MathCity.org Exercise 7.

3 (Solutions)
Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 1.0.0

Question # 1
(i) u = 3iˆ + ˆj − kˆ , v = 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ
u = (3)2 + (1) 2 + (−1)2 = 9 + 1 + 1 = 11
v = (2) 2 + (−1)2 + (1)2 = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6
( )(
u ⋅ v = 3iˆ + ˆj − kˆ ⋅ 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ )
= (3)(2) + (1)(−1) + (−1)(1) = 6 − 1 − 1 = 4
Now u ⋅ v = u v cosθ
u⋅v 4 4
⇒ cosθ = = ⇒ cosθ =
u v 11 × 6 66
(ii) Do yourself as above
(iii) u = [ −3,5] = −3iˆ + 5 ˆj , v = [ 6, − 2] = 6iˆ − 2 ˆj
Now do yourself as above
(iv) u = [1, −3,1] = iˆ − 3 ˆj + kˆ , v = 2iˆ + 4 ˆj + kˆ Now do yourself as (i)

Question # 2
(i) a = iˆ − kˆ , b = ˆj + kˆ
a = (1) 2 + (0)2 + (−1)2 = 1 + 1 = 2
b = (0) 2 + (1)2 + (1)2 = 1 + 1 = 2
( )( )
a ⋅ b = iˆ − kˆ ⋅ ˆj + kˆ = (1)(0) + (0)(1) + (−1)(1) = 0 + 0 − 1 = −1
Since a ⋅ b = a b cosθ
a⋅b −1
So projection of a along b = a cosθ = =
b 2
a⋅b −1
Also projection of b along a = b cosθ = =
a 2
(ii) Do yourself as above

Question # 3
(i) Do yourself as (ii) below
(ii) u = α iˆ + 2α ˆj − kˆ , v = iˆ + α ˆj + 3kˆ
Since u and v are perpendicular therefore u .v = 0
( )(
⇒ α iˆ + 2α ˆj − kˆ ⋅ iˆ + α ˆj + 3kˆ = 0 )
⇒ (α )(1) + (2α )(α ) + (−1)(3) = 0
⇒ α + 2α 2 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 2α 2 + α − 3 = 0
⇒ 2α 2 + 3α − 2α − 3 = 0 ⇒ α ( 2α + 3) − 1( 2α + 3) = 0
⇒ ( 2α + 3)(α − 1) = 0
⇒ 2α + 3 = 0 or α − 1 = 0
3
⇒ α =− or α =1
2
FSC-II / Ex. 7.3 - 2

Question # 4
Given vertices: A(1, −1,0) , B (−2,2,1) and C (0,2, z )
uuur
CA = (1 − 0) $i + (−1 − 2) ˆj + (0 − z ) kˆ = $i − 3 ˆj − zkˆ
uuur A
CB = (−2 − 0) $i + (2 − 2) ˆj + (1 − z )kˆ = −2 $i + (1 − z )kˆ
uuur uuur uuur uuur
Now CA is ⊥ to CB therefore CA ⋅ CB = 0
( )(
⇒ $i − 3 ˆj − zkˆ ⋅ −2 $i + (1 − z )kˆ = 0 ) B C
⇒ (1)(−2) + (−3)(0) + (− z )(1 − z ) = 0
⇒ − 2 + 0 − z + z2 = 0 ⇒ z2 − z − 2 = 0
⇒ z2 − 2z + z − 2 = 0 ⇒ z ( z − 2 ) + 1( z − 2 ) = 0
⇒ ( z − 2 )( z + 1) = 0
⇒ z − 2 = 0 or z + 1 = 0
⇒ z = 2 or z = −1

Question # 5
Suppose v = a1 iˆ + a2 ˆj + a3 kˆ
Since v ⋅ $i = 0 ( )
⇒ a1 iˆ + a2 ˆj + a3 kˆ ⋅ $i = 0

