
After the call is received at the receiver then a key is pressed on the keypad of the
mobile that will generate a DTMF tone which is the summation of two frequencies
(upper and lower frequency). This tone is known as Dual Tone Multiple
Frequency. This DTMF tone is first given to the LM358 which is used to amplify
the signal at the receiver mobile.
Then this DTMF tone is given to the DTMF decoder (MT8870) at the two inputs
of the decoder IC in corresponding to that four binary output at the pin 11, 12, 13,
14 and the 15 pin is for the indication of the signal is received by the IC or not.
After we get output from the decoder IC is then provided to the microcontroller
PIC16F877A which is the 40 pin flash microcontroller.
The microcontroller act as the brain of the circuit through by doing appropriate
programming we can control the respective appliances.
Here we use the combination of the mobile keys. For ex.-- * with n for status
check, 0 with n for ON the appliance and # with n for OFF the appliances. One
most important feature of our project is that we can get the acknowledgement at
the transmitter mobile phone in the form of sound with the help of APR9600 which
is the recording and playback IC.
We can record eight message and according to the microcontroller programming
we can get the sound acknowledgement. With the help of coding in microcontroller
we can know either our appliance is ON or OFF and according to which we can
switch appliances ON or OFF from the distance place.
LM-358
LM358 is a Low Power Dual Operational Amplifier. Internally frequency
compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate
from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. The purpose of using
this I.C is to amplify the input signal coming from mobile phone which is attached
to the circuit.
MT 8870
We are using MT8870 as a DTMF decoder IC which is used to decode the
analog signal into the binary outputs. The DTMF stands for Dual Tone Multiple
frequency.
The M-8870 is a full DTMF Receiver that integrates both bandsplit filter and
decoder functions into a single 18-pin DIP or SOIC package. Manufactured using
CMOS process technology, the M-8870 offers low power consumption (35 mW
max) and precise data handling. Its decoder uses digital counting techniques to
detect and decode all 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code.
PIC 16F877A
The microcontroller which is used in our project is PIC16F877A which is a 40-Pin
Enhanced FLASH Microcontroller.PIC stands for PERIPHERAL INTERFACE
CONTROLLER. This is an 8 bit microcontroller which has almost all the features
to meet user’s requirement and is used in wide range of applications
The main function of this microcontroller is to control the peripherals attached to it
according to the user’s requirement. In our project when DTMF signal is provided
to microcontroller then according to the programming part corresponding action is
taken. Suppose if we press 1 then the binary output of DTMF goes to controller
and according to our programming the pin which is attached to relay 1 is switched
on.
APR-9600
The APR9600 device offers true single-chip voice recording, non-volatile storage,
and playback capability for 40 to 60 seconds. The function of this I.C is to play the
recorded message which is already stored in it. According to the signal fixed in
programming of controller will play the message like if we press 7 then the
message recorded on APR’s 1st or 2nd pin is played and let us know about the status
of appliance.
ULN-2804
ULN2804 is a HIGH-VOLTAGE, HIGH-CURRENT DARLINGTON ARRAYS.
All devices are pinned with outputs opposite inputs to facilitate ease of circuit
board layout. In our circuit we are using it to drive relays. The output of this I.C is
parallel to input which provide ease to us to operate many relays corresponding to
the signal’s output from microcontroller.
DESCRIPTION
OF
COMPONENTS
Microcontroller PIC16F877A :-
In this project we have use the pic micro-controller PIC16F877A . PIC
(PERIPHERAL INTERFACE CONTROLLER) 8 bit MCU series is one of
the most effective and demanded MCU’s unit as they are being used in wide range
of applications these days and have almost all other features for which make user
stick to it. In this micro-controller a number of features are present .Some of them
are :-
Peripheral Features:-
• Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit pre scaler
• Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescalar , can be incremented during
SLEEP via external crystal/clock
• Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and
postscaler
• Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules
- Capture is 16-bit, max. Resolution is 12.5 ns
- Compare is 16-bit, max. Resolution is 200 ns
- PWM max. resolution is 10-bit
• Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI™ (Master mode)
and2C™(Master/Slave)
• Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI)
with 9-bit address detection
• Parallel Slave Port (PSP) 8-bits wide, with external RD, WR and CS
controls (40/44-pin only)
• Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR) Device Program
Memory Data
Analog Features:-
• 10-bit, up to 8 channel Analog-to-Digital Converter (A/D)
• Brown-out Reset (BOR)
• Analog Comparator module with:
- Two analog comparators
- Programmable on-chip voltage reference (VREF) module
- Programmable input multiplexing from device inputs and internal
voltage reference
- Comparator outputs are externally accessible
High Performance RISC CPU:-
• Only 35 single word instructions to learn.
