Cisco Networking Academy Program

CCNA1 Exploration

Study Guides
 SEMESTER 1 CHAPTER 2
Communicating over the Network
V 4.0
2.0.1 What are the five aspects of
the information network we
will focus on in this course?
2.1.1 What are the three
elements of
communication?
What is the definition of the
term network for this
course?
2.1.2 What would happen to the
network if a message was
sent as one massive
continuous stream of bits?
Define segmentation of
messages
What are the 2 advantages
of segmentation?
What is multiplexing?
2.1.3 What is hardware on a
network?
2.1.4 What are end devices on a
network?
What is the definition of a
host?
What is the definition of a
server?
What is the definition of a
client?
2.1.5 List examples of
Devices that make up the network
Media that connect the devices
Messages that are carried across the network
Rules and processes that govern network
communications
Tools and commands for constructing and
maintaining networks
Sender, Receiver, Chanell
data or information networks capable of
carrying many different types of
communications, including traditional computer
data, interactive voice, video, and
entertainment products.
no other device would be able to send or
receive messages on the same network while
this data transfer was in progress
division of the data stream into smaller pieces
many different conversations can be
interleaved on the network
segmentation can increase the reliability of
network communications
process used to interleave the pieces of
separate conversations together on the
network
the visible components of the network platform
Computers (work stations, laptops, file servers,
web servers)
Network printers
VoIP phones
Security cameras
Mobile handheld devices (such as wireless
barcode scanners, PDAs)
either the source or destination of a message
transmitted over the network
hosts that have software installed that enables
them to provide information and services
hosts that have software installed that enables
them to request and display the information
obtained from the server
Network Access Devices (Hubs, switches, and
 intermediary devices.
List examples of process
that intermediary devices
perform.
2.1.6 What are the 3 primary
types of media used in
modern networks?
What criteria should be
used to select network
media?
2.2.1 What are the ways in which
network infrastructure can
vary?
What is the definition of a
LAN?
2.2.2 What is the definition of a
WAN?
2.2.3 What is an internetwork?
What is an intranetwork?
2.2.4.1 Define a NIC
Define a physical port
Define an interface
wireless access points)
Internetworking Devices (routers)
Communication Servers and Modems
Security Devices (firewalls)
Regenerate and retransmit data signals
Maintain information about what pathways
exist through the network and internetwork
Notify other devices of errors and
communication failures
Direct data along alternate pathways when
there is a link failure
Classify and direct messages according to
QoS priorities
Permit or deny the flow of data, based on
security settings
Metallic wires within cables
Glass or plastic fibers (fiber optic cable)
Wireless transmission
The distance the media can successfully carry
a signal.
The environment in which the media is to be
installed.
The amount of data and the speed at which it
must be transmitted.
The cost of the media and installation
The size of the area covered
The number of users connected
The number and types of services available
individual network usually spans a single
geographical area, providing services and
applications to people within a common
organizational structure
networks that connect LANs in geographically
separated locations
A global mesh of interconnected networks
(internetworks) meets these human
communication needs.
a private connection of LANs and WANs that
belongs to an organization, and is designed to
be accessible only by the organization's
members, employees, or others with
authorization
provides the physical connection to the
network at the PC or other host device.
A connector or outlet on a networking device
where the media is connected to a host or
other networking device.
Specialized ports on an internetworking device
that connect to individual networks.
2.3.1 What are the 3 layers of Content Layer, Rules Layer, Physical Layer
protocols described?
2.3.2 What process do The format or structure of the message
networking layer protocol The process by which networking devices
suites describe? share information about pathways with other
networks
How and when error and system messages
are passed between devices
The setup and termination of data transfer
sessions
What is proprietary? one company or vendor controls the definition
of the protocol and how it functions
2.3.3 What does the use of products from different manufacturers can
standards and protocols work together for efficient communications
provide?
2.3.4 What is an application defines the content and formatting of the
protocol? requests and responses exchanged between
the client and server
What is a Transport manages the individual conversations between
Protocol? web servers and web clients
What is the Internetwork responsible for taking the formatted segments
Protocol from TCP, encapsulating them into packets,
assigning the appropriate addresses, and
selecting the best path to the destination host.
What is the Network Access Network access protocols describe two
Protocol? primary functions, data link management and
the physical transmission of data on the media.
2.3.5 What do networking the functions that occur during network
protocols describe? communications
2.4.1 What are the benefits of Assists in protocol design, because protocols
using a layered model to that operate at a specific layer have defined
describe networking? information that they act upon and a defined
interface to the layers above and below.
Fosters competition because products from
different vendors can work together.
Prevents technology or capability changes in
one layer from affecting other layers above
and below.
Provides a common language to describe
networking functions and capabilities.
2.4.2 What are the two basic protocol models and reference models
types of networking
models?
What are the two primary TCP/IP and OSI
models used when
describing networking?
2.4.3 What is done at the Represents the data to the user plus encoding
Application Layer? and dialog control
What is done at the Supports communication between diverse
Transport Layer? devices across diverse neworks
 What is done at the Internet
Layer?
What is done at the Network
Access Layer?
2.4.4 What are the seven steps in
a complete communication
process?
2.4.5 What is the PDU for the
application layer?
What is the Transport Layer
PDU?
What is the PDU for the
Internet Layer?
What is the PDU for the
Network Access Layer?
What PDU is used when
physically transporting the
information over the
medium?
2.4.6.1 How is the protocol stack
processed when sending
information?
2.4.6.2 What is the process use at
the receiving end called?
2.4.7 What are the seven layers
of the OSI Model?
2.4.8 Which Layers of the OSI
Model parallel with the
TCP/IP Model?
Determines the best path through the network
Controls the hardware devices and media that
make up the network
1. Creation of data at the application layer of
the originating source end device
2. Segmentation and encapsulation of data as
it passes down the protocol stack in the source
end device
3. Generation of the data onto the media at the
network access layer of the stack
4. Transportation of the data through the
internetwork, which consists of media and any
intermediary devices
5. Reception of the data at the network access
layer of the destination end device
6. Decapsulation and reassembly of the data
as it passes up the stack in the destination
device
7. Passing this data to the destination
application at the Application layer of the
destination end device
Data
Segment
Packet
Frame
Bits
Top to bottom
Decapsulation
Application, Presentation, Session, Transport,
Network, Data Link, Physical
Application, Presentation, Session-Application
Transport-Transport
Internet-Network

2.5.1 What does the physical
layer do?
What addresses does the
data link layer use?
What address does the
network layer use?
What does the transport
layer use?
What do the upper layers
use?
2.5.2 What is the PDU for Layer 2
called
What is the layer 2 address
called?
