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1
MMFX Technologies Corporation, Irvine, California, U.S.A, Email: salem.faza@mmfx.com
2
Zamil Holding Group, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia, Email: Osamas@zamilcd.com.sa
Abstract
Concrete reinforcing steel congestion in high-rise structures is a major concern to design engineers. Congestion of the
reinforcing steel decreases the efficiency of construction and adds greatly to the cost of construction of high-rise
structures. MMFX Microcomposite steel bars (MMFX 2), conforming to ASTM A1035 specification, have
high-strength properties that can be utilized to combat this problem. In addition, ASTM A1035 steel bar’s distinct
microstructure technology provides an answer for the worldwide corrosion problem. The technology that gives ASTM
A1035 steel bar its mechanical properties also make it very corrosion resistant. Independent tests show that the chloride
threshold of this uncoated steel is 5 to 6 times greater than that of conventional A615 steel bars and 1.75 greater than
2101 solid stainless steel bars. This paper presents the economical analysis done on the design and construction of
different high-rise structures and make recommendations to designers on where cost savings can be realized. The use of
ASTM A1035 steel bar reduced the amount of steel in some areas salem.faza@mmfx.com
by up to 40% while providing johnny.kwok@mmfx.com
a reduction in the
installed
Salem cost of the material by 15-25% in the highly congested areas.
Faza
Dr. Faza has more than 20 years experience in the concrete industry specializing in conventional and advanced reinforcing
Keywords:
products. HeHigh-Strength Steel, Corrosion
has been involved Resistance, ASTM
in the development A1035,
and code High-Riseof
acceptance Construction
advanced reinforcing products at the national
and international levels. Dr. Faza has been a member of the American Concrete Institute for the past 15 years, and served
as co-chairman of the ACI 440-H and 440-K subcommittees on
Introduction advanced
time, etc. reinforcing materials and currently serves on
the ACIOne439 of
steelthe
reinforcing committee. He also
major issues currently facing theserves on the American Society of Testing Materials and the American
Society of Civil Engineering committees. Through
concrete construction industry is the congestion of his involvement with concrete reinforcements,
The inherent corrosion resistance he planned,property
supervised,
of
and coordinated all phases of application engineering
reinforcing steel in structural components. Rebar including ASTM A1035 reinforcing steel would also improveInthe
research programs at over 20 institutions worldwide. his
role as the President
congestion complicatesof Middle East Operations
steel placement, for MMFX
hinders concreteTechnologies
long-termCorporation,
durability ofDr.
theFaza has beenIfinstrumental
structure. in the
water penetrates
development and acceptance of the newest ASTM
placement, and as a result leads to improper consolidation reinforcing bar specification for the high strength steel (ASTM
the waterproofing membrane or if the reinforced concrete A1035)
in
ofthe Middlearound
concrete East. Dr. Faza affecting
rebar, is currently
thecoordinating
integrity ofcode
the development for concrete
strucural member designs
is exposed towith MMFX
water, steelcan
the water reinforc-
reach
ing bars. Dr. Faza received his Ph.D. from West Virginia University
structure. in Advanced
the reinforcing Composite
through Applications
the anticipated in Construction
micro-cracks that
with emphasis on rebars for concrete application, design, and analysis. He haswith
are inevitable published overASTM
concrete. 30 papers related
A1035 rebartoprovides
concrete
reinforcement
Anotherandmajorconstruction and hasfacing
issue currently been athe
reviewer
concretefor leading
muchengineering technicalunder
better performance journals.
these conditions.
construction industry is the corrosion of steel reinforcing
Johnny Kwok
in concrete members subjected to corrosive environment. ASTM A1035 Steel Reinforcement
Mr.
Corrosionhas
Kwok ofmore
steelthan 13 years ofleads
reinforcing structural design experience
to reduction in in California. He received
The strength of ASTMhis undergraduate
A1035 steeland graduate
rebars far
degrees from the University of California,
strength of the concrete member, and causes the Berkeley, and Mastersurpasses conventional steel. The high-strengthat
of Business Administration from the Anderson School
UCLA. Over hisofcareer,
deterioration the Mr. Kwok has completed
surrounding concrete, structural
further design for over $1 Billion
corrosion-resistant steelworth
bars of
arebuilding
producedstructures,
in 12 andinclud-
18m
ing regional mall expansion, new airport terminal,
damaging the concrete member. Repair and maintenance high-rise structures,
(40 and 60 ft) stock lengths. Alternatively,damping
as well as seismic retrofit using high-tech longer
devices. His expertise
cost is enormous has been
to address the in seismic issue.