• All single cycle instructions except for program branches, which are two-
cycle
• Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns instruction cycle
• Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program Memory
• Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM),
Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory
• Pin out compatible to other 28-pin or 40/44-pin
PIC16CXXX and PIC16FXXX microcontrollers
CMOS Technology:-
• Low power, high speed FLASH/EEPROM technology
• Fully static design
• Wide operating voltage range (2.0V to 5.5V)
• Commercial and Industrial temperature ranges
• Low power consumption
PIN DIAGRAM
ARCHITECTURE OF PIC MICRO-CONTROLLER
Registers :
STATUS Register:-
The STATUS register contains the arithmetic status of the ALU, the
RESET status and the bank select bits for data memory. The STATUS register can
be the destination for any
instruction, as with any other register. If the STATUS register is the destination for
an instruction that affects the Z, DC or C bits, then the write to these three bits is
disabled. These bits are set or cleared according to the
device logic. Furthermore, the TO and PD bits are not writable, therefore, the result
of an instruction with the STATUS register as destination may be different than
intended.
bit 7 IRP: Register Bank Select bit (used for indirect addressing)
1 = Bank 2, 3 (100h - 1FFh)
0 = Bank 0, 1 (00h - FFh)
bit 6-5 RP1:RP0: Register Bank Select bits (used for direct addressing)
11 = Bank 3 (180h - 1FFh)
10 = Bank 2 (100h - 17Fh)
01 = Bank 1 (80h - FFh)
00 = Bank 0 (00h - 7Fh)
Each bank is 128 bytes
OPTION_REG Register:-
The OPTION_REG Register is a readable and writable register, which contains
various control bits to configure the TMR0 prescaler/WDT postscaler (single
assignable register known also as the prescaler), the External INT Interrupt, TMR0
and the weak pull-ups on PORTB.
INTCON Register:-
The INTCON Register is a readable and writable register, which contains various
enable and flag bits for the TMR0 register overflow, RB Port change and External
RB0/INT pin interrupts.
INTCON REGISTER (ADDRESS 0Bh, 8Bh, 10Bh, 18Bh)
bit 7 GIE: Global Interrupt Enable bit
1 = Enables all unmasked interrupts
0 = Disables all interrupts
bit 6 PEIE: Peripheral Interrupt Enable bit
1 = Enables all unmasked peripheral interrupts
0 = Disables all peripheral interrupts
bit 5 TMR0IE: TMR0 Overflow Interrupt Enable bit
1 = Enables the TMR0 interrupt
0 = Disables the TMR0 interrupt
STACK :-
The PIC16F87XA family has an 8-level deep x 13-bit wide hardware stack. The
stack space is not part of either program or data space and the stack pointer is not
readable or writable. The PC is PUSHed onto the stack when a CALL instruction
is executed, or an interrupt causes a branch. The stack is POPed in the event of a
RETURN, RETLW or a RETFIE instruction execution. PCLATH is not affected
by a PUSH or POP operation. The stack operates as a circular buffer. This means
that after the stack has been PUSHed eight times, the ninth push overwrites the
value that was stored from the first push. The tenth push overwrites the second
push (and so on).
DATA EEPROM AND FLASH PROGRAM MEMORY :-
The Data EEPROM and FLASH Program memory is readable and writable during
normal operation (over the full VDD range). This memory is not directly mapped
in the register file space. Instead, it is indirectly addressed through the Special
Function Registers.
There are six SFRs used to read and write this memory:
•EECON1
•EECON2
•EEDATA
•EEDATH
•EEADR
•EEADRH
When interfacing to the data memory block, EEDATA holds the 8-bit data for
read/write, and EEADR holds the address of the EEPROM location being
accessed. These devices have 128 or 256 bytes of data EEPROM (depending on
the device), with an address range from 00h to FFh. On devices with 128 bytes,
addresses from 80h to FFh are unimplemented and will wrap around to the
beginning of data EEPROM memory. When writing to unimplemented locations,
the on-chip charge pump will be turned off.
When interfacing the program memory block, the EEDATA and EEDATH
registers form a two-byte word that holds the 14-bit data for read/write, and the
EEADR and EEADRH registers form a two-byte word that holds the 13-bit
address of the program memory location being accessed. These devices have 4 or
8K words of program FLASH with an address range from 0000h to 0FFFh for the
PIC16F873A/874A, and 0000h to 1FFFh for the PIC16F876A/877A. Addresses
above the range of the respective device will wrap around to the beginning of
program memory. The EEPROM data memory allows single byte read and write.
The FLASH program memory allows single word reads and four-word block
writes. Program memory write operations automatically perform an erase before-
write on blocks of four words. A byte write in data EEPROM memory
automatically erases the location and writes the new data (erase before write). The
write time is controlled by an on-chip timer. The write/erase voltages are generated
by an on chip charge pump, rated to operate over the voltage range of the device
for byte or word operations.When the device is code protected, the CPU may
continue to read and write the data EEPROM memory. Depending on the settings
of the write protect bits, the device may or may not be able to write certain blocks
of the program memory; however, reads of the program memory are allowed.
When code protected, the device programmer can no longer access data or program
memory; this does NOT inhibit internal reads or writes.
Reading Data EEPROM Memory:-
To read a data memory location, the user must write the address to the EEADR
register, clear the EEPGD control bit (EECON1<7>), and then set control bit
RD(EECON1<0>). The data is available in the very next cycle, in the EEDATA
register; therefore, it can be read in the next instruction (see Example3-1).
EEDATA will hold this value until another read, or until it is written to by the user
(during a write operation).
