Plant Test Study Guide

Seeds
Epicotyl: part above attachment of
cotyledons, develops into shoot.
Hypocotyl: part below attachment of
cotyledons, develops into roots
Cotyledons: first leaf or first pair of leaves
produced by the embryo of a seed plant
(the seed)
Embryo: part
of seed where
plant develops
Monocot= one
cotyledon
(corn), dicot=
two
cotyledons
(peanuts)

Fruit= swollen ovary

Vascular vs. nonvascular plants

Vascular
-plants tall enough the need vascular tissue (xylem (water) and
phloem (food)) tubes carrying nutrients up stem
-ferns, trees, flowers, horsetails
Nonvascular
-don’t need vascular tissue
-moss

Roots
-absorb water and minerals from soil
-anchors plant
-stores nutrients plants eat
-roots we eat= carrots, beets, radish, ginger, bean sprouts
Tap (dicots)
-one thick, main root and side roots
-hard to pull out
-ex. Dandelions
 Fibrous (monocots)
-many equal sized roots
-shallow, easy to pull out
-ex. Grass, trees
Mycorrhizae
-fungus wrapped around root
-soak up water and minerals for plant
-plant does photosynthesis for fungus
-mutualism!

Stems
-holds up leaves
-carry food and water up and down (xylem and phloem)
-store nutrients
-ex. Potato, onion, maple syrup, aspirin
Herbaceous
-green and flexible
Woody
-hard and wood

Tropisms
-plant behavior due to hormones
Hydrotropism= reacting to water
Geotropism= reacting to gravity
Positive geotropism= towards gravity (roots)
Negavtive geotropism= against gravity (shoot)
Phototropism= reacting to light
Auxin- hormone that dislikes light

Leaves
Compound have leaflets, simple don’t
Venation
Parallel-straight, palmate-
like a hand, pinnate-
branching off
Cuticle
-waxy layer that covers leaves
-keeps water in
Stomata
-pore like openings that let
carbon dioxide and oxygen in/out
-transpiration=process by which water leaves a leaf
Edible
-lettuce, cabbage, bay leaves
Photosynthesis
-6co2+-H2O  C6H12O6+6O2

Plant groups
-liverworts, moss, fern, conifers, flowering plants

Angiosperm vs. Gymnosperm

Angiosperm
-flowering plant; bears its seeds within a layer of tissue that
protects the seed
-grass, tree, shrub
Gymnosperm
-bear their seeds directly on the surfaces of cones
-conifers, pines, spruces,

Asexual reproduction
Spores-reproductive cell that can grow into a new individual cell
(fern, moss, liverwort)
Grafting- surgically attaching a branch from one tree to another
(apples)
Tuber- underground stem (potato)
Vegetative propagation- plant clippings (house plants)
Runners- horizontal roots that make new shoots (grass,
strawberries)

Sexual reproduction