EAS107

Introduction to Engineering
Materials and Aeromaterials

Recommended Textbook
 Study Unit 1

Chapter 3

Atomic and Ionic Arrangements

Atomic and Ionic Arrangements

Play an important role in determining the

• microstructures, and

• properties of engineering materials

 Atomic and Ionic Arrangements

Techniques used for characterization of

crystalline solids

• x-ray diffraction (XRD)

• transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

• electron diffraction

Atomic and Ionic Arrangements

Types of arrangements found in different states

of matter
• No order

monoatomic gases

• Short-range order

amorphous materials

• Long-range order (>100 nm)

crystalline materials
No order, SRO & LRO

No order, SRO & LRO

Lattice & Unit Cell

Lattice Parameter
 7 Crystal Systems

No. of Atoms per Unit Cell

 No. of Atoms per Unit Cell
Example 3-1 on page 58

Determining the Number of Lattice

Points in Cubic Crystal Systems

Atomic Radius vs Lattice Parameter

 Atomic Radius vs Lattice Parameter

Example 3-2 on page 58

Determining the Relationship between

Atomic Radius and Lattice Parameters.

Coordination Number
 Crystal Structure of Metals

Study Unit 1

Chapter 4

Imperfection in the Atomic and Ionic

Arrangements
 Imperfection in Arrangements

Arrangement of the atoms / ions in materials

contains imperfections / defects.

These defects have a profound effect on the

properties of materials.

Imperfection in Arrangements

3 basic types of imperfections:

• Point defects
• Line defects (dislocations)
• Surface defects
Point Defects

Point Defects
Screw Dislocations

Edge Dislocations
 Mixed Dislocations

Slip by Edge Dislocations

 Evidence of Dislocations

Surface Defects

Boundaries / planes that separate a material

into regions, each having the same crystal
structure but different orientations.
• Materials Surface
• Grain boundaries
• Small angle grain boundaries
• Stacking faults
• Twin boundaries
• Domain boundaries
 ASTM Grain Size Number

Hall-Petch Equation

σy = σ0 + Kd -1/2
Where

σy = yield strength
σ0 = constant
K = constant
d = average grain diameter
 Surface Defects
Example 4-12 on page 125

Design of a Mild Steel

Surface Defects – Grain Boundaries

 Surface Defects
Example 4-13 on page 127

Calculation of ASTM Grain Size Number

Surface Defects
 Importance of Defects

• Effect on mechanical properties via control

of the slip process
• Strain hardening
• Solid-solution strengthening
• Grain-size strengthening
• Effects on electrical, optical & magnetic
properties

Importance of Defects
 Study Unit 1

Chapter 5

Atom and Ion Movements in Materials

Chapter 5

• Kinetics of diffusion

• Effect of concentration gradient &

temperature

• Overview of Fick’s Laws – quantitative

calculation of diffusion
 Applications of Diffusion

• Case hardening of steels

• Dopant diffusion for semiconductors
• Conductive ceramics
• Plastic beverage bottles
• Oxidation of aluminium
• Coatings & thin films
• TBC for turbine blades
• Optical fibres & microelectronic parts

Applications of Diffusion

Rate of diffusion of atoms and molecules is

higher in gases and liquids than in solids.
 Stability of Atoms and Ions

Arrhenius equation:
Rate of Diffusion = c0 exp (-Q/RT)
Where
c0 = constant
R = gas constant (1.987 cal / mol.K)
T = absolute temperature (K)
Q = activation energy (cal / mol)

Stability of Atoms and Ions

 Stability of Atoms and Ions
Problem 5-8 on page 177

Using Arrhenius equation to

calculate the jump rate at 750oC.

Mechanisms for Diffusion

Interdiffusion

Diffusion of unlike atoms in different directions

 Mechanisms for Diffusion

Mechanisms for Diffusion

• More interstitial sites, smaller interstitial atoms

• Interstitial diffusion occurs more easily than
vacancy diffusion (self-diffusion).
Activation Energy for Diffusion

Activation Energy for Diffusion

 Activation Energy for Diffusion
Problem 5-15 on page 178

Calculate
(a) the activation energy
(b) the constant D0

Rate of Diffusion
 Rate of Diffusion

Fick’s First Law:

J = -D (dc/dx)
Where
J = the flux
D = diffusivity or diffusion coefficient
dc/dx = concentration gradient

Rate of Diffusion
 Factors Affecting Diffusion

Diffusion Coefficient:
D = D0 exp (-Q/RT)
Where
D0 = constant
R = gas constant (1.987 cal / mol.K)
T = absolute temperature (K)
Q = activation energy (Cal / mol)

Factors Affecting Diffusion

 Factors Affecting Diffusion
Problem 5-25 on page 178

Determine
(a) the concentration gradient of H2
(b) the flux of H2 through the foil

Factors Affecting Diffusion

Types of Diffusion

• volume diffusion

• grain boundary diffusion

• surface diffusion
 Factors Affecting Diffusion

Factors Affecting Diffusion

Time

• High temperature

• Small diffusion distances

reduce time to produce a uniform structure.

 Factors Affecting Diffusion

Bonding & Crystal Structure

• Strength of atomic bonding

• Size of ions ( cations is smaller )

Factors Affecting Diffusion

 Permeability of Polymers

Permeability is used instead of diffusion coefficients.

Concern with penetration of atoms or small molecules

(air or water) through the long polymer chains.

Express in term of volume of gas or vapour that can

permeate per unit area / time / thickness at specific
temperature and relative humidity.

Permeability of Polymers

In general, the more compact the polymer structure,

the lesser the permeability.

Crystalline polymer has lower permeability than the

amorphous polymer, and
high-
high-density polymer has lower permeability than the
low-
low-density polymer.
 Permeability of Polymers

• Air diffusion through plastic packaging film may

spoil the food.
• Oil absorption into polymer o-
o-ring may cause
swelling.

• Selective diffusion through polymer membrane is

used for water desalination.

• Diffusion is desirable to uniformly dye the synthetic

polymer fabric.

Composition Profile

Fick’s Second Law:

Describes the dynamic, non-steady state,
diffusion of atoms using a differential
equation.
 Composition Profile

Composition Profile
Problem 5-35 on page 179

Compare the diffusion rate, and explain the

difference.
 Diffusion & Materials Processing

• Melting and Casting

• Sintering

• Grain growth

• Diffusion bonding

Diffusion & Materials Processing

 Diffusion & Materials Processing

Diffusion & Materials Processing

Problem 5-60 on page 180

What is the activation energy for the

diffusion bonding process?