The steps to reading the EEPROM data memory are:
1. Write the address to EEADR. Make sure that theaddress is not larger than
the memory size of the device.
2. Clear the EEPGD bit to point to EEPROM data memory.
3. Set the RD bit to start the read operation.
4. Read the data from the EEDATA register.
Writing to Data EEPROM Memory:-
To write an EEPROM data location, the user must first write the address to the
EEADR register and the data to the EEDATA register. Then the user must follow a
specific write sequence to initiate the write for each byte.
The write will not initiate if the write sequence is not exactly followed (write 55h
to EECON2, write AAh to EECON2, then set WR bit) for each byte. We strongly
recommend that interrupts be disabled during this code segment.
Additionally, the WREN bit in EECON1 must be set to enable write. This
mechanism prevents accidental writes to data EEPROM due to errant (unexpected)
code execution (i.e., lost programs). The user should keep the WREN bit clear at
all times, except when updating EEPROM. The WREN bit is not cleared by
hardware
After a write sequence has been initiated, clearing the WREN bit will not affect
this write cycle. The WR bit will be inhibited from being set unless the WREN bit
is set. At the completion of the write cycle, the WR bit is cleared in hardware and
the EE Write Complete Interrupt Flag bit (EEIF) is set. The user can either enable
this interrupt or poll this bit. EEIF must be cleared by software.
The steps to write to EEPROM data memory are:
1. If step 10 is not implemented, check the WR bit to see if a write is in
progress.
2. Write the address to EEADR. Make sure that the address is not larger than
the memory size of the device.
3. Write the 8-bit data value to be programmed in the EEDATA register.
4. Clear the EEPGD bit to point to EEPROM data memory.
5. Set the WREN bit to enable program operations.
6. Disable interrupts (if enabled).
7. Execute the special five instruction sequence:
• Write 55h to EECON2 in two steps (first to W, then to EECON2)
• Write AAh to EECON2 in two steps (first to W, then to EECON2)
• Set the WR bit
8. Enable interrupts (if using interrupts).
9. Clear the WREN bit to disable program operations.
10. At the completion of the write cycle, the WR bit is cleared and the EEIF
interrupt flag bit is set.
(EEIF must be cleared by firmware.) If step 1 is not implemented, then firmware
should check for EEIF to be set, or WR to clear, to indicate the end of the program
cycle.
Reading FLASH Program Memory To read a program memory location, the
user must write two bytes of the address to the EEADR and EEADRH registers, set
the EEPGD control bit (EECON1<7>), and then set control bit RD (EECON1<0>).
Once the read control bit is set, the program memory FLASH controller will use
the next two instruction cycles to read the data. This causes these two instructions
immediately following the “BSF EECON1,RD” instruction to be ignored. The data
is available in the very next cycle, in the EEDATA and EEDATH registers;
therefore, it can be read as two bytes in the following instructions. EEDATA and
EEDATH registers will hold this value until another read or until it is written to by
the user (during a write operation).
Writing to FLASH Program Memory
FLASH program memory may only be written to if the destination address is in a
segment of memory that is not write protected, as defined in bits WRT1:WRT0 of
the device configuration word (Register14-1). FLASH program memory must be
written in four-word blocks.
A block consists of four words with sequential addresses, with a lower boundary
defined by an address, where EEADR<1:0> = ‘00’. At the same time, all block
writes to program memory are done as erase and write operations. The write
operation is edge aligned, and cannot occur across boundaries.
To write program data, it must first be loaded into the buffer registers (see Figure3-
1). This is accomplished by first writing the destination address to EEADR and
EEADRH, and then writing the data to EEDATA and EEDATH. After the address
and data have been set up, then the following sequence of events must be executed:
1. Set the EEPGD control bit (EECON1<7>)
2. Write 55h, then AAh, to EECON2 (FLASH programming sequence)
3. Set the WR control bit (EECON1<1>)
All four buffer register locations MUST be written to with correct data. If only
one, two, or three words are being written to in the block of four words, then a read
from the program memory location(s) not being written to must be performed. This
takes the data from the program location(s) not being written and loads it into the
EEDATA and EEDATH registers. Then the sequence of events to transfer data to
the buffer registers must be executed.
To transfer data from the buffer registers to the program memory, the EEADR and
EEADRH must point to the last location in the four-word block (EEADR<1:0>
=‘11’). Then the following sequence of events must be executed:
1. Set the EEPGD control bit (EECON1<7>)
2. Write 55h, then AAh, to EECON2 (FLASH programming sequence)
3. Set control bit WR (EECON1<1>) to begin the write operation
The user must follow the same specific sequence to initiate the write for each word
in the program block, writing each program word in sequence (00,01,10,11).
When the write is performed on the last word (EEADR<1:0> = ‘11’), the block of
four words are automatically erased, and the contents of the buffer registers are
written into the program memory.
After the “BSF EECON1, WR” instruction, the processor requires two cycles to set
up the erase/write operation.
