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Synchronous Generators
• Synchronous Machine
o Stator construction provides a rotating magnetic field.
o Number of poles
o Synchronous speed
o Salient vs. non-Salient pole machines
• Synchronous Machine excitation
o Standard excitation (slip rings and brushes)
o Brushless excitation
• Synchronous Generators
o Stator construction
Built with windings for phases offset by 120 electrical
degrees
o Rotor construction
Salient pole vs. non-salient pole
Windings for formation of magnetic field
Slip rings
Brushless excitation
o Relation between electrical frequency and mechanical rate of rotation.
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Note that the denominator consists of a conversion
factor (because the rotational speed is in rpm we need to
convert to seconds in the denominator) and a factor of two
to change from poles to pole pairs.
o Flow of power in Synchronous Generator
• Synchronous Generators
o Armature Resistance
Inherent characteristic of windings made of copper (as opposed to
superconductors)
o Synchronous Reactance
Inductance of windings
Reaction to stator field
o Induced voltage
o Equivalent Circuit:
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o Relation between flux and voltage
o Effect of saturation
• Voltage drops in synchronous generator
o Winding resistance
o Armature reaction
o Self Inductance
o Phasor Diagram
• Connections of stator windings
o Wye
o Delta
• Power and Torque
o Torque Angle
o Power as a function of torque angle
o Steady-State Stability limit
• Stand-Alone operation
o EA constant
o δ changes
o Vφ changes with load
• Parallel operation
o Why?
Supply larger load
Increased reliability
Maintenance opportunities
Efficiency
o Required conditions
Line voltages equal
Same phase sequence
Same phase angles
On-coming generator slightly faster
o Vφ constant
o Power delivered dependent on input torque
o If adjustments change power factor
o Prime Movers
Steam turbine
Gas turbine
Diesel engine
Water turbine
Wind turbine
Example 1 :
1. A 13.8 kV, 200 MVA, 3600 rpm synchronous generator having an excitation
characteristic as shown is connected to an infinite bus operating at rated voltage, and
delivering 80 MW at 85% power factor lagging. The resistance of the armature is .0126
Ω , and the synchronous reactance is .077 Ω . Windage losses are approximately 5 MW,
and core losses are about 4 MW. Note: the open circuit characteristic may be modeled
with the following equation:
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Determine the following:
2. The mine at which you are employed is operating with a number of induction motors
being used for various ore processing equipment. The total load on the bus is 3MW, at a
85% lagging power factor. Your boss has just received a notice from New Century
Energies (the local utility) that the power factor must be improved to 95% or significant
penalties will be added to the electric bill. The timing is actually quite good to be
reviewing the power system, because expansion in the mine will require a 900 hp motor
to drive a rock crusher. Your assignment is to determine whether a synchronous motor
should be used to drive the rock crusher and correct the power factor, or an induction
motor used to drive the rock crusher and capacitors used to correct power factor. Use the
following assumptions:
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o The induction motor would cost $75,000. The synchronous motor would cost
$100,000. Capacitors would cost $30/kVar.
1. Solution:
so first the current IA must be calculated using the operating conditions specified:
The angle, of course, must be calculated using the arccos of the power factor
angle. This is then substituted into the first equation to get:
c. The power factor if the generator input power is doubled without adjusting the
field current. (estimate based on an appropriate change in torque angle)
________________
Using the equation for power based on torque angle:
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And recognizing that EA cannot change in magnitude unless the field current is
changed, a ratio may be used to calculate the new torque angle:
This information must then be used with the first equation introduced in part (a)
to calculate IA
from which the power factor angle may be taken to calculate the power factor:
d. The power factor if the field current is doubled without adjusting the generator
output power._____________
The approach here is similar to the approach to part (c). The open circuit
characteristic must be used to determine the effect of doubling the field current
on the magnitude of EA, then the torque angle must be determine based on the
power/torque characteristic. These are then used to determine the new IA:
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be calculated from the current and resistance:
2. Solution :
b. How many kVar should the synchronous motor supply if used? ______________
This will be calculated from the final power factor and the total of all load:
c. What is the maximum number of kVars that can be supplied by the synchronous
motor? _______________
This is calculated from the power factor limit given and the output power, similar
to part (b):
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f. Which system would have the lower cost?_____________
Sync Motor cost: $100,000 <--- Lower Cost
Ind Motor cost: $75,000+30*1079=$107,370
g. What additional issues should be considered in selection of the system?
_______________
Synchronous motor would provide constant speed despite widely varying load
that may be seen by a rock crusher. It would probably require more maintenance
because of the DC excitation system.
h. Make a selection and support your decision (a short paragraph of explanation)
I would choose the synchronous motor because of the lower initial cost and
probably more importantly because of the constant speed characteristic.
However, the induction motor could also be a viable option if supported with a
strong argument.
I would choose and induction motor, typically the compressor would be cycling on and
off, and have relatively high starting torque, so the synchronous motor would not be the
best.
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b. Determine the armature resistance allowable for an efficiency of 90%, if
the terminal voltage is 4160 V and the machine is operating at 0.9 power
factor lagging.
This question takes a little consideration about the nature of efficiency. Based on
the assumption of 90% efficiency, the output power, and hence the output current
may be calculated. Also, based on the knowledge of the total losses in the
machine (based on efficiency), the stator copper losses will be the difference
between the known losses and the actual losses for that level of efficiency. Based
on this and the current magnitude, the armature resistance may be calculated.
The torque angle is the angle of the induced voltage, which is the angle calculated
in part c: 8.76o.
e. What is the stator current if the excitation current has been adjusted for
operation at unity power factor?
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3. A 208 V, 6 pole, 60 Hz, 15 hp, Y connected squirrel cage motor is being used to
drive a pump. It has the following equivalent circuit components:
Speed is determined from slip, from line frequency, and from the number of
poles:
b. Line current.
This is calculated from the equivalent circuit of the induction machine with the
parameters given:
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d. Input power.
e. Machine efficiency.
As always,
The output power is given in the problem statement and only needs to be
converted to SI units:
The calculation of the input power requires the knowledge of the input current to
calculate the copper losses, but the input power must be used to calculate the
input current, so either iteration or a quadratic equation must be used to calculate.
By Iteration:
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By closed form quadratic solution:
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c. If other loads at the same facility amount to 2 MW at .85 pf lagging, what
is the total apparent power supplied to the entire facility?
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b. What is the rotational speed of the generator?
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