64. 65. DEMOLITIONS & EXPLOSIVES The Demolitions and Explosives section is divided into the following sub-sections : 1 - EXPLOSIVES PAGE 32 2 = DEMOLITIONS AND IQUIPMENT PAGE 34 3 - MINES AND MINEFIELDS PAGE 82 4 - GRENADES PAGE 60 5 - BOOBY TRAPS PAGE 66 Is —E X P LO S | V E S TNE SLABS, AUST MK I & MK II. (a) Tests have shown that the 1}-1b TNT Slab, Aust Mk I is inferior to the Gun Cotton Wet Slab l-lb. The cause is that the CE primer will not fully detonate cast TNT without an intermediary pellet of pressed TNT or cast TNT/CE mixture between the CE Primer and the cast TNT. (b) The manufacture of MK I TNT slabs has ceased, and a modified slab with the middle third made of 70/30 TNT/CE mixture will be produced in future. The modified slabs will be known as TNT slabs, Aust Mk II, and dis- tinguished by a one inch green band around the slab; also the box will have .a green band distinguishing mark. The new modified slab is equivalentto a similar volume of wet Gun Cotton. Units should ensure by usage in training that their troops are familiar with these stores. 70% TNT & Cast TNT CE Primer CE Primer ad CE SWF] = | ‘SECTIONS (c) So far no method is known to make MK I slabs perform fully satisfactorily. Charges as calculated by normal formule will be doubled and mst be initiated by a Mk II slab to ensure detonation. Cast TNT EXPLOSIVES - AMMONAL (Source E in C, MEF) (a) Faulty Sealing The sealing of standard 25 1b tins of Ammonal has proved faulty in wet locations.66. -32- This is caused by the luting in the groove between the lid and the top of the tin NOT adhering sufficienvly to prevent separation during the handling of the tins. The opening created permits water to enter and destroy the Ammonal. (b) Remedy The following method of sealing nas proved to have lasting results : (4) Remove the cloth strip over the top of the cover and scrape out the luting WITHOUT REMOVING THE LID. (141) Fill the groove and also cover an area of 1 inch either side of it with molten pitch or bitumen. It is not necessary to remove paint, but the top of the lid should be cleared of dust before pouring. DETERIORATION OF MINE CHARGES The following lessons are learnt from charges laid and subsequently removed in AUSTRALIA. (a) Quarry Monobel in 75 lb Canisters (1) 48 Canisters were laid for a period of 4 months. (141) 7% failure occurred due to water through faulty selection and sealing of joints. (b) AN Gelignite "60" in 4 Gal. Petrol Drums (4) 59 Drums were laid for a period of 6 months in water logged ground. (44) 60% were rendered useless by water entering the drum. 70% of dets failed because of, damp safety fuze and failure to remove sawdust packing. (444) The drums and fillings were NOT suitably sealed. The faulty assembly of dets is inexcusable. (c) Black Powder in Rubver Bags (4) 130 Rubber bags each containing 25 1bs of Black Powder with 8 feet of fuze were laid for a period of 3 months. (11) All charges and safety fuzes had deteriorated through dampness and were useless. (441) Rubber bags or similar perishable materials are most unreliable and safety fuze is useless if subjected to continual dampness. (a) Road Block Mines (4) Examination was made of a road block mine laid in a tunnel for a period of 5 months. (41) 60 cases of AN Gelignite "60" in original cases enclosed in thin steel containers well sealed with provision for firing by electricity and safety fuze using copper detonators. (441) The explosive was in good condition but corrosion had taken place in dets by ammonium nitrate attacking the copper and thus changing lead azide to copper azide which is highly SENSITIVE.68. -33 - (iv) Copper dets in contact with AN Explosives must be coated with a protective coating such as Shellac. PRIMACORD & FID - RING MAINS (Source RE Trg Memo No 1) Experiment has shown that a ring main should never be made up of a combination of FID and either Primacord or Cordtex as there is a risk of some of the branch lines not being detonated owing to the different speeds of detonation. NOTE: FID is obsolete and must not be used in operations. DETONATING FUZES & PRIMERS (Source E in C MEF) As a result of recent experiments, the following methods of initiating and joining will be adopted. GC or CE primer may be used with equal effect. The 3-primer junction box will continue to be used, but it will be constructed as sketch. (a) Initiating and Joining F I D Main 3 Primers ~~ LNCTION BOK imp and geal endg ii eni Geng stanaine aceaiitions 2 Primer Method 2 Primer Method Safety Puze INITIATING F: Note: The Primers must be held firmly together by adhesive tape or spun yarn (shown hatched), JOINING (>) Gordtex and Primacord (1) Primers are NOT normally required for initiating or boosting cordtex or primacord. (11) The above methods of initiating and joining F I D should be adopted for cordtex and primacord where they are used in long standing demolitions. (c) Fitting Detonators into Primers The central perforation of primers of CE is often made slightly larger than the outside diameter of a service or commercial detonator. Detonator should be wedged in so that its base is 3" short of the base of the primer for optimum detonation.- 3h - 69. EXPLOSIVE, SENSITIVITY TO SAA (Source Ministry of Supply, London. Recent tests to determine the sensitivity of explosives when fired at by small arms ball and tracer ammunition at short range, show ;: (a) Explosive 808 (4) Definite tendency to be ignited by .303 Mk VII bullets. (11) This increased when subjected to fire from flame tracer bullets. Chance of ignition is extremely high if bullet remains lodged in explosive. (>) Ammonal (4) Not ignited by .305 Mk VII bullets. (14) In severe tests with tracer bullets, ignition was fairly readily produced. The explosive burned slowly to begin with, but as the burning proceeded it became fiercer and hotter. . (c) Wet _Guncotton Slabs (4) (14) (a Not ignited by .303 Mk VII bullets. Not ignited by tracer ammunition, unless moisture content was below about 10%, in which case ignition was reasonably easy in severe tests. - Cast Explosives Most compositions such as Pentelite and CE/TNT casts, sent up a small cloud of pulverised explosive on bullet impact. This often burned momentarily, but did not ignite the main charge. (e) Detonation of burning explosives as above. (4) (44) (444) (1v) A few tests were carried out to represent machine gun fire. Explosive ignited (if possible) by flame tracer bullet then fired at with Mk VII bullets while burning. Some detonation occurred on firing second bullet into explosive, notably with ammonals. Detonation believed most likely te occur under these conditions with powder explosives. 2* DEMOLITIONS AND EQUIPMENT 70. A/TANK MAGNETIC HOLLOW CHARGE - GERMAN (Source Tech I S$ MEF’ (a) Description - For details see Appx 'B 1! (4) Container - The main filling 1s contained in a pressed metal container conical in shape with an elongated apex serving the dual purpose of form- ing a handgrip and accommodating the detonator. It is painted field grey. A orass chain term- inating in a hook is attached to the frame.-35- The top of the container is screwed internally to take a BZE igniter and under it the detonator is housed in a metal tude. if) Magnets - A plywood frame-work carrying 3 horse- Oy) Shee ty ype maphets 1s attached to the base of the conical portion by 6 volts, During transit the magnets are fitted with a Keeper (NOT shown in Appendix'Bl) which must be removed before using the charge. (») Nee (1) Designed for use by Tank Hunting Squads, the magnet veing sufficiently powerful to adhere to a vertical surface. (11) Experiments have shown that the charge 1s NOT suitable for drilling bore holes in rock or concrete as the small diameter of the resultant hole makes it difficult to remove the debris. (111) A standard BZE igniter gives a delay of only 4.5 seconds. 71. SMALL FLANE THROWER TYPE 93 - JAPANESE (Source LHQ Tech Int Summ No 10) (a) General Weapon consists of two interconnected fuel tanks and a@ smaller pressure tank, hose and nozzle assembly as shown below. + Weight (empty) 32 lbs Serew Cap * Weight (charged)"55 lbs Capacity 2.7 gals Pressure Tank Valve——* Fue] Tank Valve Pressure Tank Right Fuel Tank Hose——» Left Fuel Tank j~— Jointed Hand-wheel perat ing Straps falve Handle a Opefating Valve 4 —— Firing Wechanism Rod Connector Nozzle (0) Description (4) Fuel Tanks - These are interconnected at the om and near the top, thus operating as a single fuel reservoir. Attached to the connecting tubes are carrying straps. Right fuel tank (as carried) has @ screw cap filler opening at top and a hose attachment fitting at the bottom. A pressure admitting valve on left fuel tank is opened and closed by means of a wheel on a jointed connection which passes over the left shoulder of the operator. Admitting valve is connected to another small valve by means of a copper tube. A small thin copper disc to act as a pressure release, is located at the base of the valve.(44) (441) (iv) (v) - 3% - Fuel - The fuel carried is a mixture of half Gasoline and half oil, similar to sump oil. Pressure Tank - This tank is smaller than fuel tanks and 1s supported bet nm and to the rear of them by a hook and a metal strap. Valve on top, which 1s connected to valve on the left fuel tank, has a wheel handle which is used for charging the cylinder with nitrogen pressure of up to 350 - 400 lbs. After connection to left fuel tank this valve should be opened, thus putting pressure against fuel tank valve, Connecti. Hose - A black rubber hose 3' long toritted ‘at both ends with metal female couplings to screw on to fuel tank and metal nozzle assembly. Nozzle Assembly - Consists of nozzle, length of fuel pipe and operating handle. » Revolving Cylinder La - =) aS ee Ge DISASSEMBLED Zh i | Cartridges Retaining Cap Nozzle is 4' metal tube with an operating valve at hose end and firing mechanism at outer end. The operating valve has a simple safety device, a@ handle about 4 ins long and rod connection with firing mechanism. Valve must. be closed when the fuel tanks are filled. When the handle operating this valve is pointing forward the valve is closed and when pulled to the right the valve opens. A long rod actuates the firing mechanism when the handle reaches @ position at right angles to the nozzle. To reach firing mechanism, unscrew the outer cap on front end of the nozzle and lift out the revolving cylinder. This cylinder consists of two parts: A cap which holds firing cartridges. in place, and the remainder which has 10 openings to receive black powder cartridges, one of which is fired each time the operating lever on the other end of the nozzle is pulled clear around to the right, the flash of black powder igniting the fuel stream. There are three pins in nozzle: Firing pin which fires cartridge; the locking pin which keeps chamber from revolving, and a pin which revolves the chamber after cartridge is fired. ter Cap (c) Improvised Parts (4) Pressure Tank - An adaptor to use USA nitrogen tanks may be improvised by sawing off the thumb- screw from a protective cap of a valve of the USA nitrogen cylinder manifold, then drilling a hole in the protective cap large enough for a piece of copper tubing to be inserted and sweated in. To this is attached one end of a copper tube removed from a Japanese Flame Thrower from which the connection has been removed.72. 