What happens after the
frame has reached its’
destination?
2.5.3 What are layer 3 devices
primarily designed for?
What address is used at
Layer 3?
What is the PDU of the
Layer 3 information?
Which device decapsulates
the frame at the edge of a
network?
What does a router do?
What happens when the
frame reaches the end
device?
2.5.4 What does the information
in the frame provide at
Layer 4?
How is each application or
service represented at
Layer 4?
Data Link, Physical-Network Access
Timing and synchronization of bits
Destination and source physical address
Destination and source logical address
Destination and source process number (ports)
Encoded application data
Frame
MAC address
the Layer 2 address information is removed as
the data is decapsulated and moved up the
protocol stack to Layer 3
to move data from one local network to
another local network within an internetwork
IP address
Packet
Router
use the network identifier portion of this
address to determine which path to use to
reach the destination host
the frame and packet headers are removed
and the data moved up to Layer 4
identifies the specific process or service
running on the destination host device that will
act on the data being delivered
Port number
 SEMESTER 1 Chapter 3
Application Layer Functionality and Protocols
V 4.0

3.1.1.1 What does the application the interface between the applications we use
layer provide? to communicate and the underlying network
over which our messages are transmitted
What are application layer to exchange data between programs running
protocols used for? on the source and destination hosts
3.1.1.2 What are the three primary Coding and conversion of Application layer
functions of the data to ensure that data from the source
Presentation Layer? device can be interpreted by the appropriate
application on the destination device.
Compression of the data in a manner that can
be decompressed by the destination device.
Encryption of the data for transmission and the
decryption of data upon receipt by the
destination.
What is the main function of create and maintain dialogs between source
the session layer? and destination applications
3.1.1.3 What do the Application the format and control information necessary
Layer protocols of the for many of the common Internet
TCP/IP protocol specify? communication functions
3.1.2 What are the two forms of applications and services
software programs or
process that provide
network access in the
Application Layer
3.1.3 What do protocols provide? the rules and formats that govern how data is
treated
What is the difference Applications interact with the user and services
between an application and prepare data for the network
a service?
What do application layer Protocols provide the rules and formats that
protocols do? govern how data is treated.
3.1.4 What 6 things do protocols 1. processes on either end of the
define? communication
2. types of messages
3. syntax of messages
4. meaning of any informational fields
5. how messages are sent and the
expected response
6. interaction with the nextlower layer
3.2.1 What is the difference the device requesting the information is called
between a client and a a client and the device responding to the
server? request is called a server
3.2.2 In general networking sense any device that responds to requests from
what is a server? client applications is functioning as a server
Describe the 2 processes a "listening" for a request from a client, because
 daemon uses (listening and
hears)?
3.2.3.2 Complete the packet tracer
lab examine a number of
packets to see what each
packet contains.
3.2.4 What is a peer-to-peer
network?
Are peer-to-peer networks
easy to secure?
3.2.4.2 What are peer-to-peer
applications?
3.3.1 What do port numbers
identify?
What does the DNS
protocol do?
3.3.1.2 What does the nslookup
utility allow you to do?
What does the command
ipconfig /displaydns show?
3.3.1.3 What happens if a DNS
server does not have a
name in its stored records?
If the same request is made
again where does the DNS
server look?
3.3.1.4 When is a server declared
to be an authoritative
server?
3.3.2.1 Define the three parts of a
url as listed on the page?
What type of request is sent
to the server when
retrieving a web page?
3.3.2.2 What does the POST
command do?
What does the PUT
command do?
What protocol is used for
they are programmed to respond whenever the
server receives a request for the service
provided by the daemon
"hears" a request from a client, it exchanges
appropriate messages with the client, as
required by its protocol, and proceeds to send
the requested data to the client in the proper
format
two or more computers are connected via a
network and can share resources (such as
printers and files) without having a dedicated
server
No
allows a device to act as both a client and a
server within the same communication
applications and Application layer services that
are the source and destination of data
defines an automated service that matches
resource names with the required numeric
network address.
allows the user to manually query the name
servers to resolve a given host name
Displays all of the cached DNS entries on a
Windows XP or 2000 computer system
It passes the request on to another DNS
server
In its cache
When the resource is directly held on that
server
http:- protocol
www.cisco.com- name of server
web-server.htm- name of file or page
GET
Sends information to the web server
Sends resources or content to the web server
HTTPS:
 secure transmission across
the web?
3.3.3 What 2 Application Layer
protocols are used in
sending and receiving
email?
What is another name for
an email application?
3.3.3.2 What are the two processes
that email servers perform?
3.3.3.3 What happens to emails in
many companies once the
email reaches the internal
server?
3.3.3.4 List and describe some of
the commands used by the
SMTP protocol.
3.3.4 What is File Transfer
Protocol (FTP)?
What are the 2 ports used
and their purpose in FTP?
3.3.5 What does Dynamic Host
Confirmation Protocol
(DHCP) do for a network?
3.3.5.2 What are the 4 types of
messages sent and
received in DHCP?
3.3.6 What is SMB (Server
Message Block)?
3.3.6.2 What are the 3 message
types of SMB messages?
3.3.8 What does the Telenet
application provide?
3.3.8.2 What protocol is
recommended alternative to
Telnet when security is a
concern?
3.5.1.2 This is a self scored quiz
that will help prepare for the
test
3.6.1 Quiz that also prepares you
POP (Post Office Protocol) and SMTP (Simple
Mail Transfer Protocol)
MUA Mail User Agent
MTA Mail Transfer Agent
MDA Mail Delivery Agent
Converted to a proprietary protocol for mail
delivery
HELO - identifies the SMTP client process to
the SMTP server process
EHLO - Is a newer version of HELO, which
includes services extensions
MAIL FROM - Identifies the sender
RCPT TO - Identifies the recipient
DATA - Identifies the body of the message
developed to allow for file transfers between a
client and a server
21- Used for control
20- Used for actual file transfer
allows a host to obtain an IP address
dynamically when it connects to the network
DHCP Discover
DHCP Offer
DHCP Request
DHCP Acknowledge
the structure of shared network resources,
such as directories, files, printers, and serial
ports
Start, authenticate, and terminate sessions
Control file and printer access
Allow an application to send or receive
messages to or from another device
provides a standard method of emulating text-
based terminal devices over the data network.
SSH Secure Shell protocol
for the test.
 SEMESTER 1 Chapter 4
OSI Transport Layer
V 4.0

4.1.1 What are the 4 primary Tracking the individual communication

responsibilities of the between applications on the source and
Transport Layer? destination hosts
Segmenting data and managing each piece
Reassembling the segments into streams of
application data
Identifying the different applications
4.1.1.3 What does the Transport Identifies the segment of data and provides for
Layer header provide? identification of the Transport Layer Protocol to
use
4.1.2 Describe the process of divides application data into blocks of data that
segmentation and are an appropriate size
reassembly? reassembles the data before sending it to the
destination application or service
How does the Transport Each of these applications or services is
Layer accomplish assigned an address known as a port so that
conversation multiplexing? the Transport layer can determine with which
application or service the data is identified.
What are the four additional Connection-oriented conversations
duties the Transport Layer Reliable delivery
can provide? Ordered data reconstruction
Flow control
4.1.2.2 What are the four processes Establishing a Session
that the Transport Layer Reliable Delivery
uses to control Same Order Delivery
conversations? Flow Control
4.1.3 What does reliability mean ensuring that each piece of data that the
to a network? source sends arrives at the destination.
What are the three basic tracking transmitted data
operations of reliability at acknowledging received data
the transport layer? retransmitting any unacknowledged data
What trade-off is necessary value of reliability and the burden it places on
to ensure reliability? the network
How is a best-effort protocol there is no acknowledgement that the data is
different than a reliable received at the destination.
protocol?
What is another term used unreliable
to describe a best-effort
protocol?
List some examples of databases, web pages, and e-mail
applications that require
reliable transmission.
Give an example of an Streaming video
application that can use
unreliable transmission.
 Know the information in the
diagram that lists the
differences between
unreliable and reliable
transmissions.
4.1.4 What are the two most Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and
common protocols at the User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Transport Layer?
What is the advantage of Speed
using UDP?
What are the pieces of UDP Datagram
information called?
What are some applications Applications that use UDP include:
that use UDP? Domain Name System (DNS)
Video Streaming
Voice over IP (VoIP)
What are the 3 additional same order delivery, reliable delivery, and flow
functions that TCP offers? control.
How much overhead is 20 bytes
required to offer the 3
functions of TCP?
What are the pieces of TCP segments
information called?
What are some applications Applications that use TCP are:
that use TCP? Web Browsers
E-mail
File Transfers
4.1.5.1 What are the unique Port numbers
identifiers that define the
conversations called?
In the originating message number for this communication associated with
what is the source port? the originating application on the local host
In the originating message the number for this communication associated
what is the destination port? with the destination application on the remote
host
How do server processes Statically
have port numbers
assigned?
How do clients have port dynamically
numbers assigned?
What is another term Socket number
sometimes used instead of
port number?
For this course, what does a the source and destination IP addresses and
socket pair describe? port numbers, is also unique and identifies the
conversation between the two hosts
4.1.5.2 What organization is IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
responsible for assigning
port numbers?
 What is the range of Well
Known Ports?
What are well known ports?
What is the range of
Registered Ports?
What are registered ports?
What is the range for
Dynamic or Private Ports?
What are dynamic or private
ports?
Is it possible for a port
number to be used by both
TCP and UDP?
4.1.5.3 What is the utility that can
be used to view open
connections?
4.1.6.1 What are the two reasons
data is divided into pieces
before it is sent?
What is provided in a UDP
header?
What is provided in a TCP
header?
In which protocol do
segments arrive in an
unspecified order?
4.1.6.2 Packet Tracer Activity.
Please pay close attention
to Task 2 and examine the
information about the
packets- it will help on the
test
4.2.1 What makes TCP a reliable
protocol?
What do acknowledgements
do?
0 to 1023
reserved for services and applications.
1024 to 49151
These port numbers are assigned to user
processes or applications. These processes
are primarily individual applications that a user
has chosen to install rather than common
applications that would receive a Well Known
Port. When not used for a server resource,
these ports may also be used dynamically
selected by a client as its source port.
49152 to 65535
Also known as Ephemeral Ports, these are
usually assigned dynamically to client
applications when initiating a connection. It is
not very common for a client to connect to a
service using a Dynamic or Private Port
(although some peer-to-peer file sharing
programs do).
yes
Netstat
ensures that data is transmitted within the
limits of the media and that data from different
applications can be multiplexed on to the
media.
Port Numbers
Port, sequence, acknowledgement, and flow
control numbers
UDP
connection-oriented sessions
Let the sender know you received the data
 What happens if the
acknowledgment does not
arrive in the predetermined
time?
What is the additional
overhead created in the
hosts by using TCP?
Make certain you roll over
each piece of the diagram.
4.2.2 Which device initiates the
communication process?
What can never happen in
two server conversations?
The diagram does a very
good job at showing the
process of port assignment
4.2.3 Describe the steps in
establishing a three way
handshake.
What are the three steps in
TCP connection
establishment?
What are the six control bit
fields possible and what do
they mean?
it retransmits that data to the destination
the necessity to keep track of which segments
are awaiting acknowledgement and by the
retransmission process.
Client
two services assigned to the same port
number within the same Transport layer
services.
Establishes that the destination device is
present on the network
Verifies that the destination device has an
active service and is accepting requests on the
destination port number that the initiating client
intends to use for the session
Informs the destination device that the source
client intends to establish a communication
session on that port number
1. The initiating client sends a segment
containing an initial sequence value, which
serves as a request to the server to begin a
communications session.
2. The server responds with a segment
containing an acknowledgement value equal to
the received sequence value plus 1, plus its
own synchronizing sequence value. The value
is one greater than the sequence number
because there is no data contained to be
acknowledged. This acknowledgement value
enables the client to tie the response back to
the original segment that it sent to the server.
3. Initiating client responds with an
acknowledgement value equal to the sequence
value it received plus one. This completes the
process of establishing the connection.
URG - Urgent pointer field significant
ACK - Acknowledgement field significant
PSH - Push function
RST - Reset the connection
SYN - Synchronize sequence numbers

4.2.4 What is the Initial Sequence
Number (ISN)?
What happens to the ISN as
packets are sent?
4.2.4.2 What is sent back to the
client in step 2?
What is the value of the
acknowledgement number
field?
Explain what is meant by 2
one-way sessions exist in
TCP?
4.2.4.3 What is the final step in the
three-way hand shake?
What are 3 ways in which
security can be added?
4.2.5 What must be sent to close
a TCP session?
What are the 4 exchanges
needed to close a TCP
conversation?
4.2.5.2 Packet Tracer Lab to better
understand the process of
TCP
4.3.1 How does TCP reassemble
packets into the original
data file?
How are sequence numbers
incremented?
What does the receiving
process do with the TCP
segment?
Where do the reassemble
segments go?
FIN- No more data from sender
The initial value for the sequence number is
randomly chosen and is used to begin tracking
the flow of data from the client to the server for
this session
The ISN in the header of each segment is
increased by one for each byte of data sent
from the client to the server as the data
conversation continues.
the server sends a segment back to the client
with the ACK flag set indicating that the
Acknowledgment number is significant
equal to the client initial sequence number plus
1
one from the client to the server, and the other
from the server to the client
The client responds with both the sequence
and acknowledgement bit set and no data
Denying the establishment of TCP sessions
Only allowing sessions to be established for
specific services
Only allowing traffic as a part of already
established sessions.
FIN finish control flag
1. When the client has no more data to send in
the stream, it sends a segment with the FIN
flag set.
2. The server sends an ACK to acknowledge
the receipt of the FIN to terminate the session
from client to server.
3. The server sends a FIN to the client, to
terminate the server to client session.
4. The client responds with an ACK to
acknowledge the FIN from the server.
Sequence numbers are assigned in the header
of each packet to achieve this goal
the sequence number is incremented by the
number of bytes that have been transmitted
The receiving TCP process places the data
from a segment into a receiving buffer.
To the Application Layer
 What happens when all the
segments do not arrive?
4.3.2 What is the relationship
between sequence and
acknowledgement numbers
work?
What is the process TCP
uses with sequence and
acknowledgement numbers
called?
What does TCP do to
overcome the overhead of
waiting for
acknowledgements?
What is the name for the
amount of data that can be
sent before an
acknowledgement is
received called?
4.3.3 How does TCP handle
missing segments?
What do hosts implement
today to improve the TCP
process?
4.3.4.1 How does flow control
assist the reliability of TCP
transmissions?
What does window size
specify?
How does TCP use window
size to improve
communication?
4.3.4.2 What happens to window
size when network
Any segments that arrive with noncontiguous
sequence numbers are held for later
processing.
The sequence number indicates the relative
number of bytes that have been transmitted in
this session including the bytes in the current
segment. TCP uses the acknowledgement
number in segments sent back to the source to
indicate the next byte in this session that the
receiver expects to receive
Expectational acknowledgement
multiple segments of data can be sent before
and acknowledged with a single TCP message
in the opposite direction
Window size
When TCP at the source host has not received
an acknowledgement after a predetermined
amount of time, it will go back to the last
acknowledgement number that it received and
retransmit data from that point forward.
If both hosts support Selective
Acknowledgements, it is possible for the
destination to acknowledge bytes in
discontinuous segments and the host would
only need to retransmit the missing data.
by adjusting the effective rate of data flow
between the two services in the session. When
the source is informed that the specified
amount of data in the segments is received, it
can continue sending more data for this
session.
the amount of data that can be transmitted
before an acknowledgement must be received
TCP feedback mechanism adjusts the effective
rate of data transmission to the maximum flow
that the network and destination device can
support without loss. TCP attempts to manage
the rate of transmission so that all data will be
received and retransmissions will be
minimized.
TCP can reduce the window size to require
that received segments be acknowledged
 resources are constrained? more frequently
What happens after periods the receiver will begin to increase the window
of transmission with no data field
losses or constrained
resources?
What do you think occurs The window size would get smaller
with window size on the
school network when a
major update occurs district
wide? (smaller, larger)
4.4.1 According to the first 2 Lower overhead
paragraphs, what is the
major advantage of using
UDP?
What are the key Domain Name System (DNS)
Application layer protocols Simple Network Management Protocol
that use UDP includes? (SNMP)
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
Online games
Why do the processes The low overhead of UDP makes it very
above use UDP? desirable for such applications
4.4.2 What is UDP also referred Transaction based
to as?
How are segments put back the application will have to identify the proper
in order if the application sequence of the data and determine how the
requires a specific order? data should be processed
4.4.3 How are TCP and UDP They both use port numbers
similar?
4.4.4 Note: This is essentially the
same as TCP so it is very
testable. Understand how
port numbers are assigned.
What happens to port the source and destination port numbers in the
numbers in a response from datagram header are reversed
the server?
4.4.2 Packet Tracer Activity- look
at each packet and gain an
understanding of what UDP
is sending and receiving.
 SEMESTER 1 Chapter 5
OSI Network Layer
V 4.0
5.1.1.1 What services does the
network layer provide?
What are the 4 basic
processes used at the
network layer?
What is the PDU of the
network layer?
What information is
contained in the layer 3
PDU?
What is the role of a router?
What is it called when a
packet passed through an
intermediary device?
What happens to the
transport layer PDU as the
packet moves through the
network?
What does the network
layer protocol specify?
5.1.1.2 List the 5 Network layer
protocols.
Which protocol will be the
focus of this class?
5.1.2.1 What are the basic
characteristics of IPv4?
5.1.3 Describe what a
connectionless service in
networking means?
What is the main issue that
may occur in a
services to exchange the individual pieces of
data over the network between identified end
devices.
Addressing
Encapsulation
Routing
Decapsulation
Packet
Source and Destination IP address
to select paths for and direct packets toward
their destination. This process is known as
routing
Hop
It stays the same
the packet structure and processing used to
carry the data from one host to another host
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
Novell Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)
AppleTalk
Connectionless Network Service
(CLNS/DECNet)
IP
Connectionless - No connection is established
before sending data packets.
Best Effort (unreliable) - No overhead is used
to guarantee packet delivery.
Media Independent - Operates independently
of the medium carrying the data.
requires no initial exchange of control
information to establish an end-to-end
connection before packets are forwarded, nor
does it require additional fields in the PDU
header to maintain this connection
Connectionless packet delivery may, however,
result in packets arriving at the destination out
 connectionless exchange?
5.1.4 What does unreliable mean
in networking?
Which layer is responsible
for adding reliability to
packet delivery?
5.1.5 Describe media
independent.
What layer is responsible
for preparing a packet for
the media?
What is the one
characteristic of the network
layer that is dependent on
the media?
5.1.6 What portion of the IP
packet does a router use to
make forwarding decisions?
What remains untouched as
packets travel through the
network?
5.1.7.1 What are the 6 key fields in
an IP packet?
What happens to a packet if
the TTL field reaches 0?
5.1.7.2 What is the checksum field
used for?
5.2.1 What are three methods of
determining how to divide
your network?
5.2.1.2 Why would you group users
geographically?
Why would you group users
by task?
Why would you group
networks by ownership?
5.2.2 What are the 3 main issues
as networks grow larger?
of sequence. If out-of-order or missing packets
create problems for the application using the
data, then upper layer services will have to
resolve these issues.
Unreliable means simply that IP does not have
the capability to manage, and recover from,
undelivered or corrupt packets.
Transport Layer
IPv4 and IPv6 operate independently of the
media that carry the data at lower layers of the
protocol stack.
