Ch.

28-29 Test

1. How did President Kennedy choose to stimulate the economy when he took office in 1961?
a. Kennedy's most striking domestic achievement—another of his bold moves—was the application of modern economic theory to
government fiscal policy. New Dealers had lost faith in a balanced budget, turning instead to the Keynesian approach of
deliberate deficit spending to stimulate economic growth. Now, in addition to deficit spending, Kennedy and his economic
advisers proposed a reduction in income taxes.

2. What was Kennedy’s “flexible response” strategy?

a. In contrast to Eisenhower's nuclear arsenal policy, this new "flexible response" stated that the nation must be prepared to deter all
wars, general or limited, nuclear or conventional, large or small. In effect, the nation's defense budget reached its highest point in
the year 1963. This new "flexible response" policy allowed the US development of counter insurgency (special forces) to combat
guerrilla warfare.

3. Why did American military forces initially enter Vietnam in 1963?

a. By the year of 1961, the Diem regime, which was installed by Eisenhower in 1954, received opposition in the form of the North
Vietnam movement known as the National Liberation Front, whose military forces are the Vietcong. Diem also received
opposition by Buddhists as Diem was a Catholic. This prompted militant Buddhists to self-immolate themselves in protest against
Diem's rule. This instability caused Kennedy to bring about the support to a coup, which in November 1, 1963, resulted in Diem's
assassination. Throughout this time, the United States increased there military "advisers" to about 16,000. Another reason that the
United States increased the military forces in Vietnam was to test the special forces. In August 1964- after claiming that North
Vietnamese gunboats had fired on American destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin- Johnson pushed the Gulf of Tonkin resolution
through Congress, authorizing him to use military force in Vietnam. -Daryl Hok 4/23/09 11:44 PM

4. What was the “Alliance for Progress?”

a. In 1961, the president proposed a “ten-year plan for the Americas” called the Alliance for Progress, a $20 billion partnership
between the United States and the republics of Latin America, to reverse the cycle of poverty and stimulate economic growth

5. What action did Kennedy take when the Soviets attempted to install nuclear weapons in Cuba?
a. Kennedy, in October of 1962, received intel from reconnaissance planes which spotted Soviet missile bases in Cuba. Kennedy
then alerted the nation through a television address of possible nuclear attack and as a result imposed a "quarantine on all
offensive military equipment" intended for Cuba. This created the Navy blockade which came into a near confrontation when
Soviet ships were on their way towards Cuba, only to turn away.

6. What were the results (outcomes) of the Cuban Missile crisis?

a. The Cuban missile crisis resulted in the severe morale decline and favor towards Khrushchev who failed the Soviet's. It would
only be a few months later that Krushchev would be removed from power. After a week of tense negotiations, both Kennedy and
Khrushchev made concessions: Kennedy pledged not to invade Cuba, and Khrushchev promised to dismantle the missile bases.
b. The risk of nuclear war, greater during the Cuban missile crisis than at any other time in the postwar period, led to a slight thaw in
US-Soviet relations. As national security advisor McGeorge Bundy put it, both sides were chastened by “having come so close to
the edge.” Kennedy softened his Cold War rhetoric and Soviet leaders, similarly chastened, agreed to talk.
c. In August 1963 the three principal nuclear powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain—announced a ban on
the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, although underground testing was allowed to continue.
d. The new emphasis on peaceful coexistence also led to the establishment of a Washington-Moscow telecommunications “hotline”
in 1963 so that leaders could contact each other quickly in a crisis

7. Why did Kennedy move very slowly in the area of racial justice?
a. Kennedy was cautious because of numerous opposition in Congress where segregationist southern Democrats dominated key
committees. It took the initiative of public organizations as the Congress of Racial Equality to organize peaceful sit-in and protest
tactics. There were "freedom rides" in 1961, which caused violence from Klansman and other Southern segregation opponents.
The brutality of beatings of freedom riders, from Montgomery to Birmingham, were shown on the daily news. This caused
Kennedy to brings about the dispatch of federal marshals.

8. When did Kennedy begin to “join hands” with the civil rights movement?
a. On June 11, 1963, Alabama Governor George Wallace barred two black students from the state University. This caused Kennedy
to deliver what came to be known by black leaders as the "Second Emancipation Proclamation," as Kennedy delivered a
passionate speech denouncing racism and announcing a new civil rights bill.