37 - (14) Jap Filling Line and Gauges - May be adapted to Trews attroger oylindess Fogen cylinders and used to fill Japanese pressure tank. Leather is best material to use for improvising gaskets. (141) Cartridges - Remove bullet and powder charge from THe sO calibre rifle cartridge. Cut off cartridge case so that cap end is 1" long. Pile the cap end of the cartridge case until it will slide into the revolving cylinder. Fill cartridge about two thirds full with black powder sealed in place with paraffin. Alternatively, the 10 openings of revolving cylinder may be reamed out to 0.47 ins in diameter thus eliminating the dressing down of the cartridge case, SMALL_FLAME THROWSR TYPE 93 MODIFIED - JAPANESE (Source LHQ OCR ech Int Summ No 10) (a) General This weapon is similar to the Type 93 described above. Fuel tanks and rubber hoses on both types are identical, the difference being in nozzle assemblies as shown below. Valve handle, fuel pipe and other fittings are of plated steel in lieu of brass. A RR TG TYPE 93 ea oa TYPE 93 MODIFI (b) Nozzle Assemblies Type 935 Type 93 Modified 1. Overall length of Nozzle Assembly 473" 353" 2. Weight of Nozzle Assembly 10 lbs 84 lbs 3. Retaining nut on No locking Has locking Firing Mechanism screw screw 4. Ratchet track on Single Double back of revolving ratchet ratchet cylinder 5. Nut on valve No lock Has tapered operating handle locking pin 6. Nut on firing No lock Has tapered mechanism operating locking pin crank 7. Nozzle outlet tip Not achable detachable (repair easier) (c) Improvements (1) Nozzle being shorter and lighter, gives better lance and makes handling easier. (44) Double ratchet design of revolving cylinder is mechanically better than single ratchet of Type 93. (141) Locking pins - Inclusion of several locking pins offers definite mechanical and safety advantages.- 38 - 73. DEMOLITION EQUIPMENT, JAPANESE (Source MEIU No 1& MSL AUST) Refer Appx 'B 2! (a) General This report covers the following Japanese demolition equipment captured from Naval Base at LAE : (4) prepared charges (11) plastic explosive (412) safety fuse and FID (iv) detonators (v) pull igniters. Japanese material is generally similar in appearance and construction, but more powerful than Allied explosive. Since storage conditions and age of captured material is often unknown, it should not be used for operational demolitions. (o) Prepared Charges (for details refer Appx 'B 2") (1) Large charge - Consists of 4 blocks of picric acid wrappe ml varnished paper and packed in light metal container, which is lined with waxed card- board. The top block, twice the size of the other 3, has a hole 23" deep cast into it to take the detonator holder, consisting of a copper tube soldered to the lid of the container. 2 copper wire eyes secured to lid are provided with a length of ‘silk string to secure the detonator into the charge. (11) Small charge - Consists of 4 oz blocks of picric Wrapped in packages of 6, and waterproofed as before. A hole 12" in depth for inserting detonator is indicated by a black spot on the wrapper. (c) Plastic Explosive Is of a light brown colour and issued in 4 oz rolls, 4" long x 14" diam. 3 rolls, individually wrapped in parchment paper, are contained in a paper package. Explosive contains 80% cyclonite and 20% vegetable oil binder. (a) Fuzes (1) safety Puzes Seam Tan coating with one white spiral 32 sec/ft | Coiled thread on surface Black coating 32 sec/ft | Coiled White coating 30 sec/ft |Type 1 Safety Puze; 33'lengths| Coiled White coating Not known |33! lengths Coiled(44) -%- Instantaneous Fuzes (1) "Cordtex" type - Has a brown fabric cover; Glam 5732", supplied wound on wooden reel. (14) "BID" type - Consists of lead tube, approx ° external and .17" internal diams with TNT filling. 10 metre length is coiled on wooden reel 8%" diam x 13" thick, contained in circular galv iron tin,sealed at lid junction with gummed paper tape. NOTE: Test all fuzes before use, (e) Detonators (for details refer Appx 'B 21) (1) (44) (444) (iv) (v) Non Electric Type 1-= Approx similar in size to Rust Toumeretat Wo 6, but of equivalent power to the Commercial No 8. Non Electric Type 2 = Approx 1" longer than Aust Commercial No = or similar diam; but more powerful, corresponding closely to US service detonator. Non Electric Type 3 - Of equivalent length but greater dian “ton Type 2. More powerful than any Allied detonators. 50 detonators are wrapped in heavily waxed paper and packed in a sealed cylindrical can with screw-on lid. Electric, Type 97 - Has no Allied equivalent and consists or eras outer case containing brass inner casing filled with fulminate of mercury, a deaden- ing agent and PETN. Also crimped into outer case is a plastic tube filled with fulminate of mercury. A plastic plug carrying the electric igniter bridge slips into this tube and is held by a crimp in the brass cases There is a seal”of pitch above this plug around the two electric leads and assembly is finally sealed with white cement where wires enter brass casée Packing- Type 97 dets are individually wrapped in waxed paper, and 10 packed in waxed cardboard box fitting inside a sealed metal container of dimensions on" x 23" x BY, (f) Pull Igniters (1) (41) Red Tipe - Composed of brass body with red plastic outer sleeve. At one end a screw cap is fitted with an eye for attaching a pull or trip cord. To the inside of this cover is a short pull string with a sanded end, which projects through a small pel. of friction igniter composition contained in brass tube crimped into brass case. On pulling string, pellet ignites and flashes through the igniter body. The end of igniter, into which safety fuze is crimped, is waterproofed by covering with piece of tinfoil, and wrapping in waxed paper. Black Type - Differs only slightly from red type in that brass case and plastic sleeve are slightly longer and friction pellet larger. Igniter cap is not threaded, but slides off and has a length of heavy cotton cord attached to eye. Both fuze and cap are sealed with tinfoil, and igniter wrapped in wax paper.The 75. - ko - BANGALORE TORPEDO - JAPANESE (Source USN Bomb Disposal Unit Guadalcanal) Refer Appx 'B 3! (a) Construction (4) The body consists of a steel tube with shoulders welded on each end. A cap is screwed over one end and a male plug screwed into the other for purposes of transit. (14) The fuze is used in two main parts and is constructed of light aluminium alloy as shown. (o) Filling Filling consists of TNT 36.4%, Cyclonite 63.6%, weighing a total of 3 lbs. (c) Arming The pointed cover is unscrewed from the fuze locking collar and replaces the cap on the male end of the torpedo. The locking collar and fuze body are screwed in to replace the plug from the female end of the tubes (a) Piring To fire, the safety pin is withdrawn and lanyard pulled. There is an 8 second powder delay train between the twin friction igniters and the detonators. (e) Use The Torpedo can be used in any of the following ways’ (1) Destroying barbed wire entanglements. (41) Jamming between tank tracks. (1141) Blowing up railway tracks. (iv) Destroying artillery pieces (closing breech and placing a torpedo down the barrel). (v) Throwing - shrapnel effect as well as blast is obtained. NOTE BY E INC : Jap Bangalore Torpedoes previously captured have been constructed of split bamboo tied together with string. The increased effectiveness of the metal type due to fragmentation would be considerable. MAGNETIZED ARMOUR PIERCING BOMB - JAPANESE (Source Tech Int Summary No 5. LHQ AUST). Refer Appx 'B 4", sheets 1, 2, 3. (a) General Intended for direct use against AFVs, armour shields, pill-pox doors etc. The bomv is placed in contact with the iron or steel object and adheres by the action of the magnets.-41- (b) Description (4) (11) Details - see Appx 'B 4' sheet 1, Body - Eight separate wax paper wrapped sections or cast TNT are held together in a khaki coloured canvas cloth bag, circular in shape with two flat surfaces. Four equally spaced permanent magnets are attached by khaki webbing to the outer edge of the body. The bomb is carried in a stiff canvas pouch attached to the soldier's belt, Fitted to the inside of the pouch is a metal cylindrical container holding the fuze, which mst be inserted into the bomb prior to use. A wooden plug is carried in the fuze cavity of the bomb when it is carried in the pouch. This plug is removed to permit fitting of the fuze which is secured to the container by the fuze retaining nipple and held by a threaded bra: collar. (c) Puze Assembly - see Appx 'B 4’ sheet 2. (4) (44) (444) (iv) (v) (vi) (a (4) (41) A plunger is attached to the fuze body by a set screw through the plunger set screw slot. The firing pin assembly is spring loaded by the firing pin spring and 1s held in the loaded position by four steel balls fitting into the circular groove in the firing pin assembly and the holes provided in the fuze body. A firing pin spring locking plug limits the spring at the upper end of the fuze body. The steel balls are held in place by the plunger which has a continually increasing internal diameter from the ‘open end, and as the plunger is depressed against the plunger spring the steel balls are forced from their position by pressure of the firing pin spring on the firing pin assembly, thus allowing the firing pin to go forward. The plunger is prevented from being depressed by a safety pin positioned in the safety pin hole in the fuze body and to which is attached a length of cord for withdrawing purposes. The primer and delay element screws into the fuze body. The detonator element screws onto the delay element. The primer is the perce ion type and delay element burns for approx 4-5 secs. The fuze body is provided with a fuzible plug to allow escape of the gases from the delay element. Operations Bomb 1s placed in contact with object to be attacksd and safety pin is withdrawn. Plunger is depressed, actuating the fuze and exploding the bomb after 4 - 5 secs delay.(414) (iv) -42- Bombs may be used singly for $" armour plate or double (with opposing poles together) for 12" armour plate. Although use in booby traps has been reported, the delay fuze makes the bomb unsuitable for this purpose. Refer para 114 (f). 