Physical Layer
Maximum Transmission Unit MTU
Header
In all cases, the data portion of the packet -
that is, the encapsulated Transport layer PDU -
remains unchanged during the Network layer
processes.
IP Source Address
IP Destination Address
Time-to-Live (TTL)
Type-of-Service (ToS)
Protocol
Fragment Offset
It is discarded
To determine if the header has reached the
destination intact.
Geographic location
Purpose
Ownership
To improve manageability and network
performance.
To improve performance based on network
requirements of each task.
To maintain control and limit access.
Performance degradation
Security issues
Address Management
 What is a network
broadcast?
What is broadcast domain?
Is it good or bad to increase
the number of broadcast
domains in your network?
5.2.3 What is the major
advantage of dividing
networks by ownership?
5.2.4 What efficiency does
dividing large networks into
separate networks provide
to the hosts?
What is the device called
that hosts send information
to that must travel outside
their network?
5.2.5 What is hierarchical
addressing?
What is the example
presented that describes
hierarchical addressing in
our daily lives?
5.2.5 How many bits are in an
IPv4 address?
How is the ip address
divided?
What portion of the IP
address does a router use?
5.3.1 What is the actual address
used for a default gateway?
What is the route that the
router forwards a packet to
called?
5.3.2 What decisions do routers
make as a packet enters an
interface?
5.3.3 How is the default gateway
configured on a host
running windows?
What portion of the IP
address must be the same
for the host and gateway?
5.3.3.2 What command is issued at
the command prompt of
windows to see the default
A broadcast is a message sent from one host
to all other hosts on the network.
The network area in which all hosts receive
broadcasts
Good
access to and from resources outside each
network can be prohibited, allowed, or
monitored
hosts who need to communicate are grouped
together reduces the unnecessary overhead of
all hosts needing to know all addresses.
Gateway
A hierarchical address uniquely identifies each
host. It also has levels that assist in forwarding
packets across internetworks, which enables a
network to be divided based on those levels.
Zip codes and house addresses
32
IPv4 addresses are divided in four groups of
eight bits (octets)
Network
The router interface IP address at the edge of
the network.
Next-hop address
Is the network directly connected or not. Yes
forward to that network. No forward to the
next-hop router.
On a Windows computer, the Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP) Properties tools are used to enter the
default gateway IPv4 address
Network and Subnetwork
ipconfig
 gateway setting?
5.3.3.3 What is it called when a Routing
router makes forwarding
decisions?
What is the map called that Routing Table
a router uses to make
forwarding decisions (Hint:
look at the figure)?
5.3.4 What does a routing table The routing table stores information about
contain? connected and remote networks.
What are the 3 main Destination network
features of routes in a Next-hop
routing table? Metric
What happens if the packet The packet is dropped
does not have an address
contained in the routing
table?
What is a default route used The default route is used when the destination
for? network is not represented by any other route
in the routing table.
5.3.4.2 What is the command to Netstat
view the routing table for a
host?
What is the destination 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
network IP address and
subnet mask for the default
network interface?
What three commands are route ADD
listed that allow you to route DELETE
change the routing table? route CHANGE
5.3.5 What does the address in represents a range of host addresses and
the routing table represent? sometimes a range of network and host
addresses
If more than one route The route that is most specific for that IP
exists in the routing table for address
an address, which one will
be selected?
5.3.5.2 When is the default route When the IP address does not match any
used? other entry in the routing table
5.3.6 What is the next-hop? the address of the device that will process the
packet next
Why does a directly There are no intermediary devices and the
connected device not have packet is directly forwarded
a next-hop?
5.3.7.1 What are the three Forward it to the next-hop router
decisions a router can make Forward it to the destination host
about a packet? Drop it
Which layer does a router 3
process packets at?
 What layer is the packet
encapsulated at before it
leaves the router?
5.3.7.2 What is another name for a
default gateway?
Why would a packet take a
different route than another
packet that is part of the
same data stream?
Why are default routes so
important to routers?
5.3.7.3 What happens if a router
has not route for the packet
and does not have a default
route?
Why doesn’t IP have error
notification?
5.4.1 What does a router need to
forward a packet?
What happens if routing
table are not up to date?
What are two ways a router
can learn about routes?
5.4.2 What is a static route?
What must be done if the
internetwork changes?
5.4.3 What is the definition of a
dynamic routing protocol?
What happens when a
router receives information
about changes in routes?
What are 3 common routing
protocols?
What are the 2 costs listed
with using a dynamic
protocol?
What advantages are listed
for static routing?
Data Link Layer 2
Gateway of last resort
Rotuers may learn a new path between
packets
because the gateway router is not likely to
have a route to every possible network on the
Internet.
The packet is dropped
It would reduce efficiency and add overhead
Next-hop
that packets may not be forwarded to the most
appropriate next-hop, causing delays or packet
loss
route information can be manually configured
on the router or learned dynamically from other
routers in the same internetwork
A manually configured route
Static routes must be reconfigured
set of rules by which routers dynamically share
their routing information
It updates its’ routing table
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
Enhanced Interior Gateway Protocol (EIGRP)
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
Overhead that consumes network bandwidth
Processing capacity necessary
No network overhead produced
No processing capacity used
Administrative distance is configured to ensure
efficient and effective routing
 SEMESTER 1 Chapter 6
Addressing the Network IPv4
V 4.0

6.1.1 How many bits are the 32 bits

source and destination IPv4
addresses?
What is the name for the
decimal representation of
the binary IP address
called?
How many bits are there
between each “dot”?
What are those bits called?
Define the network portion
of an IP address?
What is the host portion of
the IP address?
What does the number of
bits assigned to host
determine?
6.1.2 What is the binary range in
decimal of a byte?
6.2.1 Define a network address.
Define a broadcast address.
Define a host address.
What is the range where
host addresses assigned?
6.2.1.2 What is assigned to
determine how many bits
are in network bits?
Do the number of hosts that
can be assigned stay the
same when prefix changes?
6.2.2.1 How do you calculate the
network value?
How do you calculate the
first host value?
How do you calculate the
broadcast address?
How do you calculate the
last host address?
Dotted Decimal
8 bits
Octet
a group of hosts that have identical bit patterns
in the network address portion of their
addresses
Although all 32 bits define the IPv4 host
address, we have a variable number of bits
that are called the host portion of the address
the number of hosts that we can have within
the network
0-255
Within the IPv4 address range of a network,
the lowest address is reserved for the network
address.
The broadcast address uses the highest
address in the network range.
The addresses assigned to the end devices in
the network.
Located between the network and the
broadcast address.