9. What incident forced Kennedy to send troops in order to force racial integration?
a. I thought it was due to a publication. In 1962, James Meredith tried to enroll at the University of Mississippi, but he was
prevented from doing so by white students. Kennedy responded by sending some 400 federal marshals and 3,000 troops to ensure
that Meredith could enroll in his first class. Kennedy also assigned federal marshals to protect Freedom Riders.
10. What was the purpose of the 1963 “March on Washington?”
a. To marshal support for Kennedy's civil rights bill, civil right leaders adopted a tactic that A. Philip Randolph had first advanced
in 1941: a massive demonstration in Washington.

11. What was the status of John F. Kennedy’s (JFK) civil rights bill at the time of his death?
a. Overcoming a southern filibuster, Congress approved in June 1964 the most far-reaching civil rights legislation since
Reconstruction.

12. What was the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and what was its immediate impact (result)?
a. The Gulf of Tonkin resolution gave authorization to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of
the United States and to prevent further aggression." The Gulf of Tonkin resolution handed Johnson a mandate to conduct
operations in Vietnam as he saw fit.

13. Why did voters support Lyndon Johnson in the 1964 presidential election?
a. Voters rejected the anti-Communist, anti-government platform of Barry Goldwater. Johnson's Great Society appealed to many,
gaining their support

14. What were the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
a. The keystone of the Civil Rights Act, Title VII, outlawed discrimination in employment on the basis of race, religion, national
origin, or sex.
b. Another section guaranteed equal access to public accommodations and schools.
c. The law granted new enforcement powers to the U.S. attorney general and established the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission (EEOC) to implement the prohibition against job discrimination.

15. What were the 24th, 25th and 26th amendments?

a. Repeal of poll taxes
b. Order of succession to the Presidency
c. Suffrage for eighteen-year-olds

16. After the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, what was the chief goal of the black civil rights movement in the South?
a. The Civil Rights Act left untouched obstacles to black voting rights. Protesters taught black children traditional subjects as well
as their own history and conducted a major voter registration drive.

17. What did both major party candidates in 1968 agree that the U.S. should do in regard to Vietnam?
a. Humphrey dissociated himself from Johnson's war policies. Nixon countered by intimating that he had his own plan to end the
war (in reality no such plan existed).

18. What was the outcome of the Bay of Pigs invasion?

a. Upon landing at Cuba's Bay of Pigs on April 17, the force of 1,400 was apprehended and crushed by Castro's troops. The
anticipated rebellion never happened. Kennedy had the good sense to reject CIA pleas for a U.S. air strike. And he was gracious
in defeat. He went before the American people and took full responsibility for the fiasco.

19. What did President Johnson envision as the impact of his Great Society program?
a. Johnson envisioned a War on Poverty and put issues of poverty, justice, and access at the center of national political life.

20. To what extent did Lyndon Johnson succeed (or fail) to bring about his Great Society, and why?
a. The Great Society never quite measured up to the extravagant promises made for it. The proportion of Americans living below
the poverty line dropped. African Americans did even better. Critics, however, credited the decade's booming economy more than
government programs. Moreover, distribution of wealth remained highly skewed. An inherent problem was the limited funding,
which was set at less than $2 billion annually. It also proved impossible to hold together the extraordinarily diverse political
coalition first forged by Franklin Roosevelt in the 1930s. In the end Johnson's coalition was not strong enough to withstand a
growing challenge by conservatives who resisted expanded civil rights and social welfare benefits. Democrats were themselves
plagued by disillusionment over the shortcomings of their reforms. Competition for federal largesse was keen, and the shortage of
funds left many promises unfulfilled, especially after 1965 when the Vietnam War siphoned funding away from domestic
programs.

21. In the 1960s, why did some Americans call for the impeachment of Chief Justice Earl Warren?
a. Having a liberal bent, Warren’s court made many decisions that broadened civil rights. Conservatives called for impeachment of
Earl Warren because of his judicial activism, which they felt violated the principles of judicial restraint (in which courts defer to
legislatures). For example, the Warren Court made decisions on criminals, indecency, religion, and contraception that were a
“bitter pill” for Christians and other conservatives.
22. Know the major Supreme Court cases/decisions of the Warren Court and their subject and outcome.
a. Engle v. Vitale - 1962 - Separation of Church and State
b. Gideon v. Wainright – 1963 - Right To Counsel
c. Escobedo v. Illinois - 1964 - Right To Counsel
d. Griswold v. Connecticut - 1965 - Contraception and Privacy
e. Miranda v. Arizona - 1966 - Rights of the Accused

23. What were Malcolm X’s ideas and positions on how African-Americans should live and behave? What did he advocate?
a. A spellbinding speaker, Malcolm X preached a philosophy of militant protest and separatism, though he advocated violence only
for self-defense. Hostile to the traditional civil rights organizations, he caustically referred to the 1963 March on Washington as
the "Farce on Washington." In 1964, after a power struggle with the founder, Elijah Muhammad, Malcolm X broke with the
Nation of Islam. While remaining a black nationalist, his anti-white views moderated, and he began to talk in terms of class
struggle uniting poor whites and blacks.