The user must place two NOP instructions after the WR bit is set. Since data is
being written to buffer registers, the writing of the first three words of the block
appears to occur immediately. The processor will halt internal operations for the
typical 4ms, only during the cycle in which the erase takes place (i.e., the last word
of the four-word block). This is not SLEEP mode, as the clocks and peripherals
will continue to run. After the write cycle, the processor will resume operation with
the third instruction after the EECON1 write instruction. If the sequence is
performed to any other location, the action is ignored.4.0I/O PORTS
Some pins for these I/O ports are multiplexed with an alternate function for the
peripheral features on the device. In general, when a peripheral is enabled, that pin
may not be used as a general purpose I/O pin. Additional information on I/O ports
may be found in the PICmicro™ Mid-Range Reference Manual (DS33023).
APR9600
General Description:-
The APR9600 device offers true single chip voice
recording, non-volatile storage, and playback capability for 40 to 60 seconds. The
device supports both random and sequential access of multiple messages. Sample
rates are user-select-able, allowing designers to customize their design for unique
quality and storage time needs. Integrated output amplifier, microphone amplifier,
and AGC circuits greatly simplify system design. The device is ideal for use in
portable voice recorders, toys, and many other consumer and industrial
applications.
Features:-
1. Single-chip, high-quality voice recording & playback solution
(i) No external ICs required
(ii) Minimum external components
2. Non-volatile Flash memory technology
(i) No battery backup required
770HZ 4 5 6 B
852HZ 7 8 9 C
941HZ * 0 # D
A DTMF signal is the algebraic sum of two different audio
frequencies, and after expressed as follow:
F(t)= A SIN(2*PIE*Fa*t) + B SIN(2*PIE*Fb*T)+_______----------->(1)
Where Fa and Fb are two different frequency with a and b as their lower amplitude
and F as resultant DTMF signal. Fa belongs to the low frequency group and Fb
belong to the high frequency group.
Each of low and high frequency are comprises of four different frequency from
the various key present on the telephone keypad; two different frequency, one from
high frequency group and another from the low frequency group are used to
produce DTMF signal to represent the pressed key.
The amplitude of two sine waves should be such that
(0.7<(a/b)<0.9)v
The typical frequency is shown below:
Tone Frequency For “1” key
Along with this DTMF GENERATOR in our telephone set provides a set of
special purpose groups of tones, which are normally not used in our keypad. These
tones are identical as ‘A’, ’B’, ‘C’, ‘D’. These frequency have the same column
frequency but uses row frequency given in the table in fig(a).The tone are used for
communication signaling.
LCD
LCDs with a small number of segments, such as those used in digital watches and
pocket calculators, have individual electrical contacts for each segment. An
external dedicated circuit supplies an electric charge to control each segment. This
display structure is unwieldy for more than a few display elements.
Small monochrome displays such as those found in personal organizers, electronic
weighing scales, older laptop screens, and the original Nintendo Game Boy have a
passive-matrix structure employing super-twisted nematic (STN)[16] or double-layer
STN (DSTN) technology (the latter of which addresses a colour-shifting problem
with the former), and colour-STN (CSTN) in which colour is added by using an
internal filter. Each row or column of the display has a single electrical circuit. The
pixels are addressed one at a time by row and column addresses. This type of
display is called passive-matrix addressed because the pixel must retain its state
between refreshes without the benefit of a steady electrical charge. As the number
of pixels (and, correspondingly, columns and rows) increases, this type of display
becomes less feasible. Very slow response times and poor contrast are typical of
passive-matrix addressed LCDs.
Monochrome passive-matrix LCDs were standard in most early laptops (although a
few used plasma displays). The commercially unsuccessful Macintosh Portable
(released in 1989) was one of the first to use an active-matrix display (though still
monochrome), but passive-matrix was the norm until the mid-1990s, when colour
active-matrix became standard on all laptops.
High-resolution colour displays such as modern LCD computer monitors and
televisions use an active matrix structure. A matrix of thin-film transistors (TFTs)
is added to the polarizing and colour filters. Each pixel has its own dedicated
transistor, allowing each column line to access one pixel. When a row line is
activated, all of the column lines are connected to a row of pixels and the correct
voltage is driven onto all of the column lines. The row line is then deactivated and
the next row line is activated. All of the row lines are activated in sequence during
a refresh operation. Active-matrix addressed displays look "brighter" and "sharper"
than passive-matrix addressed displays of the same size, and generally have
quicker response times, producing much better images.
Schematic :
Circuit Description:-
Above is the quite simple schematic. The LCD panel's Enable and Register Select
is connected to the Control Port. The Control Port is an open collector / open drain
output. While most Parallel Ports have internal pull-up resistors, there are a few
which don't. Therefore by incorporating the two 10K external pull up resistors, the
circuit is more portable for a wider range of computers, some of which may have
no internal pull up resistors.
We make no effort to place the Data bus into reverse direction. Therefore we hard
wire the R/W line of the LCD panel, into write mode. This will cause no bus
conflicts on the data lines. As a result we cannot read back the LCD's internal Busy
Flag which tells us if the LCD has accepted and finished processing the last
instruction. This problem is overcome by inserting known delays into our program.
The 10k Potentiometer controls the contrast of the LCD panel. Nothing fancy here.