76. PISTOL TRIP MECHANISM AND APPLICATIONS (Source MGO) The Pistol Trip Mechanism is a booby trap adaption for initiating large charges as shown in Appx 'B 5!. (a) Assembly (4) (44) (444) (iv) (v) (v4) Ensure that the safety pin will NOT fall out during assembly . Unscrew brass cap and remove detonator holder which will be found inside the body. Inspect detonator holder and if dented straighten by means of rectifier. Drop body of detonator holder through hole in brass cap, so that the flange of holder is inside brass cap with body of holder now outward instead of inward as previously. Take one detonator cap assembly and insert free end of detonator into detonator holder. The detonator cap assembly and brass cap assembly are now in position. fake pistol trip mechanism and smear sufficient luting around the threads to ensure a water proof seal. Holding brass cap with detonator assembly in one hand, and keeping detonator body downwards, screw trip mechanism body on to brass cap tightly. Pistol assembly is now complete. (>) Application 3" Mortar Bomb The following is the method of converting the 3" Mortar Bomb to a Trip Bomb. (4) (14) (444) (iv) (v) (vi) Unserew with spanner the fuze of the mortar bomb leaving the nose cap container. Remove solid Cz pellet, cardboard washer and felt disc from interior of nose container. The bomb is now unarmed and ready for taking pistol trip mechanism. With pistol trip mechanism in one hand, and keeping detonator facing upwards, place a CE pellet on it (using rectifier to pierce paper) and then the felt washer on the pellet. Keeping the pistol trip méchanism inverted, screw it into bomb and tighten with spanner. Remove fuze, CE pellet and any debris so that they will NOT act as an alarm to the enemy. The bomb may be placed in the required position and the trip wire satisfactorily adjusted before the safety pin is removed. Always load or unload with the trip mechanism downwards.- 43+ Also to minimise effect of rain and weather, bomb should at all times be attached to its anchorage with trip mechanism downwards. (c¢) Application to Mines J Mk 1 Aust (1) The jungle mine consists of cylindrical cast iron’ body 5" x 34" outside measurement with a filling hole at the bottom which is closed by a filling plug of the 36 grenade type. Weight filled is 5} lbs. (11) The pistol trip mechanism screws in the hole in the top. (441) For further details see instruction sheet enclosed in each box of mines. Also E in C Tech Instn No 44. (d) Application to HE Shell (25_ par The following is outline of procedure necessary for converting HE shell to mine or booby trap. (4) Unscrew the fuze from the shell. (41) Take adapter from box and smear luting on both threads. (141) Screw adapter into shell and tighten with spanner. (iv) Place felt washer against bottom of adapter and in a horizontal position screw the trip mechanism with CE pellet into the adapter, and tighten with spanner. Remove any debris as instructed in (b). (v) Adjust trip wire with shell in desired position and remove safety pin. 77. ALNICO MAGNETS (Source E in C LHQ) (a) ALNICO magnets are available to RAE units for special operational tasks. (b) Description The sketch shows dimensions of a magnet which weighs } lb and exerts a straight pull on a clean plate of 9 lbs. FRONT SIDE (c) Use With prepared charges for demolition raids and tank- hunting. By attaching sufficient ALNICO magnets to adhere to a ferro-magnetic surface, almost any type of charge can be improvised.78. as ‘Aus’ OF DEMOLITIONS - BORING OF HARD CLAY WITH PNEUMATIC DRILLS fource (a) Ordinary pneumatic hammer drills with either chisel or cruciform bits have been successfully used to bore holes in hard clay. (b) Side air holes in bits in lieu of normal centre holes are, however, necessary. NOTE: Width of chisel point depends on type of clay - the more plastic the clay the greater the width. Air Hole Welded SECTION > 0 YQ HS PLAN OF JACK BIT WITH SIDE AIR HOLE BROAD CHISEL POINT (c) Rate of drilling varies considerably, but is normally 1" to 6" per min, including time taken to change drills. 79. COMPRESSOR PT FOR CAMOUFLET HOLES (a) (o) General (Source SME (Fd)) The compressor and associate tools are adaptable for punching camouflet holes in complete range of rocks and soils. Adaption Recommended The paving =Breaker could be used to drive a camouflet tube and point into material which is hard enough to be drilled; however, the tube may be badly bruised and should be strengthened at each end to give broad seating. Nose of paving-breaker Shank of breaker point —= Heavy collar Thick section ——____— Camouflet point —————' Soft soils - full size Hard soils - 23" DRIVING RATES ¢ (Tube with 3" point) Decomposed Rock I’every 6 mins Swelling clay : IVevery F ain Running Sand + Ievery ¢ min- 45 - 80. UNDERWATZR OSSTACLES - REMOVAL (Source CO HQ and WO LONDON The following results were ovtained from trials of underwater demolitions: (@) Anti-Tank Mines (1) Blast pressure methods of clearance are more reliable below water than above. (11) With 4' to 6! head of water, sympathetic detonation of Mk IV and Mk V Mines occurs at spacing of 23! and 9! respectively. (141) an air cavity charge containing 45 lbs 808, will detonate mines within a radius of approx 25 yds. ‘The air cavity charges comprise vulk explosive charge surrounded by air cavity 2" ~ 3" thick which, to some extent, overcomes the damping effect of the water. (>) Barbed Wire (1) Air cavity charge of 52 lbs 808 dropped centrally into an obstacle, comprising triple concertina wire within double apron fence, covered by 1! of water produced a clear gap of 15', (c) Sandbars - see also para 82 (1) 5 flexible bangalore charges, each 100' long at 4'6" centres, inner 3 loaded 2 lbs, outer 2 with 1 lb, 808 per ft run, were fired in 4'6" of water. (11) Gap produced in sandbar measured 100' long, 30! wide by 18" to 24" deep. (a) Tubular scaffolding (4) It has been found that hand placed charges are effective against underwater obstacles in the tubular scaffolding type. (11) Four charges, each containing 30 lbs of explosive, will clear a gap 20! wide through standard tubular scaffolding when the obstacle is completely covered by water. (e) R.C Obstacles (1) A standard 3" bangalore torpedo resting on the sea bed will clear a gap up to 40' wide through 3! square reinforced concrete cubes with spikes, laid in 5' depth of water, (14) Development is continuing to see whether it is possible to float a bangalore torpedo into position then sink it. 81. DEMOLITION CHARGES - SPECIAL (Source WO LONDON, — in 7 MEF) (a) Bag Charges (4) Bag charges are mainly suitable for use in conditions which require a large olast effect, particularly under water as against hollow dock gates, They may also be used for direct application to pressure vessels such as boilers etc and in borehole charges where pumping will not remove the water sufficiently.(b) (44) (444) (4v) (v) (vi) - 4% - The usual form is shown in the sketch below and consists of a charge of explosive, which may be up to 15 lbs in‘weight, into which is fixed a 1 oz CE primer and a double Cordtex lead of any convenient length. Immediately above the charge, the Cordtex is bound with adhesive tape to bring 4t up to $" diam and at this point is necked with the pipe clip. ‘The double Cordtex is coiled in the upper part of the bag which is closed with a quick rlease knot. ———— Quick Release Knot Double Cordtex Coiled Adhesive——___— Tape Pipe Clip 1 oz CE Explosive Primer The usual material for bags is rubberised fabric, preferably of a dark colour; but in cases where the bag is to be used on land in dry conditions, @ canvas or sand bag may be used. If the charge is to be used in very deep water, the Cordtex may be coiled on a reel, and the bag lowered by means of a cord secured over the pipe clip at the neck of the bag so that the Cordtex does NOT take the weight. In addition to the blasting charge in the lower portion of the bag, a small cutting charge of PE or any other HE may be fitted on the double Cordtex lead at any convenient point as required by the target. A small but vitally important item from experience is an adequate stock of "F.Ls" with which to encase the primers and detonators during under water operation: Cordtex fired from a central junction box is itable for connecting up charges. Demolition of Timber Trestle Bridge Improvised depth charges of gelignite initiated with a primer destroyed timber and concrete piles effectively and quickly. (4) (44) Time - A 75! timber bridge with four 9" x 9" trestle piers was completely destroyed in 45 mins. Size and placing of charges - Place charge at exact centre between two trestles, Minimum depth of water required 5'-7', Minimum depth of charge below surface 4'. Best results obtained when superstructure is not more than 10! above water..82. -47- Size of Distance between Size of Timber Trestles Cha g" x g" 25 los le" x le" 40 los (c) Demolition of RC Piles (1) Charges used were rubber bags holding 75 - 100 lbs of explosive. (11) Jetties were destroyed by placing one charge against each 14" x 14" RC pile. (441) Charges were placed on a wooden bracket strapped at the required height. UNDERWATER OPSTACLES - PASSAGE OF SANDRARS (Source H in C MEF, Aust Liaison Report) Refer Appx 'B 6', para 80 (c) (a) Channels can always oe blown through sandbars with explosive; but length of time gaps remain open depends on local conditions. Rough weather or heavy surf causes rapid silting up, although action of LCT propellers going to and from shore, has been known to keep channels scoured out. (b) Methods (1) Gelignite Strings - A gap 40' wide and 6! average depth was dlown in sandbar in 3'6" water, using six 70! flexible gelignite strings bound with hessian, sunk across the bar at 6' centres. zach string comprised 3 lbs/ft run of gelignite threaded on primacord connected up to form a grid. (44) falore torpedoes - (refer Appx'B 61). Sixty 5'0" sections were arranged as indicated in rows at 6! centres and towed across sandbar in 16" of water, Resulting channel on detonation was 35! wide and of average depth of 4". (c) Lessons (4) 3 1lbs/ft of gelignite at 6' centres is sufficient explosive. (11) A wide gap, say 60', 1s preferable for even one craft. AIR CAVITY CHARGE (Source E in C MEF) Refer para 80 (a) This charge, illustrated below, has been reported successful in demolishing underwater obstacles such as tubular scaffold- ing, wire and mines, even whengnot in close contact. ——5! of Cordtex —~cotton waste packing and sealing compound ——45 lbs '808' Air space SECTION THROUCH CHARGE Two primers GC threaded on Cordtex ———-Metal container84. 85. 86. = 46% TANK DESTRUCTION (Source RE Trg Memo No 4) The following methods of destroying immobilised tanks have been used in the MIDDLE EAST: (a) (b) (c) Place any of the charges listed below inside the tank, close the turret, and detonate the charge. A length of 18" of safety fuse has proved sufficient to provide adequate delay. 