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Laboratory Report

School of Engineering
The College of New Jersey

Experiment Title: Calculation of RMS Voltage

Experiment No. 9 Report Submitted by: Ashka Mehta, Marshall Roshto, Paul Triantafyllou

Date Performed: Monday, November 2, 2009


Section: ENG 214-03
Date Submitted: Monday, November 9, 2009

Instructor: Dr. Allen Katz Course: Circuits Analysis Lab ENG214 Class No.:03

INSTRUCTOR'S EVALUATION

Form Schematic

Procedure Analysis

Data Tabulated Results

Calculations Conclusion

Graphs Days Late

Sketches See Me

Comments: ___________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

For further information, see inside cover.

Report Accepted Grade: ________________

Correct & Return Evaluated by: ___________

Resubmission

Date Resubmitted: ______________________

Report Accepted

Not Accepted Grade: _________________


Table of Contents

1. Laboratory Handout

2. Circuit Diagrams- Marshall Roshto

3. Instruments & Materials- Ashka Mehta

4. Numerical Data – Ashka Mehta

5. Sample Calculations – Paul Triantafyllou

6. Graphs- Paul Triantafyllou

7. Tabulated Results – Paul Triantafyllou

8. Analysis- Marshall Roshto

9. Conclusion- Paul Triantafyllou

10. Original Data- Recorded by all


ENGR214 - Laboratory 9

Calculation of RMS Voltage

Objective: To provide experience in calculating and measuring the RMS voltage of a sine
wave and of non-sinusoidal repetitive waveforms.

Procedure:

1. Using Matlab write a program to calculate the RMS voltage of a rectangular pulse
shaped waveform with a period of 1 ms. The wave should have a minimum peak
of 0 V and a maximum peak of 4 V. Calculate the RMS voltage for “ON” time
duty cycles of 20, 50 and 80 percent.

2. Repeat step 1 for a triangular wave of the same voltage levels (going from 0 to 4
volts and back to 0 volts at the end of the period).

3. Repeat step 2 for a sinusoidal wave of frequency 1 kHz and peak to peak value of
4 volts. (The sinusoidal signal should have a zero average value, i.e. the maximum
value of the sinusoid is + 2.0 volts and the minimum value is -2.0 volts).

4. Using the signal generator in the laboratory to produce the waveforms of steps 1
through 3. Measure the voltage of these waveforms using your group’s
multimeter. Repeat these measurements using the Agilent (true RMS) voltmeter at
the lab stations and the oscilloscope’s RMS voltage function.

5. Discusses the differences between the calculated and measured waveforms.

6. Discuss how you might design a true RMS voltmeter (search the web for ideas).

7. Can PSPICE be used to calculate RMS voltage?


Circuit Diagrams:

Figure 1
Instruments & Materials:

Personal Digital Multi-meter (RSR MY-64 Serial #: 20040536134)


Laboratory Digital Multimeter (34401A Serial #: MY43002224)
Power Supply (GPC-3030D Serial #: 9680217)
Oscilloscope (HP 54645D Mixed Signal)
Signal Generator
Test Leads
Numerical Data:

Table 2 - Measurements of AC Voltage Through Various Tools


Sinusoidal Wave Triangular Wave Rectangular Pulse Wave
Duty Cycles
Tool Voltage (V) Tool Voltage (V) Tool Voltage (V)
20% 50% 80%
Personal Personal Personal
Multimeter 1.41 Multimeter 1.12 Multimeter 1.59 2.27 1.27
Voltmeter 1.41 Voltmeter 1.15 Voltmeter 1.60 2.00 1.60
Oscilloscope 1.40 Oscilloscope 2.3000 Oscilloscope 1.79 2.83 3.58

Sample Calculations:
Equation 1 – Calculated RMS Voltage:

Equation 2 – Percentage Error:

Table 3 - Matlab Simulation Results


Sinusoidal Triangular
Square Wave
Wave Wave
20% 50% 80%
Duty Duty Duty
RMS
1.78885 2.82843 3.57771 1.4142 2.3022
Voltage(V)

Tabulated Results:

