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School of Engineering
The College of New Jersey
Experiment No. 9 Report Submitted by: Ashka Mehta, Marshall Roshto, Paul Triantafyllou
Instructor: Dr. Allen Katz Course: Circuits Analysis Lab ENG214 Class No.:03
INSTRUCTOR'S EVALUATION
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Report Accepted
1. Laboratory Handout
Objective: To provide experience in calculating and measuring the RMS voltage of a sine
wave and of non-sinusoidal repetitive waveforms.
Procedure:
1. Using Matlab write a program to calculate the RMS voltage of a rectangular pulse
shaped waveform with a period of 1 ms. The wave should have a minimum peak
of 0 V and a maximum peak of 4 V. Calculate the RMS voltage for “ON” time
duty cycles of 20, 50 and 80 percent.
2. Repeat step 1 for a triangular wave of the same voltage levels (going from 0 to 4
volts and back to 0 volts at the end of the period).
3. Repeat step 2 for a sinusoidal wave of frequency 1 kHz and peak to peak value of
4 volts. (The sinusoidal signal should have a zero average value, i.e. the maximum
value of the sinusoid is + 2.0 volts and the minimum value is -2.0 volts).
4. Using the signal generator in the laboratory to produce the waveforms of steps 1
through 3. Measure the voltage of these waveforms using your group’s
multimeter. Repeat these measurements using the Agilent (true RMS) voltmeter at
the lab stations and the oscilloscope’s RMS voltage function.
6. Discuss how you might design a true RMS voltmeter (search the web for ideas).
Figure 1
Instruments & Materials:
Sample Calculations:
Equation 1 – Calculated RMS Voltage:
Tabulated Results:
Table 3 - Matlab vs. Various Laboratory Measurements of Wave Forms and Their
Corresponding Percentage Error
Matlab Osciloscope Personal Voltmeter
RMS RMS Multimeter Personal RMS
Wave Calculation Calculation Osciloscope RMS Multimeter Calculation Voltmete
Forms (V) (V) % Error Calculation (V) % Error (V) % Error
Square
20% Duty 1.78885 1.79 0.06% 1.59 11.12% 1.6 10.56%
Square
50% Duty 2.82843 2.83 0.06% 2.27 19.74% 2 29.29%
Square
80% Duty 3.57771 3.58 0.06% 1.27 64.50% 1.6 55.28%
Triangle 2.3022 2.3 0.10% 1.12 51.35% 1.15 50.05%
Sinusoida
1.4142 1.4 1.00% 1.41 0.30% 1.41 0.30%
Graphs:
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Analysis:
The difference between the calculated and measured waveforms lies in the true
RMS value. When we solve for the true RMS (Equation 1), we get the root mean square
of an AC waveform. This is the most accurate way to measure AC voltage, compared to
peak voltage and peak-to-peak voltage. This calculated measurement is the most correct
value for AC voltage, and using the oscilloscope, this same value can be obtained. The
lab voltmeter and our personal multimeter, however, do not have the capability of
calculating this true RMS value. Instead, it simply takes an average of the AC voltages,
and gives an inaccurate reading of RMS voltage The calculation and the oscilloscope give
an accurate reading while the lab voltmeter and our personal multimeter results in
inaccurate readings (Table 3).
To design a true RMS voltmeter, one must design a voltmeter that can read the raw
data and then compute a few simple calculations. This voltmeter would be able to
measure the heat dissipated by a resistive load, and then be able to compute the current
through the equation: Current = Square Root [ (Power or Heat) / (Resistance) ]. With true
RMS current obtained, the voltmeter would then use the equation V = IR to obtain the true
RMS voltage.
PSPICE can also be used to calculate RMS voltage. Since an oscilloscope can
accurately measure the true RMS voltage, you would simply use the analytical tools
available in PSPICE to simulate the oscilloscope. The oscilloscope measures its inputs
with respect to time, so a transient analysis would be required. Assuming the constructed
circuit is correct, a trace can be run on the waveform within the circuit, which will model
the waveform and show its characteristics; amplitude, frequency, etc.
Conclusion: