COMPUTER APPLICATION IN BUSINESS

Submitted To:-

Prof. Gulzar Ahmad

Submitted By:-

Usman Fazal (30209)

Usman Anjum (30212)

INTRODUCTION:
 A computer and the associated physical equipment directly
involved in the performance of data-processing or communications
functions is called computer hardware. Computer hardware is the physical
part of a computer, including the digital circuitry, as distinguished from the
computer software that executes within the hardware. The hardware of a
computer is infrequently changed, in comparison with software and data,
which are "soft" in the sense that they are readily created, modified or
erased on the computer. Firmware is a special type of software that rarely,
if ever, needs to be changed and so is stored on hardware devices such as
read-only memory (ROM) where it is not readily changed (and is,
therefore, "firm" rather than just "soft").

Most computer hardware is not seen by normal users. It is in

embedded systems in automobiles, microwave ovens, electrocardiograph
machines, compact disc players, and other devices. Personal computers, the
computer hardware familiar to most people, form only a small minority of
computers (about 0.2% of all new computers produced in 2003).
 Machinery and equipment (CPUs, disk and tape drives,
modems, keyboards, printers, scanners, cables, etc.). In operation, a
computer is both hardware and software. One is useless without the other.
The hardware design specifies the commands it can follow, and the
software instructions tell it what to do.

The concept of inventing hardware to assist in commercial

productivity is not new. For example, thousands of years ago the Chinese
sought greater efficiency in calculating numbers, leading to the invention of
the abacus, a hand-held mechanical device. Another hardware milestone
was reached when Charles Babbage, in 1822, proposed a machine that
would calculate mathematical tables; much of his design was used in later
computers (Long and Long, 1999). Herman Hollerith designed a method to
store numbers onto punched cards in order to calculate the 1890 census, and
the company he founded eventually became IBM Corporation (Long and
Long, 1999).

KINDS OF COMPUTER HARDWARE:-

There are different kinds of computer hardware which

support the user to run or operate the computer. Following of them
are as under.

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Hard Disk
RAM (Random Access Memory)
Printers
Plotters
Key Board
Mouse
Video Graphics Adapter (VGA)
Sound Card
Mother Board
 etc.

U (Central Processing Unit):-

 Functions:-

The CPU is the main processor of your PC. Everything that

goes on in your PC at some point goes through your CPU. In reference to
the human body the CPU is brain of the PC. It is artificial thinking but the
CPU is where all the logic is applied. As a very basic example computer
code is basically mathematics. If you wanted to calculate 2+7 you would
need an input and output and a processor to add the logic. The logic in this
case is simple addition. You would input 2+7 on a keyboard. This would
be registered and sent to the CPU for analysis. The CPU would see that the
addition logic is required and use this inbuilt logic to send the answer of 9.
 Central processing unit (CPU) - Performs most of the
calculations which enable a computer to function.

Types of CPU:-

There are two main desktop CPU manufacturers, they are

Intel and AMD. Both of these companies have a power CPU and a Budget
CPU. The Power CPU's are the Pentium 4 and Pentium D from Intel and
the Athlon 64 and X2 from AMD. The budget CPU's are the Celeron from
Intel and the Sempron from AMD.
 2:- HARD DISK:-

A rigid magnetic disk fixed permanently within a drive unit

and used for storing computer data. Hard disks generally offer more storage
and quicker access to data than floppy disks do.

The primary computer storage medium, which is made of one

or more aluminum or glass platters, coated with a ferromagnetic material.
Most hard disks are "fixed disks," which have platters that reside
permanently in the drive. Removable disks are encased in plug-in
cartridges, allowing data to be taken out of the drive for storage or for
transfer to another party. Before high-speed connections were common on
the Internet, removable SyQuest, Jaz and Zip disks were routinely sent
through the post office.
 TYPES OF HARD DISKS:-

Transfer

Type of Encoding Rate Range of

Interface Method** (Per sec) Capacities

SATA (IDE) RLL 150-300MB 40GB-1.2TB

PATA (IDE) RLL 3-133MB 500MB-400GB

SCSI RLL 5-320MB 20MB-300GB

Hard Disk Measurements :-

Capacity is measured in bytes, and speed is measured by

transfer rate in bytes per second (see above) and access time in milliseconds
(ms). Hard disk access times range from 3 ms to about 15 ms, whereas CDs
and DVDs range from 80 ms to 120 ms.
3- RAM (Random Access Memory):

Random Access Memory (RAM) - Fast-access memory that

is cleared when the computer is powered-down. RAM attaches directly to
the motherboard, and is used to store programs that are currently running.

(Random Access Memory) A type of memory chip that is

"byte addressable" and provides direct access to any location on the chip.
The contents of any byte can be read or written without regard to the bytes
before or after it. The most common RAM chip is the dynamic RAM
(DRAM) used as the computer's main memory. Any chip that has RAM in
its name implies this byte addressing flexibility, such as SRAM, SDRAM,
PRAM, MRAM, NVRAM, NRAM and FeRAM. See memory types,
memory module, dynamic RAM and static RAM. To learn more about how
memory works, see computer and memory .