Table 3 - Matlab vs. Various Laboratory Measurements of Wave Forms and Their
Corresponding Percentage Error
Matlab Osciloscope Personal Voltmeter
RMS RMS Multimeter Personal RMS
Wave Calculation Calculation Osciloscope RMS Multimeter Calculation Voltmete
Forms (V) (V) % Error Calculation (V) % Error (V) % Error
Square
20% Duty 1.78885 1.79 0.06% 1.59 11.12% 1.6 10.56%
Square
50% Duty 2.82843 2.83 0.06% 2.27 19.74% 2 29.29%
Square
80% Duty 3.57771 3.58 0.06% 1.27 64.50% 1.6 55.28%
Triangle 2.3022 2.3 0.10% 1.12 51.35% 1.15 50.05%
Sinusoida
1.4142 1.4 1.00% 1.41 0.30% 1.41 0.30%

Graphs:
Figure 2

Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5

Figure 6
Analysis:

The difference between the calculated and measured waveforms lies in the true
RMS value. When we solve for the true RMS (Equation 1), we get the root mean square
of an AC waveform. This is the most accurate way to measure AC voltage, compared to
peak voltage and peak-to-peak voltage. This calculated measurement is the most correct
value for AC voltage, and using the oscilloscope, this same value can be obtained. The
lab voltmeter and our personal multimeter, however, do not have the capability of
calculating this true RMS value. Instead, it simply takes an average of the AC voltages,
and gives an inaccurate reading of RMS voltage The calculation and the oscilloscope give
an accurate reading while the lab voltmeter and our personal multimeter results in
inaccurate readings (Table 3).
To design a true RMS voltmeter, one must design a voltmeter that can read the raw
data and then compute a few simple calculations. This voltmeter would be able to
measure the heat dissipated by a resistive load, and then be able to compute the current
through the equation: Current = Square Root [ (Power or Heat) / (Resistance) ]. With true
RMS current obtained, the voltmeter would then use the equation V = IR to obtain the true
RMS voltage.
PSPICE can also be used to calculate RMS voltage. Since an oscilloscope can
accurately measure the true RMS voltage, you would simply use the analytical tools
available in PSPICE to simulate the oscilloscope. The oscilloscope measures its inputs
with respect to time, so a transient analysis would be required. Assuming the constructed
circuit is correct, a trace can be run on the waveform within the circuit, which will model
the waveform and show its characteristics; amplitude, frequency, etc.
Conclusion:

The underlying theme of Laboratory #9 was becoming familiar with


measuring and calculating the RMS voltage of various wave forms. Procedures within
Laboratory # 9 illustrate both how to calculate the RMS voltage, or the “DC equivalent”
of AC voltage, as well as the inaccuracies that common circuit analysis devices have when
measuring non-sinusoidal wave forms.

Our group first used an AC wave generator to produce a sinusoidal wave,


triangular wave, and square wave with various duty % (Figures 2,3,4,5,6 respectively).
The next task at hand was to measure the waves with various tools, including the
oscilloscope, personal multimeter, and laboratory voltmeter. The significance of this
procedure was to illustrate how accurately each measurement device could analyze the AC
voltage produced by the wave generator.

The accuracy of each measurement device could not be determined without


a point of reference to compare them to. Matlab was used to simulate the waves and then
calculate their RMS voltage (Equation 1). With the “true” RMS voltages calculated, it was
possible to compare them with the results obtained from the oscilloscope, personal
multimeter, and laboratory voltmeter.

As depicted in the tabulated results, it appears as though only the


oscilloscope offers reliable measurements when it comes to analyzing sinusoidal and non-
sinusoidal wave forms. The personal multimeter and voltmeter also offer accurate
measurements, but only for sinusoidal wave forms. This phenomenon is touched upon
more thoroughly in the analysis portion of the laboratory report.

After successfully completing the procedures of Laboratory #9, groups


should better understand RMS voltage, how it is calculated, and which tools to use when
measuring it. When dealing with sinusoidal wave forms, devices such as voltmeters and
personal multimeters are sufficient in terms of being able to obtain a reasonably accurate
measurement. However, non-sinusoidal wave form analysis requires an oscilloscope for
accurate measurement; the use of a personal multimeter or voltmeter will result in
inaccurate readings due to the manner these devices derive their data.

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