corrosion design of structures,lengths
and specialized in reinforced
can be produced concrete
by using and structural
mechanical splices steel
that
design. Mr. Kwok serves as the chief structural engineer at MMFX, develop the full strength of the reinforcing bars. Stockfirms
presenting and educating structural engineering 12
on the specialized
Proposed rebar product, assisting engineers with designand
Resolution and18technical
m (40 support,
and 60 and
ft) working closely with
length material building
is generally
officialsUtilizing
and codethe authorities
higher toyield
approve the useofofrebar
strength MMFX in rebars in construction
available in bar projects
sizes [#10both(#3)
in thethrough
U.S. and#36
overseas.
(#11)].
designing various structural components, such as mat Stock material for #10 (#3) through #15 (#5) bars are
foundations, shearwalls, etc., the amount of reinforcing available in coils commonly used by fabricators for
steel required would be reduced and thus relieving the fabrication of ties and spirals. Bar sizes #43 (#14) and
rebar congestion. Reduced congestion facilitates concrete #57 (#18) are generally available, but these bar sizes are
consolidation around the rebar, and results in safer not usually kept in fabricator’s inventory.
structures.
Material Composition
Besides the ease of placement of rebar and concrete, One of the unique features of the ASTM A1035
the use of higher strength steel reinforcing can be an steel rebar is the chemical composition. The maximum
economical method of construction, by reducing the total chemical constituent requirements of the ASTM A1035
tonnage of steel reinforcing, the placement labor, and reinforcing bars are illustrated in Table 1:
1
MMFX Technologies Corporation, Irvine, California, U.S.A, Email: salem.faza@mmfx.com
2
Zamil Holding Group, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia, Email: Osamas@zamilcd.com.sa
Abstract
Concrete reinforcing steel congestion in high-rise structures is a major concern to design engineers. Congestion of the
reinforcing steel decreases the efficiency of construction and adds greatly to the cost of construction of high-rise
structures. MMFX Microcomposite steel bars (MMFX 2), conforming to ASTM A1035 specification, have
high-strength properties that can be utilized to combat this problem. In addition, ASTM A1035 steel bar’s distinct
microstructure technology provides an answer for the worldwide corrosion problem. The technology that gives ASTM
A1035 steel bar its mechanical properties also make it very corrosion resistant. Independent tests show that the chloride
threshold of this uncoated steel is 5 to 6 times greater than that of conventional A615 steel bars and 1.75 greater than
2101 solid stainless steel bars. This paper presents the economical analysis done on the design and construction of
different high-rise structures and make recommendations to designers on where cost savings can be realized. The use of
ASTM A1035 steel bar reduced the amount of steel in some areas by up to 40% while providing a reduction in the
installed cost of the material by 15-25% in the highly congested areas.
Figure 1. The use of ASTM A1035 in Flexural Design in a Miami The American Concrete Institute’s ACI 318-05
High-Rise Structure building code commentary provides the following
explanation for the acceptance of the use of the high
strength steel bars with yield strength of 100,000 psi for
Calculations involved in control of cracking should
be made for the service load level. Research have shown spiral reinforcement: "Confinement reinforcement often
that, in spite of service load steel stresses as high as creates congestion in reinforced concrete structures.
Research shows that 690 MPa (100,000 psi) yield
60,000 psi, the width of individual cracks can be held
down to hair-line size by proper distribution of the bars strength reinforcement can be used for confinement (ACI,
(Malhas, F. 2002, El-Hasha, R. and Rizkalla, S. 2002). 2005). This will reduce congestion, thereby making
structures safer, because concrete can be consolidated
The strength characteristics of high quality concretes
along with the high corrosion resistance properties of the more easily, and will make structures more economical".
high strength steel will complement the structural
Furthermore, the upcoming ACI 318-08 building
properties of the ASTM A1035 steel bars, thus facilitating
design development of attractive and economical code extends the use of ASTM 1035 steel in transverse
structures. reinforcement ties for confinement purpose, for structural
components subjected to high seismic load as illustrated
by recently designed and constructed Escala’s high-rise in
Seattle, Washington shown in Figure 3.