Random access memory is a type of data storage used in

computer. It takes the form of integrated circuits that allow the stored data
to be accessed in any order — that is, at random and without the physical
movement of the storage medium or a physical reading head.

It is basically where all the information of all the processes

that are running is stored on your computer. For example if you have an
image open on your computer it would be temporarily stored on the RAM
until you close the image.

C-RAM – Chalcogenide Random Access Memory:-

The 512K x 8 radiation-hardened C-RAM is a high-

performance 524,288 bit x 8-bit random-access non-volatile memory with
industry-standard functionality.

It is fabricated with BAE Systems’ radiation-hardened technology and is

designed for use in systems operating in radiation environments. The C-
RAM operates over the full military temperature range and requires a single
3.3 V ±10% power supply. The C-RAM is available with CMOS-
compatible I/O. Software data protection is implemented using the JEDEC-
optional standard algorithm. Power consumption typically is less than 20
mW/MHz in operation. The C-RAM read operation is fully asynchronous,
with an associated typical read access time of less than 70 nanoseconds and
write-access time of less than 500 nanoseconds.
4- PRINTERS:-

A device that converts computer output into printed images.

Device for putting computer output on paper. Printer types

include line printer, daisy-wheel printer, dot-matrix printer, electrostatic
printer, ink jet printer, laser printer, and thermal printer.

Z52 Color Printer

Lexmark raises the bar
by Rick Smith (May 20, 2000)

Lexmark recently announced the Z52, the latest printer in

their colorful printer fleet, which also contains the Z51, Kodak Personal
Picture Printer and the Z11.

This latest printer has an amazing output resolution of 2400 x

1200 dpi! If that's not enough, it can print in black and white at 15 pages
per minute - faster than most laser printers and only slightly slower than
most workgroup printers - and for only $179.
Other useful features include:

 Multiple-OS compatibility (Windows 95/98/NT/2000 AND Mac

OS 8.6 or higher) Now Mac users have a low cost printing option!
 Wide paper size range - Legal to 3x5 cards, including envelopes,
heavy stock stationery and transparencies
 Parallel port AND USB connectivity
 Energy Star compliant
 One year exchange warranty
 Ultra quiet - 45 dB(A)
 Supports standard 4 color or photographic 6 color printing
 Dual side printing (can print the odd pages first, then the even
pages without manual page "rearranging" within the document)
 Poster (large scale) printing greater than a single page
 It works quite nicely with normal bond paper, but with brighter
paper, the prints look even better! Using some unusual Shill paper
(Swiss made) created some printouts that people could not believe
were not done professionally.

Pixma iX5000:-
 Features:-

An advanced A3+ colour printer offering high speed and high

quality at a good price? We find out if Canon can

Canon printers have been giving Epson and HP printers a

pretty good run for their money over the last few years, and this new Pixma
is the latest attempt to corner the market. Before getting into the details, it’s
important to say that this is not the newest graphics and repro oriented up-
market multi-ink model – that will apparently be called the 9500 and is due
out in the autumn, boasting a new ten-ink set.

The iX5000 is a more modest printer aimed squarely at the

corporate market, but it might also interest budget-oriented photo
enthusiasts. The selling points on offer are price – at around £300 it’s one
of the cheapest A3 printers available – and speed. If you’re looking for an
even cheaper A3+ model, there’s the Pixma iX4000.

We didn’t get a chance to look at the iX4000, but it seems to

be almost identical to the iX5000, with a few significant differences: it runs
at two-thirds of the print speed and costs around two-thirds of the price.
With that in mind, it becomes an extremely interesting budget A3+ option.
Otherwise, this review should apply equally to the cheaper model.
5- PLOTTERS:-

A graphics printer that draws images with ink pens. It actually

draws point-to-point lines directly from vector graphics files. The plotter
was the first computer output device that could print graphics as well as
accommodate full-size engineering and architectural drawings. Using
different colored pens, it was also able to print in color long before inkjet
printers became an alternative.

Pen plotters are still the most affordable printing device for
CAD use and offer resolution unlike any other printer. The lines are not
made up of dots. They are actually drawn, providing infinite resolution. See
drum plotter, flatbed plotter, electrostatic plotter and inkjet printer.

Computer output device that draws graphs on paper by

moving pens according to directions from the computer is also known as
Plotter.
 Maintenance for Laser, Inkjet and Dot Matrix printers besides
Scanners, Plotters and Cash Register Systems.

Provide Toner Cartridge & related spares.

Place of Origin: - China Brand Name: Oland

Model No: OL630 series Certification: CE, CCC,ISO9001

Features:-

1) Streamlined fuselage, elegant appearance. The computer controls at the

window.

2) Adopts new micro step to subdivide algorithm, being in high cutting

quality while cutting at a high speed, the curve is smooth and more evasive.

3) Software has capacity to adjust the cutting precision to solve and

prolong the inconsistent problem of different sizes when all kinds of
materials of malleability are cut.