Prefix
No
All host bits are 0
1 greater than the network address
All host bits are turned on
1 less than the broadcast address
6.2.2.2 This flash exercise is
excellent practice for
calculating the different
values; you can do this until
you have mastered the
process. Please try it with
prefix values of 24 and over
so you have an example to
go by.
6.2.3 Define unicast
Define broadcast
Define multicast
What is another name for a
unicast address?
6.2.3.2 How does a host process a
broadcast transmission?
What is a broadcast
transmission used for?
What are the three
examples of broadcast
transmissions?
When does a host send a
broadcast?
How do hosts with the
information usually respond
to the broadcast?
What is a directed
broadcast?
What is a limited broadcast
used for?
What forms the boundary
for a broadcast domain?
6.2.3.3 What is multicast designed
to do?
What are the 4 examples of
multicast transmissions?
How are multicast
addresses assigned?
the process of sending a packet from one host
to an individual host
the process of sending a packet from one host
to all hosts in the network
the process of sending a packet from one host
to a selected group of hosts
Host address
it processes the packet as it would a packet to
its unicast address
the location of special services/devices for
which the address is not known or when a host
needs to provide information to all the hosts on
the network.
Mapping upper layer addresses to lower layer
addresses
Requesting an address
Exchanging routing information by routing
protocols
When a host needs information, the host
sends a request, called a query, to the
broadcast address
One or more of the hosts with the requested
information will respond, typically using
unicast.
A directed broadcast is sent to all hosts on a
specific network.
communication that is limited to the hosts on
the local network
Router
conserve the bandwidth of the IPv4 network
Video and audio broadcasts
Routing information exchange by routing
protocols
Distribution of software
News feeds
The multicast clients use services initiated by a
client program to subscribe to the multicast

What is the range for
multicast addresses?
What is the range for
experimental addresses?
6.2.5.1 List the three private
address blocks? (This is
incredibly important for
network administrators to
know)
What happens if a packet
with a private IP address
was sent to the Internet?
What is NAT Network
Address Translation
services used for?
How does NAT allow a host
with a private address to
access the Internet?
6.2.5.2 Excellent practice. This is
very important for the test.
6.2.6 What is the range for local-
link addresses?
When is a local link address
assigned to a device?
6.2.7 What is the first octet range
of Class A?
What is the first octet range
of Class B?
What is the first octet range
of Class C?
What is the first octet range
of Class D?
What is the first octet range
of Class E?
What is the limitation of
classful routing?
What is the address system
used today called?
Why should the allocation of
addresses inside the
networks be planned and
documented for the purpose
of?
What are the different
examples of types of hosts?
group.
224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254
10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0 /8)
172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0 /12)
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0
/16)
It would not be forwarded
to translate private addresses to public
addresses, hosts on a privately addressed
network can have access to resources across
the Internet
It allows the host to “borrow” a public IP
address
169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255
automatically assigned to the local host by the
operating system in environments where no IP
configuration is available
1-126
128-191
192-223
224-239
240-255
wasted many addresses, which exhausted the
availability of IPv4 addresses
Classless addressing
Preventing duplication of addresses
Providing and controlling access
Monitoring security and performance
End devices for users
Servers and peripherals
Hosts that are accessible from the Internet

6.3.1.2 What considerations should
be used about where
private IP addresses should
be used?
6.3.2 Which devices should have
static IP addresses
assigned?
6.3.2.2 What does DHCP provide
for an end device?
What is the block of
addresses a DHCP server
use called?
6.3.3 Which devices should have
a static IP address? Why?
What does almost all traffic
pass through when going
between networks?
Which IP addresses are
used for router interfaces?
6.3.4 What is the organization
that assigns IP addresses in
the US?
6.3.5 What are the advantages of
having a Tier 1 ISP?
What is the focus of a Tier 2
ISP?
What is the focus of a Tier 3
ISP?
6.3.6 What was the main issue to
be addressed by IPv6?
What were the other issues
that were considered when
developing IPv6?
List the added features of
IPv6.
Intermediary devices
Will there be more devices connected to the
network than public addresses allocated by the
network's ISP?
Will the devices need to be accessed from
outside the local network?
If devices that may be assigned private
addresses require access to the Internet, is the
network capable of providing a Network
Address Translation (NAT) service?
printers, servers, and other networking devices
that need to be accessible to clients on the
network
automatic assignment of addressing
information such as IP address, subnet mask,
default gateway, and other configuration
information
Address pool
Servers and printers
So hosts can have consistent access
Intermediary Devices
Lowest or Highest addresses in the range
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
reliability and speed
focus on business customers
The focus of these ISPs is the retail and home
markets in a specific locale.
Creating expanded addressing capabilities
Improved packet handling
Increased scalability and longevity
QoS mechanisms
Integrated security
128-bit hierarchical addressing - to expand
addressing capabilities
Header format simplification - to improve
packet handling
Improved support for extensions and options -
for increased scalability/longevity and
improved packet handling
Flow labeling capability - as QoS mechanisms

6.4.1 How is the subnet mask
created?
What is true if the octet of
the subnet mask is 255?
What is true if the octet of
the subnet mask is 0?
6.4.2 What is the result of the
ANDing process?
What is the only case in
which ANDing results in a
1?
6.5 We will cover this in class.
Good exercises and
examples to read through.
6.5.4- Excellent practice
6 exercises, practice these a
lot.
6.6.1 What is ping?
What happens when the
destination host receives an
echo request?
What is the address to ping
the local host?
What does a response from
the local host tell you?
What doesn’t the response
from the local host tell you?
6.6.2 What does it tell you if a
ping to the gateway is
successful?
6.6.3 What does it tell you if a
ping to the remote host is
successful?
6.6.4 What does the traceroute
utility do?
Define Round Trip Time
(RTT).
Define Time to Live (TTL).
Authentication and privacy capabilities - to
integrate security
by placing a binary 1 in each bit position that
represents the network portion and placing a
binary 0 in each bit position that represents the
host portion
All of the octet is network/subnetwork bits.
All of the octet is host bits.
The network address
1 anded with a 1
utility for testing IP connectivity between hosts
it responds with an ICMP Echo Reply
datagram.
127.0.0.1
that IP is properly installed on the host
an indication that the addresses, masks, or
gateways are properly configured
indicates that the host and the router's
interface serving as that gateway are both
operational on the local network
It means that we have verified our host's
communication on the local network, the
operation of the router serving as our gateway,
and all other routers that might be in the path
between our network and the network of the
remote host.
allows us to observe the path between these
hosts
the time a packet takes to reach the remote
host and for the response from the host to
return
When a packet enters a router, the TTL field is
decremented by 1. When the TTL reaches
zero, a router will not forward the packet and
the packet is dropped.