1 Tellermine 2 A/Tk Mines 10 lbs Guncotton 15 lbs Ammonal When it is NOT possible to get inside, place a similar charge under the gun as close to the turret as possible. This method blows the turret off and causes considerable damage inside the tank which sometimes catches fire. Both methods are (sufficiently effective to prevent cannibalization. GUN DESTRUCTION - BREECH CHARGE (Source WO LONDON) (a () (co) (4) The breech charge is designed for the demolition of @ gun by insertion into the breech end to destroy the breech block and jacket ring by bursting from the inside. It consists of a rubber or canvas tube, at least equal to the calibre of the gun, closed at either end by a wooden disc bound in with wire or tape. Wood disc Cordtex lead. Rubber or canvas tube caps The charge may be Plastic or any HE, packed into the tube and initiated by a 1 oz CE primer fitted with Cordtex leads of any convenient length and made watertight with empty No 3 detonator tubes sealed with a double crimp, In general, the length of the charge should ve at least 3 times the calibre of the gun in order to obtain satisfactory results. CUTTING ARMOUR PLATE (Source RE Trg Memo No 1) (a) (b) The formila 1/8 bt® has been proved effective for * cutting armour plate up to 22" thick, provided that the explosive extends the full width of the plate to be cut. When blowing a hole in armour plate, an air space in the charge produces a bigger hole. For example, a 10 1b charge of 808 arranged in approximately cubic form, with a r space of 3" x 3" x 2" between the charge and the plate will blow a_larger hole than 12 1b charge without the air space.87. 88. ~ 49 ~ DEMOLITION OF AMMUNITION (Source E in C MEF) The following tabulation shows methods and results for destruction of large quantities of ammunition: semunition [ueinod of Destmtion 300 cases stacked Complete demolition closely and detona- ted with 50 kg bomb. 3 slabs of GC were used to detonate the bomb. Hand and Mortar grenades packed in cases of 45 and 72. 3.7 om A/TK shells in cases Detonated by two 50 kg bombs on dump of 450 cases. 40% of shells destroyed or damaged. Complete demolition. Three 50 kg bombs will destroy a stack of 900 shells. Care must be taken to en- sure promulgation of the detonating wave. 95 Wad 35 lb shells Single shells stack- ed closely in dumps of 300. Nose percus- sion caps well in- serted in about 20 to each dump. Deton- ated with one 50 kg bomb per dump. DA47 and DA65/17 Complete demolition. Shells Single shells stack- ed closely and detom ated one 50 kg bomb per stack. 2 cm A/Tk and aircraft cannon shells Burnt with petrol. Complete demolition in 2 hours. Desir- able to use oil in addition. Complete demolition in 4 hours. SAA in tin lined cases of 1600 rounds Dump soaked with petrol and ignited with safety fuze. Dumps were burned. NOTE BY E in 9: To obtain the.best results, charges must be placed at the TOP of the dump. Avoid placing the charge near the bottom as this will tend to throw the ammunition in all directions and only destroy that portion in direct contact with the charge. Cordite and Complete demolition Ballastite DEMOLITION OF AMMUNITION BY BURNING (Source E in C, MEF) If ammunition is stacked in metallic contact it can usually be destroyed by demolition charges. Where ammunition is stacked in cases, destruction should be by burning in the following89. 90. (a) (b) (c) (a) - 50 - Stacking (1) Stacks should be built NOT greater than 600 cubic feet capacity or higher than 6' and should be arranged at 25! intervals, with air spaces between cases. (11) Arrange the stacks in two lines to enable the vehicle carrying the demolition party to run straight through. Firing (1) Place a 4 gallon can of petrol on each corner and one in the centre of the stack near the top, so that burning petrol will flow down over the cases, (11) Link the cans together with PF I D having @ primer in the central can with detonator and 20' of safety fuze. If the cans are of pressed steel, use a primer to each can. (411) Heating agents such as diesel oil, bags of cordite, bitumen and surplus petrol, are very necessary for ammunition in metal cases and shells of large calibre, and should be used for all ammunition when available, (iv) The sequence of firing should be carefully worked out by the demolition party as the safety area may have to be closed for 3 to 4 hours. Danger Area ‘This may be taken as 1 mile radius but could be reduced to 500 yards in operations. Priority Normally the order of priority should be checked with the Inspecting Ordnance Officer or Ammunition Officer, but if they are not available the priority should be - (4) 25 Pdr; destroy cartridges, fuz 3 and tubes, (44) All AA Ammunition. (441) Grenades BL (Separate) Cartridges. (iv) Demolition Explosives. (v) SAA. OIL IGNITION BY PRIMACORD (Source E in © MEF) A 4 gal can of fuel ofl can be ignited by 4 strands of primacord around and spread over half the length of the can. DEMOLITION OF TREES (Source E-in C INDIA) (a) (b) Trees too large for a bulldozer to uproot or too hollow for an effective bore-hole charge can be removed by 4 to 6 lbs of gelignite placed under the axis of tie tree, about 2'6" below ground. Avoid using an earth auger as it tends to become tangled with the roots,gl. 92. 93. -51- TIMBER PILES - UNDER WATER CUTTING (Source Institution of nnn nnn NTN Mngineers, Aust) Recent experience in removing a number of piles to enable navigation of a waterway is outlined below: (a) Method (1) A-girale consisting of a minimm quantity of 3} lbs of gelignite '50' explosive for a 15" diam pile, increasing to 4 lbs of explosive for a 20" pile, is place around the pile. ‘The girdle mst fit tightly to the sides of the pile in a horizontal position. (11) A minimum number of two detonators placed diametric- ally opposite is required. (o) Time and Labour Under reasonable conditions two men can remove and land seven piles per working day. Timber Pile +To Exploder q-Circle of hemp to hold stake Water level Firing wires from detonators connected in series at girdle level or above water. Two hor, rings of explosives hung from wire girdle. -[pTimber stake 1" x 1" (for lowering to position and making girdle taut) with one end of wire girdle attached and passed through loop at other end of wire. Detonators WIRE OBSTACLES - CLEARING BY BOPORS FIRE (Source BAS WASHINGTON) Preliminary trials have shown that BOFORS amn is an effective means of clearing a path through wire obstacles. 60 shells fired froma range of 300 yds cleared a lane, passable for vehicles, in a wire fence 25 yds in depth. DEMOLITION OF BOULDERS (Source RE UK, CE N G Force) (a) Experiments have shown that 4 lbs of gelignite are sufficient to completely demolish underwater boulders up to 1 cu yd in size (approx 2 tons), provided that the depth of water is sufficient to give a good tamping effect. Larger boulders should have the charge increased in proportion to their weight. (bo) To be effective, weighted bag charges should be placed at the base of the rock. When placed on the surface the rocks were cracked but NOT demolished. Hollow cone charges have not been very successful on soft rocks such as felsite, but, when applied to harder rock boulders, the charge either shattered the boulder or punched a hole sufficiently deep to take a plastic bursting charge. (ce3 946 - 526 MINES AND MINEFIELDS A/T 93 - JAPANESE (Source Adv LHQ) Refer Appx 'B 7! Details of this mine captured in NG are as follows: Body of Mine (a) (b) (4) (44) The mine is circular in shape 6%" diameter with @ slightly domed top and flat bottom, and its height is 13". It consists of a cylindrical tin plate container, filled with a perforated cylindrical slab of cast - Pioric acid 2 Ibe weight. | The perforation is " {am and lined with a cardboard tube to house the fuze. Soldered to the bottom section of the container is a brass disc having a threaded collar for the insertion of the fuze. A central hole in the upper section of the container, closed with @ domed knurled brass plug, is for inserting or removing the fuze, A thin leather washer fits between the cover and the knurled brass plug to seal the mine. Fuze Assembly (4) (44) (444 (1v) (v) (vi) The body of the fuze is threaded to screw into the brass collar attached to the bottom section of the mingcontaining a pellet of tetryl, surrounded by @ layer of lead azide. detonator holder scret into the striker jembly, and houses in its upper end a small flash cap. in the lower end is a perforated gunpowder pellet. ) The striker assembly consists of a brass cylinder having a transverse septum centrally perforated to act as a striker guide. A plated steel plug is drilled internally to take the plated steel striker and spring. The shear wire passes through a 3/32" diam hole in the striker and steel plug. The size of the hole in the striker suggests that a@ brass shear wire to take a dead load of about 250 lbs, would be used. The upper end of the striker is drilled and tl ded. ‘ety cap which when screwed home tak: the p. ure of the spring- loaded striker off the shear wire. A brass cylinder with attached washer fits over the brass safety cap and rests on top of the steel plug; the washer fits under the leather washer of the brass plug. This is an additional safety device and has a lug indicator with the Japanese ideograph for "safe" on it. A type of fuze similar in appearance to the one described above, but designed to be fitted with @ normal shear wire or, altermtively, a light shear wire which requires a pressure of only 70 lbs before breaking. Using the light wire, the mine would be dangerous to personnel and vehicle:- 53- (c) Operation With safety devices removed, any load onthe cover of the mine causes the knurled brass plug to press down on the striker. If the pressure is sufficient the shear wire is sheared, which frees the striker, which in turn strikes the detonating cap and initiates the detonating system. (a) use (1) Drag ropes are attached to the "D's" on the side of the mine, enabling it to be used as a "walking mine". (41) By attaching to a light rope, an operator can hurl the mine to a distance of 15' in the path of an approaching tank. (441) Several mines are sometimes strung on a rope 180! long and drawn across the path of tanks or vehicles by two operators. (1v) For use as booby trap,refer para 114, sub para (e) (v) Reports from BURMA state that up to 36 of these mines are carried by a Jap Infantry Platoon. (vi) At BETIO ISLAND, Type 93 mines were used primarily against personnel, being laid 30" apart. On the SATSLBERG track, mines were laid in pairs 4" apart with a stick across the top,but did not prove as effective as mines improvised from picric acid slabs used against tanks. (e) Neutralization and Lifting (1) Unscrew the knurled brass cap from top of mine. (11) Without exerting any pressure on the striking pin, screw on a brass safety cap. NOTE: Brass safety caps for disarming Type 93 mlnes have been manufactured and are available from RAE dumps. (1411) Carefully feel round mine for any booby trap attachments and neutralize. (iv) Lift mine and carefully unscrew the fuze and remove it from the mine. (v) Replace knurled brass cap. ANTI INVASION - JAPANESE (Source USN MEIU No 2) Refer Appx 'B 8! (a) General This electrically fired hemispherical mine appears to be of naval design, employing lead-acid horns as do ordinary moored naval mines. It should be expected . fn shallow water along beaches suitable for amphibious attack, It is regarded as a mine a mine and not a land(b) (ce) (a) (e) (f) (g) = 54 = Description (for details refer appx 'B 8) Igniters The two horns appear to be standard lead acid horns similar to those used in Types II and IV Japanese moored cgntact mines, They are set at an angle of about 65°, project above level of mine top, and have LEPT HAND threads. Electrical Circuit In the firing circuit is a spring loaded plunger with a tapered threaded hole in the