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Glue is a semi-liquid substance that binds the things together by surface attachment.

 


1ST evidence when glue used for the first time dates back in 4000 B.C., Archaeologists

found foodstuff with deceased when they were studying burial sites of historical tribes in

the pottery vessels, which were repaired by some sticky stuff of tree sap. They also found

ivory eyeballs into eye sockets in Babylonian temples. That tar like glue was used for

6,000 years. In 1500-1000 B.C., glue was used to assemble. Paintings and murals show

wood gluing work. A casket was removed from King Tut tomb which shows the glue use

in its construction. Art objects we have today in our museum from Egyptian pharaohs

tombs are also bonded with some sort of glue.

In literature 1st reference about glue appear in 200 B.C., Simple animal glue making and

using procedures were written.

Adhesives from natural ingredients were prepared like egg whites, blood, bones, hide,

milk, cheese, vegetables, and grains in 1-500 A.D., Romans were first who use tar and

beeswax to fill the joints of thick, long boards of ship boats. Genghis Khan overcame his

attackers because of the power and the weapons his men. Bows were bonded with glue

whose formula was lost.

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In 1700 A.D., in the history of adhesives due to much use of glue rapid changes occur

and first glue factory was started in Holland to manufacture animal glue from hides. In

1750, the first glue patent was issued in Britain for fish glue and by 1900; the United

States had many factories preparing glue.

The first synthetic adhesive was prepared in 1869 by a reaction

between nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and cellulose called as cellulose

nitrate.

In 1928 elastomeric adhesives, in 1930s, pressure sensitive tapes and in 1951 epoxy resin

adhesives were developed. During the 1960s strong cyanoacrylate adhesives was

developed called as super glues, during this time some other adhesives silicones and

anaerobic adhesives were also developed. Most of the adhesives technology is developed

during the last 100 years and they are part of our every day life.


 

Many theories about how adhesives work have been proposed but none of them explains

all aspects of adhesion. Main theories of adhesion are diffusion, electrostatic, surface

energetics, and mechanical theories.

 According to this theory adhesion occurs due to the solubility the

adhesive to the substrate. When we apply adhesive to the substrate a solution of the

substrate and adhesive is formed if the solubility characters are equal and makes a stable

phase that bonds the two surfaces together.


  
 According to this theory adhesion occurs due to differences in

the electronegativities of binding materials, when we brought two materials into contact,

an amount of electron transfer occurs and a charge layer formed which makes both

materials to stay together. Its example is a balloon stick to a wall.

   ! "#  This theory explains it in

intermolecular and interatomic forces terms. For these forces effect, the adhesive must

come in contact to the substrate. Adhesion occurs due bonding when materials are bring

together. Its example is chemical adhesion between the chemical groups from the

adhesive covalently bond with those of the substrate and secondary adhesion occurs

similarly by hydrogen bonding.

R It occurs when the adhesive material flows into and on the rough

substrate surface, which creates a lock and key effect. The viscosity of the adhesive and

the contact time with the substrate are important parameters for mechanical adhesion.

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Adhesives are of many types, some are natural and some are synthetic. Some common

types of adhesives and their uses below will explain how much they are very importent

part of our life.



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Natural adhesives are made up of animal, vegetables and mineral sources.

 
  
& ? Animal is prepared by boiling animals bone, hide, hoofs, horns and

connective tissues containing protein, which is then cooked to form a gelatin material, animal

glue get hard gradually but we can soft it again by reheating in water. After application cooling of

the liquid results in rapid gelling which produce some strength and when it totally dries get rigid.

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 It can be made by heating the skins and bones of fish protein (collagen) in

water. A very clear and pure form of protein can be made by the membrane of the swim bladder

of some fish species like Sturgeon, called as isinglass.

$$   Animal glues are used in book binding and wood and furniture industry.

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Casein is a protein found in milk, which creates an adhesive which

is waterproof. We can make it at home be putting 1 tablespoon of vinegar in 1 cup of

skimmed milk, leave it to curds then filter and whey out of it and dry, then add baking

soda in this solid and mix, ready now you can use it. First pour acetic acid then neutralize

it with base.

$$  it is mainly used in glass bottle labeling‘and Cigarette packs.

 
?
 Starch is a carbohydrate we get it from vegetable plants like corn,

rice, wheat, potatoes. A very common example of them we made and use it at home. First

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mix 1 cup of flour with 1/3 cup of sugar. Add half of the water from 1-1/2 cup and mix to

form thick smooth paste. Now pour in rest of the water and mix again. Finally add a

teaspoon of vinegar and heat until the mixture become thicken, ready.

$$  It is used in bookbinding, corrugated boxes, paper bags, and wallpaper

paste, school gums, bottle labeling, stamps and gum paper envelops.

It is also used as a sizing in textiles. The laundry uses starch on shirt collars to stiffen and

give shape to shirt.


 %  Cellulose adhesive is made from natural polymer

found in trees and woody plants.

$$  It is mainly used in bonding wood, china, cloth, glass and some plastics.

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Synthetic adhesives are as follows.