As with all the examples, I've left the power supply out. You can use a bench
power supply set to 5v or use a onboard +5 regulator. Remember a few de-
coupling capacitors, especially if you have trouble with the circuit working
properly.
The 2 line x 16 character LCD modules are available from a wide range of
manufacturers and should all be compatible with the HD44780. The one I used to
test this circuit was a Powertip PC-1602F and an old Philips LTN211F-10 which
was extracted from a Poker Machine! The diagram to the right, shows the pin
numbers for these devices. When viewed from the front, the left pin is pin 14 and
the right pin is pin 1.
FEATURES
•5 x 8 dots with cursor
•Built-in controller (KS 0066 or Equivalent)
•+ 5V power supply (Also available for + 3V)
•1/16 duty cycle
•B/L to be driven by pin 1, pin 2 or pin 15, pin 16 or A.K (LED)
•N.V. optional for + 3V power supply.
Pin details of LCD
LM358:
The LM358 series consists of two independent, high gain, internally frequency
compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate
from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split
power supplies is also possible and the low power supply current drain is
independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage.
Application areas include transducer amplifiers, dc gain blocks and all the
conventional op amp circuits which now can be more easily implemented in single
power supply systems. For example, the LM158 series can be directly operated off
of the standard +5V power supply voltage which is used in digital systems and will
easily provide the required interface electronics without requiring the additional
±15V power supplies.
LM 358 Unique Characteristics:-
• In the linear mode the input common-mode voltage range includes ground
and the output voltage can also swing to ground, even though operated from
only a single power supply voltage.
• The unity gain cross frequency is temperature compensated.
• The input bias current is also temperature compensated.
LM358 Features:-
• Available in 8-Bump micro SMD chip sized package
• Internally frequency compensated for unity gain
• Large dc voltage gain: 100 dB
• Wide bandwidth (unity gain): 1 MHz (temperature compensated)
• Wide power supply range: Single supply: 3V to 32V or dual supplies: ±1.5V
to ±16V
• Very low supply current drain (500 μA)— essentially independent of supply
voltage
• Low input offset voltage: 2 mV
• Input common-mode voltage range includes ground
• Differential input voltage range equal to the power supply voltage
• Large output voltage swing
Application:
Application areas include transducer amplifiers, dc gain blocks and all the
conventional op amp circuits which now can be more easily implemented in single
power supply systems. For example, the LM158 series can be directly operated off
of the standard +5V power supply voltage which is used in digital systems and will
easily provide the required interface electronics without requiring the additional
±15V power supplies.
ULN2804
Features:
• Eight darlington pais per package
• Output current 500 ma per driver (600 ma peak)
• Output voltage 50v (uln280x)
• 95v (uln 282x)
• Integral supression diodes for inductive loads
• outputs can be paralleled for higher current
• TTL/CMOS/PMOS/DTL compatible inputs
• Inputs pinned opposite outputs to simplify layout
• Transient-protected outputs
• Dual in-line package or wide-body small-outline package
These Darlington arrays are furnished in 18-pin dual in-line plastic packages or 18-
lead small-outline plastic packages. All devices are pinned with outputs opposite
inputs to facilitate ease of circuit board layout. Prefix ‘ULN’ devices are rated for
operation over the temperature range of -20°C to +85°C; prefix ‘ULQ’ devices are
rated for operation to -40°C.
The ULN2804 is a high voltage, high current Darlington array comprised
of eight NPN Darlington pairs. The device features open-collector outputs with
suppression Diodes for inductive loads and is ideally suited for interfacing between
low-level Logic circuitry and high power loads. Typical loads including relays DC
motors, filament lamps, LED Displays printer hammers and high power Buffers
DESCRIPTION
OF
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
POWER SUPPLY
The +5 volt supply is useful for both analog and digital circuits. DTL, TTL, and
CMOS ICs will all operate nicely from a +5 volt supply. In addition, the +5 volt
supply is useful for circuits that use both analog and digital signals in various
ways. There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high
voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronics
circuits and other devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series of
blocks, each of which performs a particular function
The +5 volt power supply is based on the commercial 7805 voltage regulator IC.
This IC contains all the circuitry needed to accept any input voltage from 8 to 18
volts and produce a steady +5 volt output, accurate to within 5% (0.25 volt). It also
contains current-limiting circuitry and thermal overload protection, so that the IC
won't be damaged in case of excessive load current; it will reduce its output
voltage instead.
The 1000µf capacitor serves as a "reservoir" which maintains a reasonable input
voltage to the 7805 throughout the entire cycle of the ac line voltage. The two
rectifier diodes keep recharging the reservoir capacitor on alternate half-cycles of
the line voltage, and the capacitor is quite capable of sustaining any reasonable
load in between charging pulses.
The 10µf and .01µf capacitors serve to help keep the power supply output voltage
constant when load conditions change. The electrolytic capacitor smoothes out any
long-term or low frequency variations. However, at high frequencies this capacitor
is not very efficient. Therefore, the .01µf is included to bypass high-frequency
changes, such as digital IC switching effects, to ground. The LED and its series
resistor serve as a pilot light to indicate when the power supply is on. I like to use a
miniature LED here, so it will serve that function without being obtrusive or
distracting while I'm performing an experiment. I also use this LED to tell me
when the reservoir capacitor is completely discharged after power is turned off.