centre of the top. This projects through the safety switch cover, water- proofed by rubber diaphragm, and is held in position against its spring by a safety fork engaging in a groove near the top of the plunger. The lower end of the plunger is thus withdrawn from between two contacts in the firing circuit, rendering it incomplete. Arming Withdraw safety fork. This releases plunger, so closing firing circuit. Action Pressure of at least 250 lbs crushes horn. This breaks glass phial and allows acid to drain down on to plates of a small battery, with zinc cathode and carbon anode. These plates are connected in series- parallel to detonator, so that either can generate sufficient amperage to explode the mine. Disposal (1) Pending issue of suitable equipment for rendering mine safe, all mines should be destroyed (subject to sub-para (iv) below). Extreme care must be taken NOT to fracture the lead covered horns in handling. (141) All mines should be destroyed in situ except: (1) where mine is covered by water: mine should then be lifted and detonated hore» (2) where destruction in situ is impracticable: mine should be moved to safe area and detonated. (441) Destruction in situ. Tie detonator lengthwise midway down one horn and fire vy normal methods. Both horns may be attacked simultaneously by tying a loop of primacord above the second top ring on each horn and initiating the running end. (1v) Mines removed for destruction should be placed in fan excavation and fired as above, or else laid horns downward in a 6" bed of sand and detonated by placing slab of TNT (or equivalent) in direct contact with flat base of mine. (v) Steaming out. Should a mine be required for instructional or other special reason, base filling plug may be removed and mine suspended in a drum of boiling water away from fire, until the cast Hexanite and Anisol burster charge is melted out.96. 97% - 55- Do NOT attempt to unscrew detonator through base plug opening. NOTE: Detailed disposal methods will be issued as an E in 2 Bomb Disposal-Technical Instruction. (h) Uses (1) In shallow water,on beaches and coral reefs: against landing craft of all types, or vehicles discharging from then. (41) On land: buried as ordinary land mine. Cannot be used as anti-personnel mine on account of high firing pressure. (411) At TARAWA in the GILBERTS, these mines were found between an under-water double-apron fence and the shore. They were laid 20 yds apart in a double lane parallel to the beach. Other mines were used in conjunction with concrete tetrahedrons as shown in Appx'B 8'. LAND MINE - MUSHROOM TOP - DUTCH (Source USN Guadalcanal) Refer Appx 'B 9! This mine was used by the Japs in GUADALCANAL and it is assumed that stocks were captured from the Dutch. (a) Construction (1) The fuze screws into the mine body and consists of a spring-loaded striker which is held off the detonator by 1/16" diam copper shear wire, (41) The mine cover 1s suspended over the mine body by a helical spring and is held in position by 4 screws located in the body. (111) Movement of the mine cover is regulated by the size and position of the slots in the mine cover, Pressure in any direction on the cover is transferred directly from the brass plug in the centre of the cover to the striker head. (b) Dimensions - Refer Appx 'B 9! (co) Use May be used as an A/Tk or anti-personnel mine since a weight of only 50 lbs approx is sufficient to break the shear wire, When probing for this mine with bayonet or similar probe care should be taken NOT to press down on the domed cover. BEACH MINES - JAPANESE (Source USN MEIU No 1) (a) Beaches in MUNDA area were mined in triangular patterns between gun positions, with 32 kg incendiary bombs embedded vertically in the coral, nose upward. (>) Bombs were armed with nose fuze protruding, and tail fuze without detonator, the former requiring 540 lbs pressure for operation- 56 - (c) It 1s considered bombs were used as substitute beach mines to disable assault vehicles.The 3.5 lbs burst~ ing charge in tail is greater than that of Type 95 landmine, and resulting damage from shrapnel and incendiary effects of steel pellets containing white phosphorus, would be considerable. 98, MINES, WOODEN BOX - JAPANESE (Source GHQ INDIA M I Directorate) Refer Appx 'B 10', sheets 1 and 2. (a) General The Japanese have used wooden box landmines against the Chinese in the KWANGSI campaign. The wooden box encasing the mine permits improvisation in the field in addition to avoiding detection by electro- magnetic locating instruments. (b) Type 1 (sheet 1) (41) Description - The internal dimensions of the joden box are 15" x 3" x 2%", while the filling consists of about 34 lbs of "yellow explosive", i.e picric acid. A short wire rod is connected by thread to a simple friction igniter which fires a detonator inserted in one of the slabs. On the point of egress of the firing rod on the outside of the box is a safety device, the exact nature of which is NOT known but is reported to consist of a "bottle cap". (41) se - The mine is actuated by means of a trip re,one end of which is tied to the firing rod and the other to a tree. An anti-lifting device is formed by a thread through the base of the box, and secured to a peg driven in the ground. The cover over the mine is 1 to 2 inches. . (c) Type 2 (sheet 2) (1) Description - The wooden box of internal mensions 12%" x 92" encloses at one end approx 2 lbs of explosives in separate container. The lid of the box is kept in place on the flanges at the top by a stout spring in each corner and carried on its under surface a wooden block attached by two- bolts. (41) Use - The mine which is also fitted with an anti- Tifting device as in type 1, can be actuated by the tension on trip wire, or by direct pressure on mine, which causes the internal wooden block to depress the end of the firing rod. 99, MINE CLEARANCE (Source WO LONDON) (a) The following drill using detectors has proved reliable in recent operations. It can also be adapted to "bayonet prodding" technique, although results are less satisfactory.- 57- (>) Gap widths Experience has shown the following are necessary: feeae fee traffic width | width width (yas) (yds) (yds) Infantry div} 8 16 ) Several ) gap! 16 40 Remarks 8 Armoured div ) required (c) Organization A mine clearance party comprises: (1) reece party (14) tape party (144) detector party (iv) disarming and lifting party (v) gap marking party (vi) control party (vii) reserve party (d) Duties (4) The recce party follows close behi... ..0 leading infantry to determine extent of minefield, and fix the forward start point of the proposed gap. (44) nm completion of recce, tape party advances and lays tape for an 8 yd gap. (144) Detector party, consisting of 3 operators in echelon, each sweeping 9', move forward. Each operator 1s accompanied by a mine marker, who places a metal cone over every mine located. (iv) Disarming and lifting party follow 50 yds ‘behind the detector party, to avold putting the latter out of action should a mine be inadvertently exploded. Lifted mines are placed just outside tapes. (v) Gap marking party start marking the gap up to the point where the mines have been lifted. (vi) Control party remains throughout at the entrance to the gap, prepared to carry out minor repairs to the detectors, or send up reserve detectors etc, as required. By day 50%, and by night 100% spare detectors should be held. (vii) Reserve men are kept in readiness near rear of gap to replace casualties in any of the above parties.100. - 58 - (e) Marking of gaps (1) By day: standard gap marking sign, painted half red and half white on both sides, is used, the white pointing into the clearing. (11) By night:Standard lamp electric No 1 is used with a special cowl and coloured gla: A green light is clipped to the safe, and amber light to the danger, sides of the sign. NOTE: Red lights are not used to avoid confusion with tail lamps. (ft Traffic control Control point approx 500 yds short of gap should be established and have telephone communication with gap control officer, who calls forward troops, vehicles, guns, etc, as planned, when gap is clear. (g) Timing (1) Assuming average operational conditions, one ction can clear 16 yd gap in 400 yd minefield in 2 hrs. (11) Detector operators should be relieved every 20 - 30 mins. (1444) Timing greatly affected by degree of immunity from fire secured by progress of bridgehead troops. MINEFIELDS - PASSAGE OF (Source E in C GHQ MEF) (a) The "three legged method" of walking through a mined area, using a walking stick has been used successfully. (b) Description - The walking stick, 3' long with 4%" crook ‘StFIght-aiigies, is best made of light cane, or stick with steel shod point. A §" mild steel rod could also be used, but is heavy and insensitive to trip wires. (¢) Method of use (1) Swinging - for trip wires. Stick held vertically and swung in direction of advance, Great care is not necessary, as force required to fire pull igniter in this way is considerable. (14) Testi: or _prodd - for mine-free ground. Stick held at angle of 45° and used to test ground for next footprint. If earth feels soft, stick is used as probe, swinging and testing in one movement. (344) Swathing - by a man crawling. Stick held out horizontally, and flat on the ground to sweep an arc for trip wires and 3 prong igniters also can be held short and used as a prodder. (a This method 1: with untrained personnel. This may be due to unnec: ry thoroughness, repetition in sweeping, and lack of confidence.lel. - 59 - RECORDING MINEFIELDS (Source ME Trg Pamp No 6) A suitable pro-forma to be used in recording minefields is shown below, Appx'Bll'shows a suitable type of sketch showing the relationship of information given in the pro-for A-Pers mines or booby traps should be shown in red. MINEFIELD RECORD PRO FORMA Le APCRe eee e cece cece eee UMI bee cece eee eDLVesse cece ee COMPS. seseeeene 2. Landmark: Map....++++++++-Sheet No +Scale .... . Map Ref of Landmark..... aoe . Description of Landmark 3B. BLOCK NO seseseseeeee 4. Landmark to Major Datum Point No..seese. Distances..+.++.-¥ds or D P No.....++.T0 D P Now Degrees Description of D P No 5. Datum Line: Distance from D P No seeeTo Picket. Bearing.. 6. Details of Block: Length from Datum Line...eeeeseeeeee eee ¥dS (Measured along row of mines nearest D P) Bearing Along Block......+.+++++++ Degrees 7. Details of Tapes: Spacing of Mines to be shown along Tapes (Delete or add lines as required) Distance Tape Between No of Mines Letter Picket Tapes per Row D P No......Distance from D P to First Row of Mines... 8. Total No of Mines in Block........+ seecceeeeee 9. Type Of Mines Used..ccccecse--cocccecccecceccvovees 10. Approximate Densitys.sssesecseceeeeeoeeMines per yd 11. Details of Gaps: Distance of ‘Gap from D P No...... ooeeeYas Bearing of Gap from D P No.... Degrees Width of Gap..... Yas Required . for Gap Length of Gap..........