6.6.5 What does ICMP provide for ICMP provides control and error messages
the TCP/IP protocol stack? and is used by the ping and traceroute utilities.
List the 5 ICMP messages Host conformation
that may be sent? Unreachable Destination or Service
Time exceeded
Route redirection
Source quench
What are the 4 destination 0 = net unreachable
unreachable codes listed? 1 = host unreachable
2 = protocol unreachable
3 = port unreachable
 SEMESTER 1 Chapter 7
Data Link Layer
V 4.0
7.1.1 What are the 2 basic
services the Data Link layer
provides?
List and define the 4
specific terms associated
with the Data Link layer?
7.1.1.2 What happens the frame as
moves from source to
destination?
7.1.2 Define Media Access
Control.
7.1.3 What can the control
information tell you?
List and define the three
elements of a Data Link
Layer Frame.
7.1.3.2 List and define the 5 typical
field types.
7.1.4 What is the most common
physical device that is used
for the Data Link Layer?
7.1.4.2 Describe the two sublayers
of the Data Link Layer.
Allows the upper layers to access the media
using techniques such as framing
Controls how data is placed onto the media
and is received from the media using
techniques such as media access control and
error detection
Frame - The Data Link layer PDU
Node - The Layer 2 notation for network
devices connected to a common medium
Media/medium (physical)* - The physical
means for the transfer of information between
two nodes
Network (physical)** - Two or more nodes
connected to a common medium
It changes based on the medium used
The technique used for getting the frame on
and off media
Which nodes are in communication with each
other
When communication between individual
nodes begins and when it ends
Which errors occurred while the nodes
communicated
Which nodes will communicate next
Data - The packet from the Network layer
Header - Contains control information, such
addressing, and is located at the beginning of
the PDU
Trailer - Contains control information added to
the end of the PDU
Start and stop indicator fields - The beginning
and end limits of the frame
Naming or addressing fields
Type field - The type of PDU contained in the
frame
Quality - control fields
A data field -The frame payload (Network layer
packet)
NIC
The upper sublayer defines the software
processes that provide services to the Network

What are the two functions
of the Logical Link Control?
What are the two functions
of the Media Access
Control?
7.1.5 What are the 4
organizations that define the (ISO)
Data Link standards?
7.2.1 What analogy is made with
the media access control?
What does the method that Media sharing - If and how the nodes share
media access control uses
depend on?
7.2.2 What are the two basic
media access control
methods for shared media? Contention-based - All nodes compete for the
What are two examples of
controlled media access?
What are two examples of
contention-based media
access?
Why can controlled media
access be inefficient?
What is CSMA?
What is a data collision?
What is CSMA/CD?
What is CSMA/CA?
7.2.3 Define Half-Duplex.
Define Full-Duplex.
7.2.4 Define physical topology.
Define logical topology.
What logical and physical
topologies are typically used Multi-Access
in networks?
7.2.5 Define point-to-point
layer protocols.
The lower sublayer defines the media access
processes performed by the hardware.
Frames the network layer packet
Identifies the network layer protocol
Addresses the frame
Marks the beginning and ending of each frame
International Organization for Standardization
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
traffic rules that regulate the entrance of motor
vehicles onto a roadway
the media
Topology - How the connection between the
nodes appears to the Data Link layer
Controlled - Each node has its own time to use
the medium
use of the medium
Token Ring
FDDI
Ethernet
Wireless
Device has to wait its turn to access the media
Carrier Sense Multiple access
When two devices transmit at the same time
Carrier Sense Multiple access with Collision
Detection
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Avoidance
devices can both transmit and receive on the
media but cannot do so simultaneously
Both devices can transmit and receive on the
media at the same time.
arrangement of the nodes and the physical
connections between them
the way a network transfers frames from one
node to the next
Point-to-Point
Ring
connects two nodes directly together
 topology.
7.2.5.2 Define virtual circuit.
Which type of topology is
used to determine the
media access control?
7.2.6 Define logical multi-access
topology.
What are the three types of
media access control can
be used in a multi-access
topology?
7.2.7 How does a data flow in a
ring network?
7.3.1 What are the three basic
parts of a data link layer
frame?
7.3.2 What are the typical fields in
the frame header?
7.3.3 Which part the network
(WAN/LAN) is the data link
address used in delivering?
What is the difference
between Data Link Address
and Logical Address?
Does a point-to-point link
need a data link address?
7.3.4 Define error detection.
Define Frame Check
Sequence.
How could the CRC be
correct and the frame
a logical connection created within a network
between two network devices
logical point-to-point topology
enables a number of nodes to communicate by
using the same shared media
CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA, or token passing
From node to node until it reaches the
destination.
Header
Data
Trailer
Start Frame field - Indicates the beginning of
the frame
Source and Destination address fields -
Indicates the source and destination nodes on
the media
Priority/Quality of Service field - Indicates a
particular type of communication service for
processing
Type field - Indicates the upper layer service
contained in the frame
Logical connection control field - Used to
establish a logical connection between nodes
Physical link control field - Used to establish
the media link
Flow control field - Used to start and stop
traffic over the media
Congestion control field - Indicates congestion
in the media
LAN
Data Link address only defines the machine it
is not logically assigned
No it only has one place to go
accomplished by placing a logical or
mathematical summary of the bits that
comprise the frame in the trailer
used to determine if errors occurred in the
transmission and reception of the frame
The error bits could cancel each other out
 contain errors?
Do all protocols support No
using the FCS to determine
errors?
7.3.5 What Layer 2 protocols will Ethernet
we study in this course? Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)
Frame Relay
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Which usually performs at a LAN
higher bandwidth, LAN or
WAN?
7.3.5.2 What do Ethernet standards Layer 2 Protocols and Layer 1 technologies
define?
What is the data link MAC address
address?
How is the data link address 48 bit
expressed? Hexadecimal
7.3.5.3 What type of architecture Layered architecture
does PPP use?
What are options available Authentication, compression, and multilink (the
to use with PPP? use of multiple physical connections).
7.3.5.4 What is the standard used 802.11
for wireless LANs?
What services are authentication, association (connectivity to a
supported by 802.11? wireless device), and privacy (encryption)
7.4.1.2 Examine each of the
processes and take notes.
Develop questions on any
step you do not understand.