Circuit Diagram
FABRICATION METHOD
INTRODUCTION--
Making a Printed Circuit Board is the first step towards building electronic equipment by
any electronic industry. A number of methods are available for making P.C.B., the
simplest method is of drawing pattern on a copper clad board with acid resistant
(etchants) ink or paint or simple nail polish on a copper clad board and do the etching
process for dissolving the rest of copper pattern in acid liquid.
MATERIAL REQUIRED
* Plastic Tray
PROCEDURE
The first and foremost in the process is to clean all dirt from copper sheet with say spirit
or trichloro ethylene to remove traces grease or oil etc. and then wash the board under
running tap water. Dry the surface with forced warm air or just leave the board to dry
naturally for some time. Making of the P.C.B. drawing involves some preliminary
consideration such as thickness of lines/ holes according to the components. Now draw
the sketch of P.C.B. design (tracks, rows, square) as per circuit diagram with the help of
nail polish or enamel paint or any other acid resistant liquid. Dry the point surface in open
air, when it is completely dried, the marked holes in P.C.B. may be drilled using 1Mm
drill bits. In case there is any shorting of lines due to spilling of paint, these may be
removed by scraping with a blade or a knife, after the paint has dried.
REACTION
1. Add Ferric Chloride (Fecl3) carefully, without any splashing. Fecl3 is irritating to the
3. Try not to breathe the vapours. Stir the solution by giving see-saw motion to the dish and
solution in it.
4. Occasionally warm if the solution over a heater-not to boiling. After some time the
unshaded parts change their colour continue to etch. Gradually the base material will
become visible. Etch for two minutes more to get a neat pattern.
5. Don't throw away the remaining Fecl3 solution. It can be used again for next Printed
MPLAB:
DTMF SECTION
This section consist of two main components, one is LM-358 which is a signal
amplifier and other is MT-8870 which is a DTMF receiver.
When a call is made from the transmitter mobile the receiver phone which is
attached to the circuit is kept in auto answering mode. This phone after few
seconds automatically attend the call and let the user to do necessary actions.
When any key is pressed from the transmitter mobile phone a DTMF tone is
generated, this tone can be listened at the receiver phone also which basically act
as our signal .When the DTMF tone is received at receiver phone it is fed to the
LM358(op-amp based amplifier I.C).This I.C amplifies the input and fed it to MT
8870 .The DTMF signal is decode here and corresponding to that signal a binary
data is generated. Each DTMF tone gives a different binary output which can be
used to operate and control various devices.
MICROCONTROLLER SECTION
Binary output from the MT8870 acts as input signal for the PIC microcontroller.
The signal from transmitter phone reaches here in form of binary data and
according to our requirement we can make the use of this signal to operate any
device or appliance attached to it. In our project when a key is pressed like if we
press 1 then corresponding to that key we have switched ON the appliance or
device attached to relay1and so on with 2 and 3 we can operate and switch ON or
switch OFF the device according to the programming done. Similarly some keys
are fixed for APR I.C also and corresponding to those keys the status of the
appliance is checked first and then the recorded message will be played which tells
us about the status of appliance whether it is ON or OFF and the speaker attached
to it which is kept near the receiver phone will play the message and it could be
listened by us and user can take necessary action.
ACKNOWLEDEMENT SECTION
This section contains APR9600 I.C. It is a re –recordable I.C with playback
feature. This I.C is capable of recording a message of 60 second duration. All of
it’s input are first kept at highlevel or provided 5volt, when any dtmf signal related
to status check reaches the microcontroller then the controller provide 0 volt to that
pin of APR in which message related to the status of appliance is stored and that
message is played through speaker.
DISPLAY SECTION
This section contains 16x2 L.C.D display which displays each and every
information regarding the status of the machine or appliance attached to the
circuit whenever they are being operated and keep continuing the same . In our
circuit it is attached to PORT B and throughout the process is carried out the L.C.D
keep on displaying the message which let the person sitting nearby the display to
be informed
RELAY SECTION
This section contains relay driver I.C i.e ULN2804 and relays. When any signal
regarding switching ON or OFF is send then corresponding to that signal and the
program of controller the device is operated .The controller sends the signal to
ULN and the output parallel to its input is switched through relay attached to ULN
output and necessary action is performed.
APPENDIX
ANCILLARY COMPONENTS :-
Relay :
Relay is a common, simple application of
electromagnetism. It uses an electromagnet made from an
iron rod wound with hundreds of fine copper wire. When
electricity is applied to the wire, the rod becomes magnetic.
A movable contact arm above the rod is then pulled toward
the rod until it closes a switch contact. When the electricity is
removed, a small spring pulls the contract arm away from the
rod until it closes a second switch contact. By means of relay,
a current circuit can be broken or closed in one circuit as a
result of a current in another circuit.