¥as Types of Min Bearing through Gap. seesDegrees Stored at...... 12. Details of A-Pers Mines (In Red) BOO ‘ seevececes 13. Date Iaideescccscene WA, SAgnAture..ccecesevcceeee DatOseenceeeeeeeUMtevcssccevesccces- 60 - 4:-GRENAODES 102. GRENADES, TYPES 91 AND 97 - JAPANESE (Source GHQ INDIA, (a) (> (ec (4) (e) MSL AUST) Refer Appx 'B 12' General Type 91 grenade is similar to Type 97 hand grenade with the following exceptions: (4) Can be used as a mortar grenade by the addition of the propellant container attached to the base. (11) Can be used as a rifle grenade by replacement of propellant container by a tubular tail-fin assembly. Nomenclature (1) The Type 91 grenade was intended as interim ammunition until the more complex Type 89 Discharger and shells had been produced. (11) The Type 91 was then replaced by the solid bas Type 97 and Improved Type to be used purely a hand grenade. Description (1) Dimensions and weight: Length (rtthout Propellant container 3.75 ine Diameter . 1.97 ins Weight 18.8 ozs (11) The cast iron casing has fifty segments, and contains approx 2% ozs of powdered TNT. It is fitted with screwed filling plug at upper end, through which passes the fuze body containing firing mechanism covered by a light brass cap with double safety pin and cord attached. A copper tube extends inside from the bottom of the bursting charge to the base of the fuze body and houses delay tube and detonator. The propellant container screws into the base of the grenade. (4441) The firing mechanism consists of a brass striker block into which is screwed the steel striker, a creep spring and percussion cap. (iv) The 7-8 seconds delay tube is screwed to the base of the fuze body and contains a black powder train terminating in a gunpowder pellet which fits against top of detonator. Smoke from burning delay train excapes through hole in fuze body by melting a fusible plug. Keep hand clear of this ale. Arming To arm grenade screw firing pin to full extent through striker body. Action (4) Remove(44) (444) - 61 - Strike head of grenade smartly on some object, e.g boot or helmet. This forces striker pin on to cap which ignites delay train and gun- powder pellet. This initiates the detonator which fires the main charge. NOTE: Delay train of captured Type 91 grenades has been known to burn in less time than 4-5 secs. Grenade mst be thrown immediately after the head of the grenade has been ruck. When fired from a mortar, striker body and pin act as inertia weight to fire cap. 103. GRENADE, IMPROVED TYPE - JAPANESE (Source USN MEIU No l, PAA TI S) (a) Description (41) (44) (444) (4v) Details - are set out in Appx 'B 12! Body - The cast iron or steel grenade body has smooth surfaces both inside and outside with a shoulder at each end projecting 1/16" from the vody. The inside of the body is finished with black lacquer to keep the filler of cast picric acid from contact with the steel sides. In addition the filler is wrapped in heavy paper. It is fitted with a threaded plug, threaded to take the fuze body with a 5 sec delay train, to which is crimped a copper tube containing the detonator. Safety pin, preventing striker assembly from penetrating primer, is held in place by a cord. Puze - The fuze is similar to that used in the Type 91 and Type 97 grenades with a few improve- ments. On the old type grenades the striker may turn or spring clear of the grenade when the safety wire is pulled. In this improved grenade a screw in the fuze body projecting through a slot in the striker cover keeps the cover in place, allowing the cover to move down with the striker when struck. The striker block is fitted with a machined striker point instead of a screw as in the Types 91 and 97. This eliminates the necessity of screwing down the striker to arm each grenade. Flash Guard - $" width and Z" diam, fitted on top of grenade cover. The Types 91 and 97 gren- ades may burn the hand of the thrower by flash through the gas vent when the fuze is struck. This is eliminated by the flash deflector which also prevents the thrower's position being revealed by the flash at night. (b) Operation (4) (41) (4144) Safety pin is removed. A blow is struck on the end of the striker cover. This blow fires a cap which initiates a 4 - 5 secs delay train.104. 105. -62- (iv) The delay train in turn fires a detonator which initiates the main charge. GRENADE, PULL TYPE - JAPANESE (Source USN MEIU No 1) (a) Description (4) Details of grenade are set out in Appx 'B 12! (11) Body of grenade is of cast iron containing 1.4 ozs of granular TNT. It has five horizontal serrations only and two ring attachments for carrying or securing grenade when used as & booby trap. (444) Friction igniter, 5$ sec delay tra and detonator are contained in brass c screwed in top of grenade and protected by a lead cover. (bv) Action GRENADE, STICK - JAPANESE (Source CE N G Force & USN be No (4) Depress cover thumb release and unscrew lead cover, thus exposing firing string. (414) Pull the string. This draws friction igniter between the two pieces of match composition, which ignite the delay train. (441) This initiates the detonator and fires the main charge. ) Appx'Bl3' illustrates this grenade of which no details are yet available as to effectiveness. It is considered fragmentation would be high. (a) Construction The body containing the main charge is cylindrical in shape and made of cast steel. The handle is turned from soft wood. The wood handle slips iato the steel body and is held by three grub screws. This joint is well sealed by a coating of tar. The screw cap at the pull end of the handle is of light tin plated steel. (>) Use (1) Remove screw metal cap on end of handle, thus exposing a pull ring. (41) Take out wire ring but do NOT pull cord. (144) Place middle finger through wire ring, holding handle until it is desired to throw grenade - them throw, still retaining the cord by wire ring. (c) Action (1) When the grenace is thrown, the string is pulled through a friction ignition composition which in turn ignites a 4 sec delay train which burns with an audible hissing. (41) Delay train detonates a cap which in tupn initiates the main charge of picric acid.- 63 - 106. RIFLE GRENADE, SMOKE - JAPANESE (Source LHQ Tech ms Summ No Refer Appx 'B 13! (a) General Grenade, captured at MILNE BAY, is painted silver“ and thoroughly waterproofed with heavy lacquer and paraffin. The total weight of the grenade is 1.29 lbs. Description (1) Nose - The nose is of tin plate with rolled threads to fit those on the body of the grenade. Soft iron wire is wrapped in the thread grooves and soldered in place, presumably to aid in sealing the joint. (o (14) Body - The body proper is rolled from tin plate soldered along one longitudinal seam. Rolled threads are provided at each end to fit the threads on the nose and base. (4111) Base - The base is stamped from sheet steel and rewed onto the body Py means of rolled threads. Soft iron wire 1s wrapped and soldered into these thread grooves. The base is partially filled with plastic which has a threaded hole half filled with solder. The bottom plate is held in place by a small screw imbedded in the solder. The igniter pellet is encased in a thin walled brass container supported by tin plate screwed and soldered onto the body. The four smoke ports are placed around the bi and are covered with light sheet metal discs held in place by waterproof cement covered with paraffin. There are three flash ports in the bottom of the base. (iv) Tube - The grenade tube is made of Tubing and the upper end is threade: small end of the base. The threaded joii wrapped with adhesive tape. The tube is with a paraffin impregnated cardboard disc attached to 9" of heavy twine. The four tinplate fins are soldered to, and are equally spaced around, the tube. (c) Action (1) Use - Evidently the grenade 1s used with a speci ‘Qdapter which fits over the end of the rifle barrel. (44) Ignition - The motive force and primary ignition aoe Tarnished by a standard .256 cal Jap rifle cartridge, wrapped in paper and stored in the grenade tube. R NOTE: Silver-white is Jap standard colour marking for white phosphorous filling. 107. RIFLE GRENADE, HOLLOW CHARGE - JAPANESE (Source LHQ Tech Int Summ 8) Refer Appx 'B13! (a) General This grenade incorporates the Munro or shaped charge principle and is fired from an adaptor which is attached- 6h - to the standard 6.5 mm MEIJI 38 rifle. A grenade fired statically against a MS block produced a penetration of 3%" depth and 3" diam at the top. (bd) Description (4) (44) (444) (tv) Boag - The body is made in two parts and is ed with a ballistic cap and cone to form an air space in order to utilise the hollow charge principle. It contains a bursting charge of 5.81 oz TNT and a 70 grain booster of unknown composition. Lower Body - The lower cylindrical body contains ‘uzeé and consists of an aluminium case fitted at its base with a rifled collar for engagement in the rifling of the adapter barrel. Flash Cap - A flash cap is situated immediately above i@ fuze, followed by the detonator and a booster pellet. Fuze Assembly - The fuze base plate with a proerading 36 Fuding spigot is screwed into the base of the grenade. The fuze and set back spring are held in position by the spigot. On top of the firing pin housing, and encircling the firing pin, is a clock type arming spring. Upon setback the firing spring housing compresses the setback spring and is locked in the rearward position by four stirrup like springs which pro- trude from the side of the firing pin housing. Also upon setback the arming spring re-asserts itself into the circular groove provided in the fuze housing. This action clears the way between the firing pin and the flash cap. A creep spring which fits over the firing pin prevents the firing pin embly from creeping forward due to retardation of the projectile in flight. Upon impact the weight of the firing pin assembly compresses the creep spring and plunges into the flash cap or detonator. The resultant explosion sets off the booster which in turn sets off the main explosive bursting charge. (c) Action (4) (44) (444) (iv) The grenade is loaded into the discharger barrel as descrived. A 6.5 mm propellant cartridge with a wooden projectile fitted instead of the usual metal projectile is loaded into the breech of the rifle and fired in the usual manner. The grenade is safe to handle at this stage as the fuze is not armed until the grenade is in flight. The grenade is fired by impact with the target, @ base detonating inertia actuated fuze being carried in the rear of the projectile behind the bursting charge.-65- 108. FUZE "MOLOTOV COCKTAIL" - JAPANESE (Source Dept of (a) (o (ec) Munitions) Refer Appx 'B 14! Operation The Japanese "Molotov Cocktail" fuze is designed to function on impact after removal of a safety pin. The fuze is shaped at its base to fit over the mouth of a bottle in the manner of a crown cap seal. Action of fuse (1) After withdrawal of the safety pin, the firing pin is prevented from striking the detonator by means of the steel spring. On impact, the striker will be driven into the detonator. (11) The flash resulting from the piercing of the detonator ruptures the tube and ignites the pyrotechnic mixture. Molotov Mixture A grenade discovered in NEW GEORGIA consisted of an ordin beer bottle containing a mixture of oil, tar, rubber and sawdust filling. 