⇒ a1 iˆ ⋅ $i + a2 ˆj ⋅ $i + a3 kˆ ⋅ $i = 0
⇒ a1 (1) + a2 (0) + a3 (0) = 0 ⇒ a1 = 0
Also v ⋅ ˆj = 0 ( )
⇒ a1 iˆ + a2 ˆj + a3 kˆ ⋅ ˆj = 0
⇒ a1 iˆ ⋅ ˆj + a2 ˆj ⋅ ˆj + a3 kˆ ⋅ ˆj = 0
⇒ a1 (0) + a2 (1) + a3 (0) = 0 ⇒ a2 = 0
Also v ⋅ kˆ = 0 ( )
⇒ a1 iˆ + a2 ˆj + a3 kˆ ⋅ kˆ = 0
⇒ a1 iˆ ⋅ kˆ + a2 ˆj ⋅ kˆ + a3 kˆ ⋅ kˆ = 0
⇒ a1 (0) + a2 (0) + a3 (1) = 0 ⇒ a3 = 0
Hence
v = (0)iˆ + (0) ˆj + (0)kˆ = 0

Question # 6 (i)
Let a = 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ , b = iˆ − 3 ˆj + 5kˆ and c = 2iˆ + ˆj − 4kˆ
Now b + c = iˆ − 3 ˆj + 5kˆ + 2iˆ + ˆj − 4kˆ
= 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ = a
Hence a , b and c form a triangle.
( )(
Now a ⋅ b = 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ ⋅ iˆ − 3 ˆj + 5kˆ )
= (3)(1) + (−2)(−3) + (1)(5) = 4 + 6 + 5 = 15
( )(
b ⋅ c = iˆ − 3 ˆj + 5kˆ ⋅ 2iˆ + ˆj − 4kˆ )
= (1)(2) + (−3)(1) + (5)(−4) = 2 − 3 − 20 = −21
( )(
c ⋅ a = 2iˆ + ˆj − 4kˆ ⋅ 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ )
= (2)(3) + (1)(−2) + (−4)(1) = 6 − 2 − 4 = 0
Since c ⋅ a = 0 therefore c ⊥ a
Hence a , b and c represents sides of right triangle.
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman, (mathcity@gmail.com), URL: http://www.MathCity.org
 FSC-II / Ex. 7.3 - 3

Question # 6(ii)
Given: P (1,3,2) , Q(4,1,4) and R (6,5,5)
uuur
PQ = ( 4 − 1) iˆ + (1 − 3 ) ˆj + ( 4 − 2 ) kˆ = 3 iˆ − 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ
uuur
QR = ( 6 − 4 ) iˆ + ( 5 − 1) ˆj + ( 5 − 4 ) kˆ = 2 iˆ + 4 ˆj + kˆ
uuur
RP = (1 − 6 ) iˆ + ( 3 − 5 ) ˆj + ( 2 − 5 ) kˆ = −5 iˆ − 2 ˆj − 3kˆ
Now
uuur uuur uuur
PQ + QR + RP
= 3 iˆ − 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ + 2 iˆ + 4 ˆj + kˆ − 5 iˆ − 2 ˆj − 3kˆ = 0
Hence P , Q and R are vertices of triangle.
Now
uuur uuur
( )(
PQ ⋅ QR = 3 iˆ − 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ ⋅ 2 iˆ + 4 ˆj + kˆ )
= (3)(2) + (−2)(4) + (2)(1) = 6 − 8 + 2 = 0
uuur uuur
⇒ PQ ⊥ QR
Hence P , Q and R are vertices of right triangle.