 % They are made of polymers dissolved in solvent

(Polychloroprene, Polyurethane) or dispersed in water (white glue based on PVA

(Polyvinyl acetate, cellulose, casein, polyvinyl alcohol or polyvinyl pyrrolidone com

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position).The bonding is obtained by solvent evaporation (When water or solvent is

evaporated, the polymers¶ molecules become closer and closer until to form a continuous

film adhesive).

$$   They are used in bonding paper, cardboard and wood or household

applications.

  %They are made of Natural Rubber and poly chloroprene

(Neoprene). They must be applied to both surfaces and allowed some time to dry before

the two surfaces are pressed together. Some contact adhesives require long time like 24

hours to dry before the surfaces are joined together. When surfaces are pressed together,

the bond forms very quickly, so it is not necessary to apply pressure for a long time or

use clamps.

$$   Contact adhesives are used in furniture like bonding of Formica to a

wooden counter and footwear Industries.

Setting Time:5-30 minutes

Application: For binding leather, rubber, glass and wood.

Prolong pressure not necessary. Hammer or roll firmly

the joining materials.

Chemical Name: Poly Chloroprene

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    % They are solventless adhesives and are based on

thermoplastic materials. A thermoplastic is a polymer that turns to liquid when heated

and freezes to a solid upon cooling, means solid at room temperature and liquid at

elevated temperatures. They are heated and applied in liquid state with the help of glue

guns or nozzles and the bonding is obtained in few seconds when cooled.

$$   Hot melt adhesives are used for sealing documents and cartons,

packaging, book binding, printing, textiles, footwear and furniture, car manufacturing,

electronic industries and purchased products like frozen food, breakfast cereal, laundry

detergent, a case of beer, or anything shipped in a corrugated box, the flaps are bonded

with a hot melt adhesive.

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Gum lac, Venice turpentine, Artist's pigments

Four sticks of shades of purple seal wax made of

100 % pure natural botanical wax, without any

toxic components such as turpentine or shellac.

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And another wax is that which is used to remove hairs. You can make it at home by 2 cup

sugar,1/4 cup lemon and ¼ cup water. Heat it for 5-10 min with continuous stirring,

ready.

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  % % ($) Pressure Sensitive adhesives

are based on elastomeric materials, such as Styrene Block Copolymers, which in dry

form are totally gummy or sticky at room or low temperature. This adhesive forms a bond

when pressure is applied to bind the adhesive with the substrate.

$$   Pressure sensitive adhesives are made for both permanent and

removable applications, high performance permanent PSA have high adhesion values.

They are used in pressure sensitive tapes, safety labels for power equipments, note pads,

foil tape, automobile trim, envelops, wallpapers and floor tiles a wide variety of other

products, and some removable PSA are used in baby dipers, band-aids, ©
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%Epoxy adhesive systems are made up of a complex

chemical reaction.The one component epoxy is cured at high temperature, whereas the

two components epoxy bond at room temperature. They can be flexible or rigid,

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transparent or opaque/colored, fast setting or extremely slow setting. Epoxy is used to

replace traditional metalworking methods of joining like nuts and bolts, welding etc.‘

$$  ‘ These high-performance adhesives are used in (transportation, golf

clubs, skis, snow boards, household) where high strength bonds are required.

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Temperature: 300F

Setting Time: 10 minute

To increase curing rate heat from electric bulb can

be provided.

It is used as filler material for binding metals

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Setting Time: 4 minute

Setting Time: maximum strength 8 hours.

transparent adhesive, used where adhesive should

have not been invisible e.g. glass and ornaments.

Application

It adheres to metals, stones, glass and wood and most rigid material

 % Silicone adhesives are based on Polysiloxanes chemistry

and have high flexibility at low temperature as well as humidity and temperature

resistance. They are available in one or two components systems.

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$$   They give water proof bonds for glass and ceramics so used for sealing

joint in them.


  % These are extremely fast curing adhesives

commonly called as Superglue.

Superglue was accidently discovered at Eastman Chemical Company. They were trying

to characterize some polymers; but ended up gluing their microscope slides together.

Cyanoacrylate adhesives harden rapidly on contact with joining surfaces through a

reaction with surface moisture. These adhesives are specially used where rapid-curing is

required.

$$   They are used in Industrial and consumer glues, in the veterinary glues

and in medical applications.



Press Time: 30 seconds

Setting Time: 2-3 minutes

Holding Power: 2 tons

Application:

For binding metals, glass, rubber and leather

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Many brands of nail glue contain ethyl cyanoacrylate, BHA,

polyurethane acrylate oligomer, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, benzoyl

isopropanol, violet 2, and citric acid. Some of these ingredients cause skin

irritation that negatively effect human health. 

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Ingredients: Latex, Water and Ammonium Hydroxide

Avoid contact with eyes, chemical, sensitive allergic skin and reach of

children.

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Ingredients: Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether Acetate, Nitrocellulose,

SD Alcohol 40-B, Iron Oxide.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesive

http://www.chem.shef.ac.uk/chm131-2002/cha01dpt/index.html

http://www.bookrags.com/research/adhesives-and-glues-woc/

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http://www.etsy.com/listing

http://www.costumeparty.com

http://www.ehow.com

http://www.minieco.co.uk/recipe-for-homemade-glue/

http://sustainableecho.com

http://bathroom-dancer.blogspot.com

http://inventors.about.com

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