109. BLAST BOMB MK II (Source CE N G Force) (a) (o) General Appx 'B15' shows the construction of the improved type of Blast Bomb (Mk II) using 36 grenade, which possesses the following advantages: (4) Compactness. (14) Complete waterproofing of the charge. (111) Improved detonation of ammonal by insertion of primer. (iv) Uses standard 36 grenade detonator assembly for arming bomb. (v) Arming need only be done immediately prior to use. Tests (4) In tests no misfires have occurred with the Mk II Blast Bomb. (ii) Tests have shown that a charge thrown or placed in a Jap shelter (see Appx'Cl','c2") will knock out all occupants irrespective of interior arrangements of slit trenches or splinter protective walls, and generally render the shelter useless. It is essential, however, that the charge should explode well inside the shelter.- 6 - 5-BOOsB Y TRAP S 110. BOOBY TRAPS - OWN (Source E in C GHQ MEF) (a) The following "Press Wire" method gives variations to usual tripwire technique. (>) Laying (4) Wire from A-Per mine etc., is laid just below ground level, concealed with whatever natural materials available, and secured to peg, or another mine, at other end. (41) At one or more points along its length, a trough 10" wide, 9" deep by 1'6" - 3' long is dug centrally under the wire. (4441) Twigs are placed at 2" centres over trough, just below ground level,to support piece of hessian, paper etc, and ground surface is then restored. In grassland, turves may be replaced directly on to twig frame. (c) Operation Pressure of the foot on any part of trough covering, including edges, breaks down frame and actuates the wire. (a Lessons from actual tests : - Disadvantages (1) Can be easily deteeted if time available for careful recce, (44) Requires longer to lay and camouflage than trip wires. (111) Small area of ground only rendered dangerous + unless continuous trench laid. (iv) Can be detected by probing, although this may also actuate wire. Advantag: . (4) Particularly useful in sandy country. (11) Defeats detection by ‘plumb bob! (refer para 115) (441) Is difficult to detect at night. 111. BOOBY TRAP - RELEASE SWITCHES (Source RETM No 5) (a) Failure of this type mechanism has been reported through the snapping of the striker spring. (>) This is probably due to excessive pressure exerted by the heavy steel secondary spring and may be corrected locally by : - (4) removing secondary spring; or (141) bending it back to conform to the arc of the striker spring.112. 113. 114. - 67- DELAY FUZES (Source E in C GHQ INDIA) (a) Switch No 10 Time Pencil, Mk I (1) Although these are most reliable, duplicate initiation should invariably be used operationally. (11) after initiation, pencils should be laid with ampoules lowermost to prevent acid leaking down the tube, should the hole through which the copper wire passes be improperly sealed. (>) Switeh No 9 L Delay, Mk I (4) To prevent failure due to moisture permeating into exposed end of safety fuze, the four small pressure relief holes at the cap end of all 'L! delays should be covered by adhesive tape. (141)° Trials have shown these delays to be accurate to within only 20% of stated time. BOOBY TRAPS, OURS (Source CE NG Force) Troops in NG have suffered casualties from our own Booby Traps, of which no record has been kept by the units responsible for setting. RAE should ensure that ALL Booby Traps are recorded and charted. BOOBY TRAPS - JAPANESE (Source USA Mobile Explosives Investig- ation Unit and GSI NG Force) (a) Although numerous reports of the Japanese use of booby traps in BURMA and CHINA have been received, there have been few instances of their use in the NEW GUINEA and SOLOMONS areas. Their technique so far has been crude and lacks ingenuity and attention to detail. (>) The continued disuse of booby traps must NOT be taken for granted, and constant vigilance is essential upon entering any areas vacated by the enemy. Captured documents indicats that the future use by enemy will increase. (c) No new or unusual types of mechanisms or traps have so far been reported, but hand grenades and certain types of land mines are likely to be used. (d) Hand grenades Type 91 Fragmentation Grenade Refer Appx 'B 12! (1) Delay train removed and detonator inserted in lieu, causing instantaneous detonation when grenade is operated, Pull Type Hand Grenade Refer Appx's 12! (44) As grenade is initiated by a pull friction igniter, trip wire only need be added to use as a booby trap, e.g. wire attached to closed door. (141) Grenade concealed in clothing of corpse initiated when body is moved. (iv) Grenade concealed near, and wiredto obstruction in track. (v) Grenade with trip wire used to detonate buried live shell or mine.= 68 - (e) Mines Type 93 Land Mine Refer Appx 'B 7! (1) Mine, with light pressure shear wire, placed under doorsteps or floors, (11) Shear wire removed and end of trip wire inserted through lid of mine. A pull would jerk out the wire and initiate the mine. (444) Shear wire removed and brass safety cap left intact. Removal of this cap would then initiate the mine. (iv) striker spring and shear wire removed and brass safety cap unscrewed until attached to the striker by one and a half threads. This will allow the striker to be drawn to the top of the plated steel plug. A small tin or copper foil, bearing disc is then inserted into the base of the’ steel plug until it bears against the shoulders of the striker guide, thus presenting a light platform on to which the striker can be lowered and still held away from the detonator. The action of anyone suddenly stepping on to the brass safety cap, or any object being thrown or placed violently on it, will depress the striker, penetrate the bearing disc and fire the detonator. Land Mines Types 1 and 2 Refer Appx'B 10', sheets 1 and 2 (v) Mines set under or attached to boulders and. large rocks spread on surface of roadway. Mines initiated by careless removal. (vi) Mines similarly buried under fallen trees ete obstructing road. (f) AP Magnetised Bomb Refer Appx 'B 4! Convertible to booby trap in similar manner to type 97 grenade by removing delay train and inserting detonator in lieu. (g) Japanese Bangalore Torpedo Refer Appx 'B 3! As this weapon is already equipped with a pull igniter, addition of trip wire only necessary to convert to a booby trap. (h) Tube raps Refer Appx 'B 16! (1) This trap comprises Type 91 Mortar crenade suspended in 75 mm shell case. (44) Withdrawal of suspension wire allows grenade to fall into shell case, striking the impact igniter. (141) 7 sec delay train is not removed. (iv) Grenades intended for similar use were also found packed with 8 ozs of plastic explosives in 75 mm fuze cans. Percussion striker protruded through base of can, and suspension wire was fixed to lid.-69- (1) Tube Traps - Improvisation and Use Translation of captured documents gives more detailed instructions for improvising and setting such "Tube" Booby Traps: (41) Principle: armed grenade explodes when dropped on hard material from height of 1'. (11) Metal tube to take grenade with lower end sealed, is attached to stake in ground and fitted with rain cover. (411) Grenade is suspended at top of tube by removable pin with trip wire attached. Additional safety pin ie fitted under grenade as indicated. (iv) Grenade. can be set similarly without tube. (v) Jungle vines may be used for suspension. (vi) Buried or attached to tree or stake near an obstacle, fired by pull wire from observed position or trip wire. (vii) Across tracks. Trip wire tensioned by spring set approx 1' from ground. NOTE BY E in ¢: Although reports state that "Tube" traps so Tar found have been buried in ground, this method would appear dangerous only to personnel immediately above them; consequently their use at "body height! is more expected. Alternatively, they may be intended solely as alarm devices. Alternative Types Refer Appx 'B 16! (1) Grenade wired to fuzed 50 mm mortar shell, suspended with grenade fuze pointing downwards, 4 - 5 sec mortar delay train not removed. GQ (41) Mortar bomb without fuze cap set in hdle under several partially buried haversacks of documents. Pin was positioned to explode bomb if struck whilst digging to remove haversacks. (k) Miscellaneous (1) Tins, Both cigarette and 'tofut or kerosene tins have been used as containers for charges. Method of detonation not indicated, probably by friction pull igniter. (144) Objects such as fountain pens and pipes containing small charge detonated by unscrewing top or stem (441) Plashlight containing explosive and electric detonator fired by pressing switch. (iv) Chemical incendiary and explosive devices, 115. TRIP WIRE LOCATION (Source RETM No 6) (a) General A plumb bob made from any suitable weight, such as a nut or bolt fixed to a piece of string, has been found a simple, effective, and sensitive method for locating trip wires at night.(b) (c) - 70- Method of Use Hold out in front at arm's length, with the weight an inch or two from the ground. Jap Methods Japanese troops have been observed heating the track ahead of them with long bamboo poles in an attempt to deal with our booby traps. 116, BOOBY TRAPS OR A/TK MINES FROM 25 PDR AMN (Source CE NC Force) (a) (b) (c) Refer Appx 'B 17! Puze, percussion, DA No 117 can be converted into @ pressure switch as follows: (1) Unscrew the fuze from the shell. (11) Unscrew bottom cap from the base of the fuze. (441) Take out the primer (CE pellet). (iv) Remove set screw and unscrew magazine (v) Remove shutter (with detonator), locking weight and shutter spring. (vi) Unscrew black steel safety cap (vii) Unscrew guide bush. (viii) Remove arming spring, arming sleeve and four brass segments. (1x) Remove striker cover. (x) Replace the shutter (with detonator) but NOT the locking weight and shutter spring. To hold the detonator in position under the striker, a thin + piece of wood is wedged tight between the shutter and the locking weicht pivot pin. (xi) Replace the primer in the magazine, screw on the bottom cap and screw the magazine into the body. (xi1) Screw the guide bush into the body, taking care NOT to put any weight on the striker head. Employment (4) Bury the shell in the ground on a firm base so that the top of the fuze will be just above ground level. Screw in the fuze, Cover the striker head with plece of paper or similar material to prevent dirt getting between the striker head and the guide bush. (11) Use under treadboards or permanent ways. Action Pressure on the striker head, causes the striker to set off the detonator. NOTE: Refer to para 76 (d) for method of converting HE shell to a booby trap by use of adapter and pistol trip mechanism. See E in C Tech Instn No 44,NVWaID - JOYWHD NOWNOWIG MOTIOH JILINDWW AL-V SQT S- : S2eUREH yNONITA IqITOM OOH, S el TeqoL - 3UFTOm -F.Tech 1.3, N° 62 (¢) syouten uyeyo sserd ¥1OM-oMeIg poomkTd (9) saTod eseg — eatsotixa IH ; 5 deuyequop TeIeN deg ButsoTo ToqtUaT *a°Z°a eateoer 04 peeryl, ————-SHRONT ONT xTVOE in a TT Bayuepnep Suypntouy oma8 ‘suvz3 96+T tw | wett | sued swex3 | suez9 sevsg 96-9 8-0 | ates |, ewer | suwz9 | eueao sous ‘98-0 ovo | t2.m | w! jewz9 | cuss | ouwad xeddoo to cot | pase | woysonTI8uED ‘Aanozen 30 mea |rizr05, 30 Terao eavuyatng) STON Tw30L, ‘quequ0o eatsotéxr SYOLVNOTIA GUTS ne Tua Em € 4 [e SUsIINST Tin TIN 2 - | oasors. —r] | Sl ia (e. zea tu91-— a ¥ susie was prog dyzy i LOCKING COLLAR POINTER NOSE —perouaroR FRICTION FUZE BopY | = FIRING LANYARD 7 COMPONENT __PARTS SAFETY PIN & CORD FUZE ASSEMBLYeS TORPEDO (UNARMED) Bi Pointed Nose, cover TORPEDO __(aRMED). Tose (retained tn Tuze I 3'-1044” (7; LEAS rrr SSSR YZZZZZZT PZ zzz oN om aera ONG! SECTION TORPEDO BODY [siamo a : [uNanuen} faust... 