Question # 7
Suppose a right triangle OAB . Let C be a midpoint of hypotenuse AB , then
uuur uuur uuur uuur
CA = − CB ⇒ CA = CB ………….. (i)
uuur uuur uuur
Now OA = OC + CA
uuur uuur uuur B
uuurOB = uuur
OC + CB uuur uuur
Since OA ⊥ OB therefore OA ⋅ OB = 0
uuur uuur uuur uuur
( )(
⇒ OC + CA ⋅ OC + CB = 0
uuur uuur uuur uuur
) uuur uuur
C

( )(
⇒ OC − CB ⋅ OC + CB = 0 Q CA = − CB
uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur
)
( )
⇒ OC ⋅ OC + CB − CB ⋅ OC + CB = 0 (
uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur
) O A

⇒ OC ⋅ OC + OC ⋅ CB − CB ⋅ OC − CB ⋅ CB = 0
uuur 2 uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur 2 uuur uuur uuur uuur
⇒ OC + OC ⋅ CB − OC ⋅ CB − CB = 0 Q OC ⋅ CB = CB ⋅ OC
uuur 2 uuur 2
⇒ OC − CB = 0
uuur 2 uuur 2 uuur uuur
⇒ OC = CB ⇒ OC = CB …………… (ii)
Combining (i ) and (ii ) , we have
uuur uuur uuur
OC = CA = CB
Hence midpoint of hypotenuse of right triangle is equidistant from its vertices.

Question # 8
Let A , B and C be a vertices of a triangle having position vectors a , b and c
respectively.
Also consider D , E and F are midpoints of sides AB , BC and CA , then
uuur a + b
p.v of D = OD = A
2
uuur b + c
p.v of E = OE = D F
2
uuur c + a O
p.v of F = OF =
2 B E C
FSC-II / Ex. 7.3 - 4

onr AB and BC intersect at point O , which is an origin.

uuur bisector uuu
Let right
Since OD isuuur⊥ touuuAB
r
Therefore OD ⋅ AB = 0
a+b 1
⇒   ⋅(b − a) = 0 ⇒ (b + a) ⋅ (b − a) = 0
 2  2
⇒ (b + a) ⋅ (b − a) = 0 ⇒ a ⋅ (b − a) + b ⋅ (b − a) = 0
⇒ a⋅b −a⋅a + b⋅b −b⋅a =0
Q a⋅b = b⋅a
2 2
⇒ a⋅b − a + b − a⋅b = 0
2 2
⇒ b − a = 0 ………….. (i )
uuur uuur
Also OE is ⊥ to BC
uuur uuur b+c
Therefore OE ⋅ BC = 0 ⇒   ⋅(c − b) = 0
 2 
Similarly solving as above, we get
2 2
c − b = 0 ………….. (ii )
Adding (i ) and (ii ) , we have
2 2 2 2
b − a + c − b =0+0
2 2
⇒ c − a =0
⇒ (c + a) ⋅ ( c − a) = 0
c+a
⇒   ⋅ ( c − a) = 0
uuur2 uuur
 uuur uuur
⇒ OF ⋅ AC = 0 ⇒ OF is ⊥ to AC
uuur uuur
i.e. OF is also right bisector of AC .
Hence perpendicular bisector of the sides of the triangle are concurrent.

Question # 9
Consider A , B and C are vertices of triangle having position vectors a , b and c
uuur uuur
respectively. Let altitude on AB and BC intersect at origin O (0,0) .
uuur uuur
Since OCuuuis perpendicular
r uuur to AB
⇒ OC ⋅ AB = 0 A
⇒ c ⋅(b −a) = 0
⇒ c ⋅ b − c ⋅ a = 0 ...............(i )
uuur uuur
Also OAuuu isr perpendicular
uuur to BC O
⇒ OA ⋅ BC = 0 B C
⇒ a ⋅(c −b) = 0
⇒ a ⋅ c − a ⋅ b = 0 ...............(ii )
Adding (i ) and (ii )
c ⋅b − c ⋅a + a ⋅ c − a ⋅ b = 0 + 0
⇒ c ⋅b − c ⋅a + c ⋅ a − a ⋅ b = 0 Q a⋅c=c ⋅a
⇒ c ⋅b − a ⋅ b = 0
⇒ (c − a ) ⋅ b = 0
uuur uuur uuur
⇒ AC ⋅ OB = 0 Q AC = c − a
uuur uuur
⇒ AC is perpendicular to OB .
Hence altitude of the triangle are concurrent.