24. What did John Kenneth Galbraith argue/advocate in his book The Affluent Society?
a. Written in 1958, the affluent society was written by the economist john Kenneth Galbraith who argued that the poor were only an
“afterthought” in the minds of economists and politicians. Yet, as Galbraith noted, one in thirteen families at the time earned less
that 1000 a year. He wrote this in response to the prospering U.S. as a result of Eisenhower’s policies. It focuses on the failure of
wealthy Americans to address the need for increased social spending for the common good. This was because the top 10 percent
of Americans earned more than the bottom 50%.

25. What was the subject and essence of Betty Friedan’s book The Feminine Mystique?
a. Increased education and employment of women in the 1950s, the civil rights movement, and the sexual revolution all contributed
to a renewal of the women’s movement in the 1960s. The feminine mystique was written in 1963. It gave the movement a new
direction by encouraging middle-class women to seek fulfillment in professional careers rather than confining themselves to the
roles of wife, mother, and homemaker. It gave women a vocabulary which to express their dissatisfaction and made them believe
that self-realization was attainable through jobs, education, and escape from mind-deadening domesticity.

26. What characterized Cuban life under Communism?

a. Once Fidel Castro overthrew the Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959, he nationalized American owned businesses and
properties within Cuba. He then set up a communist totalitarian state. Cuban refugees constituted the third largest group of
spanish speaking immigrants. In the six years after Castro's seizure of power in 1959, an estimated 180,000 people fled for the
united states, turning Miami into a bilingual city.

27. What was President Nixon’s policy of Vietnamization?

a. Almost immediately, the new president, Nixon, began the process called Vietnamization. He announced that he would gradually
withdraw U.S. troops from Vietnam and give the South Vietnamese the money, the weapons, and the training that they needed to
take over the war. Under this policy, U.S. troops in South Vietnam dropped from 543,000 in 1968 to 334,000 in 1971 to barely
24,000 by early 1973. He did this to dampen the criticism he was receiving. This was Nixon’s way to get “Peace with honor.”
This reduced the number of antiwar protests. However, Nixon further expanded the war by using U.S. forces to bomb Cambodia.

28. What components comprised President Nixon’s Vietnam policy?

a. President Nixon had a realistic foreign policy that succeeded in reducing the tensions of the Cold War. When Nixon took office,
more than half a million U.S. troops were in Vietnam. His principal objective was to find a way to reduce U.S. involvement in the
war while at the same time avoiding the appearance of conceding defeat. Although he was successful at withdrawing troops from
south Vietnam, he still expanded the war by bombing Cambodia. He also ordered massive bombing of North Vietnam to force a
settlement.

29. What were the Pentagon Papers?

a. The pentagon papers was publicized by the New York Times. It is a classified history of American involvement in Vietnam up to
1967, before Nixon’s time. Daniel Ellsberg, one of Washington’s best and brightest pentagon insiders leaked these papers to New
York Times. It exposed the government about the facts of the war and hurt Nixon’s administration. They revealed that the
government had misled the Congress and the American people about its intentions in Vietnam during the mid-1960s
30. What was the focus and result of Nixon’s détente policy?
a. Nixon and Henry Kissinger, the national security advisor took advantage of the rivalry between the two communist giants, china
and the soviet union. The created a détente—a deliberate reduction of Cold War tensions. Since Nixon was an outspoken critic of
communism, he wouldn’t be condemned as soft on communism. In 1971 nixon sent Kissinger secretly to Beijing to explore an
accommodation. The agreement was that the united states would back away from the Chinese nationalists on Taiwan, permit
china’s admission to the united nations with a permanent seat on the security council, and eventually grant recognition in 1978.
On February 1972, Nixon arrived in Beijing. Then, Nixon turned to the Soviet union. In exchange for an American promise not to
invade, the soviets agreed to dismantle a submarine base and withhold offensive missiles from Castro. In meeting at Moscow,
they signed the first Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty (SALT I) limiting the production and deployment of intercontinental
 ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and antiballistic missile systems (ABMs). These two meetings ultimately reduced Cold war tensions
and reduced arms production.

31. What were the foundations/basis of the first and the second wave of feminism?
a. The first wave of feminism: rose from Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony who campaigned for abolition of slavery,
fought de jure (of law).
b. The second wave of feminism: rose from civil rights movement, against the discrimination of de facto (in fact)