Operation
When a current flows through the coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts an
armature that is mechanically linked to a moving contact. The movement either
makes or breaks a connection with a fixed contact. When the current to the coil is
switched off, the armature is returned by a force that is half as strong as the
magnetic force to its relaxed position. Usually this is a spring, but gravity is also
used commonly in industrial motor starters. Relays are manufactured to operate
quickly. In a low voltage application, this is to reduce noise. In a high voltage or
high current application, this is to reduce arcing.
If the coil is energized with DC, a diode is frequently installed across the coil, to
dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which
would otherwise generate a spike of voltage and might cause damage to circuit
components. If the coil is designed to be energized with AC, a small copper ring
can be crimped to the end of the solenoid. This "shading ring" creates a small out-
of-phase current, which increases the minimum pull on the armature during the AC
cycle. [1]
By analogy with the functions of the original electromagnetic device, a solid-state
relay is made with a thyristor or other solid-state switching device. To achieve
electrical isolation, a light-emitting diode (LED) is used with a photo transistor.
TRANSISTOR :
The name is transistor derived from ‘transfer resistors’ indicating a solid
state Semiconductor device. In addition to conductor and insulators, there is a third
class of material that exhibits proportion of both. Under some conditions, it acts as
an insulator, and under other conditions it’s a conductor. This phenomenon is
called Semi-conducting and allows a variable control over electron flow. So, the
transistor is semi conductor device used in electronics for amplitude. Transistor has
three terminals, one is the collector, one is the base and other is the emitter, (each
lead must be connected in the circuit correctly and only then the transistor will
function). Electrons are emitted via one terminal and collected on another terminal,
while the third terminal acts as a control element. Each transistor has a number
marked on its body. Every number has its own specifications.
There are mainly two types of transistor (i) NPN & (ii) PNP
NPN Transistors:
When a positive voltage is applied to the base, the transistor begins to
conduct by allowing current to flow through the collector to emitter circuit. The
relatively small current flowing through the base circuit causes a much greater
current to pass through the emitter / collector circuit. The phenomenon is called
current gain and it is measure in beta.
PNP Transistor:
It also does exactly same thing as above except that it has a negative voltage
on its collector and a positive voltage on its emitter.
P N
N P
RESISTOR:
A resistor is a two-terminal passive electronic component which
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. When a voltage V is applied
across the terminals of a resistor, a current I will flow through the resistor in direct
proportion to that voltage. This constant of proportionality is called conductance,
G. The reciprocal of the conductance is known as the resistance R, since, with a
given voltage V, a larger value of R further "resists" the flow of current I as given
by Ohm's law:
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and
are ubiquitous in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of
various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-
resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome). Resistors are also implemented within
integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into
hybrid and printed circuits.
CAPACITORS :
Diode :
In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts
electric current in only one direction. The term usually refers to a semiconductor
diode, the most common type today. This is a crystalline piece of semiconductor
material connected to two electrical terminals.[1] A vacuum tube diode (now little
used except in some high-power technologies) is a vacuum tube with two
electrodes: a plate and a cathode.
The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one
direction (called the diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the
opposite direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be thought of as an
electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior is called
rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to direct current, and to
extract modulation from radio signals in radio receivers.
However, diodes can have more complicated behavior than this simple on-off
action. This is due to their complex non-linear electrical characteristics, which can
be tailored by varying the construction of their P-N junction. These are exploited in
special purpose diodes that perform many different functions. For example,
specialized diodes are used to regulate voltage (Zener diodes), to electronically
tune radio and TV receivers (varactor diodes), to generate radio frequency
oscillations (tunnel diodes), and to produce light (light emitting diodes). Tunnel
diodes exhibit negative resistance, which makes them useful in some types of
circuits.
Diodes were the first semiconductor electronic devices. The discovery of crystals'
rectifying abilities was made by German physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1874. The
first semiconductor diodes, called cat's whisker diodes, developed around 1906,
were made of mineral crystals such as galena. Today most diodes are made of
silicon, but other semiconductors such as germanium are sometimes used.
Symbol of Diode
LED :
A light-emitting diode is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as
indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting.
Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962,early LEDs emitted low-
intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet
and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.
When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to
recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of
photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the
semiconductor. An LED is often small in area and integrated optical components
may be used to shape its radiation pattern.LEDs present many advantages over
incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime,
improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater durability and
reliability. LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and
require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp
sources of comparable output.Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as
diverse as replacements for aviation lighting, automotive lighting (particularly
brake lamps, turn signals and indicators) as well as in traffic signals. The compact
size, the possibility of narrow bandwidth, switching speed, and extreme reliability
of LEDs has allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be developed,
while their high switching rates are also useful in advanced communications
technology. Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote control units of many
commercial products including televisions, DVD players, and other domestic
appliances.
.
LED
TRANSFORMER
PRINCIPLE:
Two coils are wound over a Core such that they are magnetically
coupled. The two coils are known as the primary and secondary
windings.
In a Transformer, an iron core is used. The coupling between the
coils is source of making a path for the magnetic flux to link both the
coils. A core as in fig.2 is used and the coils are wound on the limbs of
the core. Because of high permeability of iron, the flux path for the flux
is only in the iron and hence the flux links both windings. Hence there is
very little ‘leakage flux’. This term leakage flux denotes the part of the
flux, which does not link both the coils, i.e., when coupling is not
perfect. In the high frequency transformers, ferrite core is used. The
transformers may be step-up, step-down, frequency matching, sound
output, amplifier driver etc. The basic principles of all the transformers
are same.