4) On the basis of keeping the leather card machine cutter rotating

flexibly, uses 2mm diameter carver instead, makes it have better market
interchangeability.

5) Engineering plastics fuselage, makes the machine light and handier.

6) High accuracy claw wheel, guarantees to leave in the location.

7) Passes national security, performance and environment test in an all-

round way performance is more reliable.

Parameters:-

1) Model: MC270

2) Keyboard: has no CPU, 1MB at a high speed cache memory body.

3) Control panel: computer controls at the window.

4) Drive: a motor of high accuracy claw, the micro step subdivides

driving

5) Insert the largest area of paper: 270mm

6) Media width cut the largest width: 215mm

7) Printing width cut the largest speed: 120mm/s

8) Cut the largest length: 1,000mm

9) Cut the largest thickness: 0.5mm

10) Ink type the knife pressing: 0 -100g

11) Mechanical precision: 0.05mm

12) Repeat the precision: 0.1mm

13) Cutter kind: golden steel knife of hard quality

14) Kinds of drawing pen: diameter 11.4mm all kinds of swimming

skill, oil, the atom

15) Paint pen and pen of poster painting

16) Interface drawing instruction: HPGL

17) Interface: USB interface

18) Power: AC110V/220, 50Hz

19) Consumption: <120VA

20) Running environment temperature: 5~35 degrees

21) Relatively temperature: 30%-70%

22) External dimensions: 400 x 150 x 150mm

6- KEY BOARD:-

A set of input keys on a terminal or computer. It includes the

standard typewriter keys, several specialized keys.

Computer input/output device that resembles a typewriter and

is used for key entry of data into a computer. A small version of a keyboard
with only numeric keys is called a keypad. Keyboards are used to enter data
to order fulfillment systems and to interact with electronic catalogs.

Palm Bluetooth keyboard:-

 PDA pioneer Palm is still chugging along with upgrades and
new products. PDA-style keyboards are nothing new and revolutionary, but
Palm is attempting to reinvent the wheel with its latest Bluetooth keyboard,
and I think they may have successfully done so.

This $100 folding keyboard is larger than most portable

keyboards and provides a secure data connection to your Bluetooth-enabled
Treo. It's compatible with the Treo 650, 680, 700p, 700w, 700wx, 750
Tungsten E2, and the oldie-but-good Palm T|X. Powered by standard AAA
batteries, the keyboard and can last up to five months on a single pair.

Bella EZ Keyboard Professional 3.0:-

Now in their third generation, Bella's latest keyboards all feature USB 2.0
for high-speed connectivity to demanding devices such as iPods, flash disks
and even hard drives. Additionally, Bella has added the NeoLite, an
innovative task light with dual LEDs to help illuminate the work space.
Bella's patented, built-in jog/shuttle controller and Specialty Keys makes
editing easier, giving you much more control over your audio and video
clips without your hands ever having to leave the keyboard.

7- MOUSE:-
 The most popular pointing device. It was called a "mouse"
because it more or less resembled one, with the cord being the tail.
Although key commands can often substitute, graphical interfaces (GUIs)
are designed for pointing devices. However, graphics applications, such as
CAD and image editing, demand a pointing device. On a PC, the mouse
connects to the PS/2, USB or serial port.

Mouse movement is relative. The cursor moves from its

existing location. The mouse could be moved across your arm, and the
screen cursor would move as well. The mouse-like object on a graphics
tablet, which is correctly called the "tablet cursor" or "puck" is often not
relative. It contacts the tablet with absolute reference. Placing it on the
upper left part of the tablet moves the screen cursor to the corresponding
location.

Logitech's new VX Revolution notebook mouse

 The VX Revolution is Logitech's latest laptop-friendly mouse,
but it’s more than just a fancy design. It incorporates the new Micro Gear
high-precision, low-resistance scroll wheel. It can be switched from the
traditional "gear style" to a true free-wheeling style, spinning for up to
seven seconds depending on how hard you spin it. This can be really
appealing to spreadsheet users - you can shoot to the end of the document
in seconds.

Key features:-
 Laser gaming mouse has unique memory function.
 Fast keys to switch DPI – 2000, 1600 and 800 dpi.
 Creative and smart key can remember five different gaming profiles.
 Four programmable hot keys bring you much more fun and
convenience in gaming.
 Streamline shape and eye-catching design.

**********************************
 Preface
First of all bundle of thanks to ALLAH and
then our teacher Sir Gulzar Ahmad who helped us
a lot to complete my assignment. In the beginning I am
not able to work on MS Word properly but with the
guidance of Sir Gulzar Ahmad it become easy to
work on MS Word and my assignment of latest
computer hard wares. May Sir Gulzar Ahmad live
long.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SR NO TOPIC PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION OF HARDWARE 1

2 KINDS OF HARDWARE 3

3 CPU (Central Processing Unit) 4

4 HARD DISK 6

5 RAM (Random Access Memory) 8

6 PRINTERS 10

7 PLOTTERS 13

8 KEY BOARDS 17

9 MOUSE 21