3°-20if] De eee prem tha Length of Torpedo (Armed) 4-3" ‘aces the screw cap ww af She tarrete ears eters ie Lorfede boty andthe fuse locking ootlar, with "Bi tnarge {oyaropite o8-ch the fuze body, is screwed in to replace it might Caine... 88 Wei, of Fuze ( y) 2s JAPANESE acs ee ae BANGALORE TORPEDO SOUROE:~ U.S.N. GuadalcanalAPPK BS (sheet 1) Refer para 76 WANIWINOS g azna ISINVdV - SpN{s-sseId g UITM qeoxood AUTTTTA, Teuyezu0g ezng Jo moz{0g “qed pue Apog eutep 4QN JooT poyousqe Supr35 uate Utd £0785 dep ezng Teutequog ezng so doy, awod Ya SA ONIDYIId ANN AOOT 0703 0% SSsOq pe peorUL Buot uzo Fnta wepoom WON TouyequoDO seateo uy se#reyp zo IT at 2 OZnd WITH QUATON HOTU. “ty VTC ued deupequog searep Agyaep eupeo SuOTIOeS oO jeredes 9 UT eatsotdxg PTTOS Q3SILINODVW GRO GNV GZNT ONINIVINOD WOVSYSIAVH ZO % WETOM ezng RUT Teutequog eznd7 APPX B 4 (sheet 2) Refer para 75 _——Fuze Cap 2 = Compression Springs Detonator _-- Gaine Body ELEVATION OF CAP UNARMED 3 Scale in Inches FUZE ASSEMBLY _- JAPANESE BOMB PIERCING ARMOUR MAGNETISEDl. FROM PICRIC SLABS & PREPARED GHARGESAPPK_B 4 (sheet 3) Refer para 75 Pressure Plate (wooden) cut away to show assembly Hand Grenade - HE Magnetized 4P Bond (Safety Pin removed) Type "99" & Prepared Charges in Tin Containers Ampoule (Enoased in Cover similar to our Tube Fuze Sealed) INEFIELDS JAPANESE — PROVISED_MINES Source: CRE 9 Aust Div, |Refer para 76 Body Filling Plug \ — TNT, Pilling t — shea sy release pin ‘ oo ‘ 7 =O Detonator Nee assembly sersior sarety Pin Irteger oF release | Fins pron. mare ‘Safety Pin acura =) APPLICATION TO_J MINE Scale in inches PISTOL TRIP MECHANISM | PISTOL TRIP MECHANISM -6 APPLICATIONS wurce MoaMain Line Primacard To electric detcnator BANGALORE NET Se -oO..”--Sr 8 Scale in feet. Non-electric cap. = 60 - 5'0" sections NNEC TI UNDERWATER OBSTACLES © scurce 2 in c PASSAGE OF _SANDBARS ff5.so5 Report. Spreaders 16 gauge wire of bangalore torpedo Primacord N Tseyouy PYOV ofs0Fd pertopmod possoid Refer para 94 vee to PTOV OFs0Td 3880 y £qeses sevsd INZZZZZZAN iY 7-22 zz “AN NG 10980300 Ieusem Bnd sevarg peTanay Aiko N¥ Y ksepucces ¥% zepurrtto f-zepmod und £yeJvS ssusg pe deo yeu is ¥,— deo sets Qt ¢ 3BTem TeI0L aft [| 308TeH ayo ** cojomeTa si mez ES AdAL INI GNVT 3G3NVAVI TONTAAS Snta sveag poTanuySafety Fork (seith in safe position) \ Central opening for Booster & — Safety Switch Safety Switch Plunger Lifting Tool Safety Diaphragn with Rubber Gasket serety awiten Chemical Horn ° a outer Case Horn Opening fitted with Rubber Gaskets Chamber containing \ Booster, Wiring, Sufety Switch & Horn Electrodes ~ charge //sontainer (CHARACTERISTICS Mine No. 503 weight, less horns, detonator, booster & wiring 106.5 1bs. , Detonator Woight of Explosive Booster w 66.5 Ibs. d LL, Explosive Pilling - Aline PLE S946 Ip, eee Type 96. s i — Teint Booster - Plerte Acta Detonator = Tet) Lo 2 46 310 (probably with Lea Se azide or guncotton Seale in Inche around firing bridge MINE, ANTI-INVASIRefer pare 95 ‘Exposed or partly submerged I aooording to tide Barbed wire \ \ 20 1d Rails Coral cairn MOVES WITH HORNS A] ro Di API ‘SUTED BETWEEN 001 iS_AS BRAG OW WATER OBSTACLE (AS USED TARAWA ATOLL - Gj ) ag 2 4 6 8 1» Seale in Feet ON, JAPANESE ern wmBrass Cover APPX BQ Plug Refer para 96 Conical Spring Red Lettering RA: VER PLUG. safety Pin -° ff Dey Hole STRIKER BLOCK 4 Cover =o, a See Retaining fSOMETRIC VIEW Screws WASHER. HE. re Filling Conical Spring Fuze CONTAINER, Retaining ; : Serew SECTION OF MINE oO Booster - 5 Container Washer Spring - Shear Wire ~ Striker Primer Cap and Safety Pin STE Detonator Container hele CONTAINER. NTAINER. SECTION OF EUZE Seale + + Inches COMPONENTS [main charge - Cast Booster - T.N.T. OF FUZE Weight Total ot 1bs | 1 0 1 [Weight of Filler =: St lbs | Seale in Inches DUTCH “MUSHROOM=-TOP” LAND. MINE USED BY JAPANESE SOURCE: S.N. GuadalcanalAPPX B10 (sheet 1) Wooden Box Veses 0-59" N° 14G Wire Refer para 98 NO 18G Wire Safety A) i e Explosive charge’ PLAN {natare nkaces) Trip Wire Wc, ii SECTION Peg for Anti —, Lifting Device 2 Thread 7 0:28 Withdraw smartly Ignition to Ignite Composition stiff Paper Wad Pellet of Powdered Glass in a Red Cement FRICTION IGNITER Filling. Flésl 0 1 2 3 4 ; 1,2. 1 ° 1 34,5. mrp ocehe Scales in Inches 2°76" DETONATOR DETONATOR . ASSEMBLY TYPE 1 MINES - WOODEN BOX - JAPANESE SOURCE:- M I Directorate G H 2 INDIA 4APPX B10 | Anti Lifting Peg tebest 2} 2lbs Explosive Charge / Refer para 98 —~sSpring N° 126 Wire "NO 126 Wire 123" Wooden Box = Thickness 0-59" Detonator PLAN Assembly —_—_=_ Actuating Block Peg for Anti-lifting Device SECTION 1012 3 4 5 aetna Seale in Inches TYPE 2 MINES - WOODEN BOX - JAPANESE SOURCE:~ MI Directorate GHQ IND:APPX B11 N Refer para 101 Inner wire 2 strands of wire on long _ 4 \, Leu. 2 piekets \ 2 (aa \ Trig Pt 65 8k \ um 42169647 ae . \ \p (artitietal) \ \ MR 42549635 \ Outer Wire Tripwire on short pickets Booby Traps & "—~" Booby Traps & A/personnel A/personnel Mines to be Mines to be shown in RED shown in RED SCALE NOTES : (4) All bearings and distances to be taken off pro-formae and NOT scaled off this sketch. (44) D.Ps 1, 2, 5, 8 and 11 are uAzor Barty’ PoInTs, the re- mainder are MINOR DATUM POINTS. (144) Ete. (L.M.1 Landmark 1) Date... SPECIMEN SKETCH MINEFIELD RECORD SOURCE: = rg Pamp. N° 6Cover Thumb Release fl _—Firing String __- Lead cover ___—_ Brass Plate —}———iatan composition A —Frtetion reniter —Delay Train (54 seo) (Main charge (Granular T.N.T.) Detonator _Sast Iron Body Ring Attacment Weight - Total: 15-6 on | wesgnt of Boty 14-6 of | [Wetent of Willer : 2-4 o2 PULL TYPE Light Brass Fuze Cap Striker Blook yee is: Serety Pin ~~ Pase Boay _ Striker Neodle Striker Spring Percussion cap re | = ae hie Delay Train _-Cast Iron Body a (80 seguents) — Copper Tube ‘T.N.T, Bursting Charge _—Detonator » SECTIONAL ELEVATION DELAY:- captured Jap Document states that delay for - TYPE 97 - 4-5 secs TYPE 91 - 6-7 secs however these times have deen found erratic. Poh TYPE _97 [ae z ° 1 2 ‘Scale in Inches APANESE HAND GRENADESae “Striker _Yorked Safety Pin "_Tuze Body “striker spring ~—-Pereussion cap Fuze Cap-Retaining Screw Wi ~Delay Train (4-5 seo) _—Piorie Filler Block _—-Cast Iron or Steel Body (Won-serrated) _— Copper Tube — Detonator ZN LRM Ze LJ. SECTIONAL ELEVATION Weight of Grenade: 10-6 of Weight of Filler =: 1°9 oz IMPROVED __TYPE TYPE 99 (A) a Lee [Weight of Grenade : 18-9 oz SECTIONAL ELEVATION | | Weteht of Filler + by ei Tyee lS - JAPANESE MORTAR. GRENADE A modification of this Gr no Threaded Filler Plug. o opening in base int Refer paras:- 08, 104, 102, “Light Breas Fuse cap Zo Striker Block "Forked Safety Wire —— Gas Escape Hole —Threaded Filler Plug cardboard Dise —Delay train Diagrammatic Sketch — Copper Tube au ¥DF Arta cum Cast Iron Hor Rifle (Go'segnents) ——-Disahareer Only —T.N.T, Bursting charge Detonator Steel Propellant Container (Perforated) ye one ow _ Propellant Composition Nitrocellulose & Graphite 90% Diphenylamine s ___{— Steel Diso —1— Percussion cap| | \ ee oa Hollow cone 3.218" __ Detonator - _-Flash Cap —~_creep Spring — weeate Firing coc spring —__araing Sleeve 1 aml Laven resem + 0 z 2 Seale in inches RIFLE GRENADE _Booster Pellet ~~ Setback Spring “SNeedle Firing Pin Housing No Spring Retainer Washer Base Plate 2 spring Ques sm nc nae = ae syring Arming Spring =~ “Retainer Washer - ——weetre rising in a a FUZE PARTS —Needle Firing Pin Housing Spigot Pin Base Plate (CHARACTERISTICS Weight of complete Grenade 12-45 oz Weight of explosive charge 3-81 oz Weteht of body 4-61 oz Weight of fuze, detonator INANE ~ HOLLOW _ CHARGE 4:03 oz‘Tinplate Nose Cap Wire Binding Smoke Mixture ‘Tinplate Body Igniter Pellet ‘Adhesive Tape Wire Binding ‘Tinplate Base Igniter Pellet Support Plastic ~— Snoke Ports (4) Adhesive Tape Solder a Forts (5) tton Plate Grenade Tube +256 Japanese Rifle cartridge with wooden pellet a ‘Tail Fins Cardboard Dise Heavy Twine 9" long Weight - Total + 20-6 oz Weight of Smoke Mixture : JAPANESE RIFLE GRENADE - SMOKE eee APEX B13 Refer paras:~ 105, 106, 107. __-—-Wooden Handle Match Composition —— _—- Friction Igniter ‘Ter \y On aut Cast Steel Body —Picric Main Charge Detonator Total Weight : lib S oz Weight of Body : leer Weight of Explosive : Son JAPANESE STICK GRENADErs | APPX B14 Refer para 108 Safety Pin(split) gE —& S Hollow cylinder Fuze body par (brase) (brass Spring( steel) Cup( tinplate) Detonator Holder Igniferous Detonator Cup( tinplate) Dise( tinfoil) 0-94 grams of Dry Mixture of burium nitrate 46% & magnesium powder 52. Cup( tinplate) Bottle Top Lugs(5) Tube (brass) SECTION - FUZE- MOLOTOV: COCKTAIL: JAPANESE :APEX. BAIS Refer para 109 36 Hand Grenade Mc I Plash cap ss Thread (Base Plug *D") iy pikes AY net NG mance copper or. aa ae Detonator Primer Container 3/16" diem Hole for Rivets. jonteiners Fuse Bomb Wose obtainable in quantitie from Air Force reconnend- ea, ¢" dian Hole Senstruction. for fu forcement aise 14! & plug with packing on a are riv- os washer inst etted to base of container. 2, CE primer inserted in Made from 20 or container and lugs bent over, 3. Container then filled with B. ammonal and lia joint water- ‘oofed with adhesive tape. jomb then ready for arming with Standard grenade Getonator assembly prior to us 2% g. G,S.1. ote:- Thread of Base ‘Flug "D" sealed with whitelesd, tallow or ‘Stookholm tar, oF Ltd Seale in Inches BLAST BOMB MK II GRENADE INITIATED AMMONAL CHARGE Source CE NO Forod REINFORCEMENT DISC_"A"Suspension wire Paes = Grensde— to Paper Striker— Packing Plastic ‘Explosive ‘Type 97 or GY orenade i GRENADE WITH .- 3 <= B F m5) Re "i PLASTIC CHARGE "itn pastie te Sreppinee 15 mm shai case 5m i Fuze Can—__ TUBE TRAP USING 75MM SHELL CASE a neta BOOBY TRAPS UAAPEX _B 16 Refer para 114 Suspension string ET ce tae oer stay Mn Mortar Shell—{{ a —~pull out when set § outing ire : 8) Safety wire agit | ‘ee — Tell spss = IN Be sure to prevent RES Soars or 2 mts RH 7 GK Gross wi ened fet fermtaet serie af aty COMBINED GRENADE AND_ MORTAR SHELL 1#0 1 2°55 es ‘Seale in Inches String which is easily, snapped Metal plate — Rlasticity of tree;or set Stake @, the tree. #0 het it. will 1 easily fell Booby Trap Stake INITIATION TRIP. A PANESE) SOURCE:~ USA METU and ATIS BulletinAPPX B17 Refer para 116 Black Steel Safety Cap. Striker Head. Piece of paper. Guide bush. ——~ Brass Segments Arming Sleeve. yoreing Gpeltige rj > heath] —~sottom cap. BEFORE CONVERSION. BEFORE CONVERSION. FUZE PERCUSSION DA.NO 117. 1 Seale in Inches 8 2+ CE NG FORCE