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR:
Crystal Oscillators are key components used in many electronic circuits,
such as in radio frequency applications and digital and microprocessor-
based devices. In order to save power, an ultra low-power oscillator
circuit is often desired. In this article we will build 1MHz to 16MHz
crystal oscillator circuits and demonstrate a circuit that operates at 7μW
with a 4MHz oscillation frequency and operating voltage of +0.3V. An
ultra low-power oscillator circuit can be built using recently introduced
ultra-low voltage MOSFET arrays. The resulting circuit reduces
oscillator power consumption drastically, up to over 100x reduction, and
conserves system power for other critical purposes.
The crystal oscillators used in our project are:
1. 3.57MHz
2. 4MHz
MICROPHONE:
The microphone which we are using in our project is ELECTRET
Microphone.
Back electret :
An electret film is applied to the back plate of the microphone
capsule and the diaphragm is made of an uncharged material which
may be mechanically more suitable for the transducer design being
realized.
Front electret
In this newer type, the back plate is eliminated from the design,
and the condenser is formed by the diaphragm and the inside
surface of the capsule. The electret film is adhered to the inside
front cover and the metalized diaphragm is connected to the input
of the FET. It is equivalent to the back electret in that any
conductive film may be used for the diaphragm.
Loud speaker:-
A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is an electroacoustic transducer that
produces sound in response to an electrical audio signal input.
The term "loudspeaker" may refer to individual transducers (known as
"drivers") or to complete speaker systems consisting of an enclosure
including one or more drivers. To adequately reproduce a wide range of
frequencies, most loudspeaker systems employ more than one driver,
particularly for higher sound pressure level or maximum accuracy.
Individual drivers are used to reproduce different frequency ranges. The
drivers are named subwoofers (for very low frequencies); woofers (low
frequencies); mid-range speakers (middle frequencies); tweeters (high
frequencies); and sometimes supertweeters, optimized for the highest
audible frequencies. The terms for different speaker drivers differ,
depending on the application. In two-way systems there is no mid-range
driver, so the task of reproducing the mid-range sounds falls upon the
woofer and tweeter. Home stereos use the designation "tweeter" for the
high frequency driver, while professional concert systems may designate
them as "HF" or "highs". When multiple drivers are used in a system, a
"filter network", called a crossover, separates the incoming signal into
different frequency ranges and routes them to the appropriate driver. A
loudspeaker system with n separate frequency bands is described as "n-
way speakers": a two-way system will have a woofer and a tweeter; a
three-way system employs a woofer, a mid-range, and a tweeter.
Type of speaker:
1) Full-range speaker
2) Subwoofer
3) Woofer
4) Mid-range speaker
5) Tweeter
6) Coaxial drivers
ADVANTAGES
• Easy to access
• Multifunctional
• Cheaper than other technologies
• Long working range
• Sound message acknowledgement
• Economical
• Mobility
• small size
• low-power consumption
• low-cost
• possibility to adopt system to new requirements by changing the main
program.
• Ability to connect the device to personal computer for data storage could be
also available.
• The device includes the standard and widely spread electrical elements, thus
implementing massive production.
APPLICATION
Industries:-
School/College:-
Irrigation purpose:-
This system can be useful for irrigation purpose. With the help of this
project a farmer can ON the pump and irrigate the farm with water by
sitting at home.
Robotics:-
• Control of home robots, using if necessary domestic electric
beacon.
• Home robot communication (i.e. using Wi-Fi) with the domestic
network and other home robots.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1) “Mobile communication” BY “Jochen Schiller”.
B001ITRLWW
9) Yun Chan Cho and Jae Wook Jeon, “Remote RobotSystem based
on DTMF of Mobile Phone” IEEE International Conference
INDIN 2008, July 2008.
10) M J. Callahan, Jr., “Integrated DTMF receiver,” ZEEE J. Solzd-
State Czrcuzts, vol. Sc-14, pp. 85-90, Feb.1979.
18)
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• www.electronics-project-design.com
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• www.electroniccircuits.com
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• www.electronics-lab.com
• imagesco.comwww.imagesco.com
• www.electronicsinfoline.com
• www.electro-tech-online.com
• www.ieeeusa.org/documents/CAREER/CAREER_LIBRARY/ethi
cs.html
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article=articles 2F1995 2Fmar95 2Fpcn0323 2Fpcn0323.asp
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putingthen/atty/1994/ATTY-1994-2-Echo.pdf James Tomayko
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PHOTO OF PROJECT
CONCLUSION
This paper presents a method to control a domestic system
using the DTMF tone generated by transmitting telephone instrument
when the user pushes the keypad buttons of the mobile phone connected
to the remote domestic system. This control method uses commercial
mobile communication networks as the path of data transmission. This
enables the user to control the system continuously by sending the
mobile phone DTMF tone. This system is implemented in the 2G mobile
communication network, so video data cannot be obtained.