Made by: Atiq ur Rehman, (mathcity@gmail.com), URL: http://www.MathCity.org

 FSC-II / Ex. 7.3 - 5

Question # 10
Consider a semicircle having centre at origin O(0,0) and A , B are end points of
diameter having position vectors a , − a respectively. Let C be any point on a circle
having position vector c .
Clearly radius of semicircle = a = − a = c C
uuur
Now AC = c − a
uuur
BC = c − (− a ) = c + a –c
Consider uuur uuur B – –a O –a A
AC ⋅ BC = ( c − a ) ⋅ ( c + a )
= c ⋅ (c + a) − a ⋅ (c + a)
= c⋅c + c ⋅a −a⋅c −a⋅a
Q a⋅c = c ⋅a
2 2
= c + a⋅c − a⋅c + a
2 2
= c − a
Q a = c
2 2
= c
− c =0
uuur uuur
This show AC is ⊥ to BC i.e. ∠ ACB = 90o
Hence angle in a semi circle is a right angle.

Question # 11
Consider two unit vectors â and b̂ making angle α and − β with + ive x − axis.
Then aˆ = OA = cosα iˆ + sin α ˆj
y
and bˆ = OB = cos(− β ) iˆ + sin(− β ) ˆj A
= cos β iˆ − sin β ˆj a
Now α
x
( )(
aˆ ⋅ bˆ = cosα iˆ + sin α ˆj ⋅ cos β iˆ − sin β ˆj ) O β
b
⇒ aˆ ⋅ bˆ = cosα cos β − sin α sin β ...............(i ) B
But we have ∠AOB = α + β
⇒ aˆ ⋅ bˆ = aˆ bˆ cos(α + β )

= (1)(1)cos(α + β ) Q aˆ = bˆ = 1
⇒ aˆ ⋅ bˆ = cos(α + β ) ...............(ii )
Comparing (i ) and (ii ) , we have
cos(α + β ) = cosα cos β − sin α sin β

Question # 12
Consider a , b and c are vectors along the sides of triangle BC , CA and AB ,
also let a = a , b = b and c = c
then form triangle, A
π – A
a + b + c = 0 ...............(i )
b
(i) ⇒ b = −a − c c– A –
π – C
Taking dot product of above with b , we have B C
B
b ⋅ b = (−a − c ) ⋅ b a C
π – B –
2
b = −a ⋅ b − c ⋅ b
= − a b cos (π − C ) − c b cos (π − A)
= a b cos C + c b cos A Q cos (π − B ) = − cos B
FSC-II / Ex. 7.3 - 6

⇒ b2 = ab cos C + cb cos A
⇒ b = a cos C + c cos A ÷ ing by b
(ii) From equation (i )
c = −a −b
Taking dot product of above equation with c . A
c ⋅ c = ( −a − b ) ⋅ c π – A
b
Now do yourself as above. c– A –
π – C
B C
(iii) From equation (i ) B
a
– C
b = −a −c π – B
Taking dot product of above equation with b
b ⋅ b = (−a − c ) ⋅ b
= (− a − c ) ⋅ (− a − c ) Q b = −a − c
= − a ⋅ ( −a − c ) − c ⋅ ( − a − c )
2
b
= a⋅a + a⋅c + c⋅a + c ⋅c
= a⋅a + a⋅c + a⋅c + c ⋅c Q a⋅b = b⋅a
= a ⋅ a + 2a ⋅ c + c ⋅ c
= a + 2 a c cos (π − B ) + c
2 2

⇒ b2 = a 2 + ac ( − cos B ) + c 2 Q cos (π − B ) = − cos B

Hence b2 = c 2 + a 2 − 2ca cos B

(iv) From equation (i )

c = −a−b
Taking dot product of above equation with c
c ⋅ c = (− a − b) ⋅ c
= (− a − b ) ⋅ (− a − b ) Q c = −a−b
Now do yourself as above (iii)

Made by: Atiq ur Rehman, (mathcity@gmail.com), URL: http://www.MathCity.org

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