 SEMESTER 1 Chapter 8
Physical Layer
V 4.0

8.1.1 What does the physical provides the means to transport across the
layer provide? network media the bits that make up a Data
Link layer frame
What are the four elements The physical media and associated connectors
of delivering frames across A representation of bits on the media
the media? Encoding of data and control information
Transmitter and receiver circuitry on the
network devices
8.1.2 What are the three basic Copper cable
forms of media? Fiber
Wireless
What are the three the Physical layer encodes the bits into the
concerns when the physical signals for a particular medium, it must also
layer encodes bits? distinguish where one frame ends and the next
frame begins
8.1.3 What does the physical hardware, developed by engineers, in the form
layer consist of? of electronic circuitry, media, and connectors
What are the organizations The International Organization for
that are responsible for Standardization (ISO)
physical layer standards? The Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE)
The American National Standards Institute
(ANSI)
The International Telecommunication Union
(ITU)
The Electronics Industry
Alliance/Telecommunications Industry
Association (EIA/TIA)
National telecommunications authorities such
as the Federal Communication Commission
(FCC) in the USA.
8.1.3.2 The technologies defined by Physical and electrical properties of the media
these organizations include Mechanical properties (materials, dimensions,
what four areas of the pinouts) of the connectors
Physical layer standards? Bit representation by the signals (encoding)
Definition of control information signals
8.1.4 What are the three The physical components
fundamental functions of the Data encoding
Physical layer? Signaling
What are the two values 1 and 0
that the physical layer
encodes?
8.2.1 How are the bits of the One bit at a time
frame transmitted by the
physical layer?
 What is a bit time?
How are the signaling and
receiving ends clocks
synchronized in the LAN?
What characteristics can be
changed to represent bits
on the medium?
What will happen if there is
no agreement between
nodes on the signaling
method?
8.2.1.2 What are the three
characteristics of NRZ
signaling?
What type of transmission is
NRZ suited for?
8.2.1.3 What are represented by in
Manchester encoding?
How does the transition
help maintain clock
synchronization?
Which medium uses
Manchester encoding?
8.2.2 What method is used to
signal start and end of a
frame in higher speed
technologies?
8.2.2.2 What is a code group?
What are the advantages of
transmitting symbols?
What are the four
advantages of using code
groups?
What are the three types of
code groups?
specific amount of time each signal has to
occupy the media
Many signaling methods use predictable
transitions in the signal to provide
synchronization between the clocks of the
transmitting and the receiving devices
Amplitude
Frequency
Phase
The transmission will fail
Discrete impulses
Only two states
Voltage jumps between levels
for slow speed data links
voltage transitions
one voltage transition must occur in the middle
of each bit time
10BaseT Ethernet
Specific pattern of grouped bits
consecutive sequence of code bits that are
interpreted and mapped as data bit patterns
the error detection capabilities and timing
synchronization between transmitting and
receiving devices are enhanced
Reducing bit level error
Limiting the effective energy transmitted into
the media
Helping to distinguish data bits from control
bits
Better media error detection
Data symbols - Symbols that represent the
data of the frame as it is passed down to the
Physical layer.
Control symbols - Special codes injected by
the Physical layer used to control transmission.
These include end-of-frame and idle media
symbols.
Invalid symbols - Symbols that have patterns
not allowed on the media. The receipt of an
invalid symbol indicates a frame error.
8.2.2.3 How does 4B/5B represent
a nibble?
8.2.3 What are the three
measures for Data
Transfer?
8.2.3.2 What is the difference
between throughput and
goodput?
Which measure of data
transfer is most important to
the end user?
8.3.1 What are the standards for
copper media defined for?
8.3.2 What type of connector is
commonly used in copper
cabling?
8.3.2.2 What is done to the pairs of
wires to minimize signal
degradation due to
electronic noise?
What are the other methods
listed to limit the
susceptibility of copper
cables to noise?
8.3.3 What is crosstalk?
What is used to limit
crosstalk?
What changes in the twist
from one pair of wires to the
next pair of wires to improve
the limitation of crosstalk?
What are some of the
elements defined by the
TIA/EIA 568A standard?
Why is it wasteful to install
less expensive but lower
rated cabling?
8.3.3.2 What is UTP cable
terminated with?
as five-bit values known as symbols
Bandwidth
Throughput
Goodput
Throughput is the measure of bits over a given
time and goodput is the measure of usable
data transferred over a given period of time
Goodput
Type of copper cabling used
Bandwidth of the communication
Type of connectors used
Pinout and color codes of connections to the
media
Maximum distance of the media
RJ-45
Shielding and twisting of the wires
Selecting the cable type or category most
suited to protect the data signals in a given
networking environment
Designing a cable infrastructure to avoid
known and potential sources of interference in
the building structure
Using cabling techniques that include the
proper handling and termination of the cables
the interference caused by the magnetic field
around the adjacent pairs of wires in the cable
Twisting pairs of wires
The number of twists per meter changes
Cable types
Cable lengths
Connectors
Cable termination
Methods of testing cable
If the decision is later made to adopt a faster
LAN technology, total replacement of the
installed cable infrastructure may be required.
RJ-45 connectors
 What are the three types of
Ethernet cables?
What is a straight-through
used for?
What is a crossover used
for?
What is a rollover used for?
What happens if you use
the wrong type of cable
when connecting devices?
8.3.4 What are the other two type
of copper cabling?
What has replaced the use
of coaxial cable in today’s
Ethernet installations?
8.3.6 What type types of
materials can be used for
fiber optic cabling?
What is the encoding
method for fiber optic?
What are the issues with
implementing fiber optic
cabling?
What areas usually
implement fiber optic
cabling?
What are the major
advantages of using fiber
optic between buildings?
8.3.6.2 How many cables are
needed for each fiber optic
connection? Why?
8.3.6.3 What are the two types of
fiber optic cables?
8.3.7 How do wireless media
carry electromagnetic
signals?
What is the major concern
for wireless signals?
8.3.7.2 What are the 4 standards
for wireless networks?
Ethernet Straight-through
Ethernet Crossover
Rollover
Host to network device such as a hub or switch
Connecting two hosts
Connecting to network intermediary devices
Connecting a computers serial port to the
console port of a router (with an adapter)
Communication will not occur
1. Coaxial
2. Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP)
UTP
Glass or plastic
Light pulses
More expensive (usually) than copper media
over the same distance (but for a higher
capacity)
Different skills and equipment required to
terminate and splice the cable infrastructure
More careful handling than copper media
Backbone and between buildings
optical fiber does not conduct electricity and
has low signal loss
2, they can only operate in one direction
Single mode and multimode
radio and microwave frequencies that
represent the binary digits of data
communications
Security
IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.15
IEEE 802.16
Global System for Mobile Communications
(GSM)
8.3.7.3 What are the two network
devices necessary to
implement a wireless
network?
What are the WLAN
Ethernet standards?
8.3.8 What are some of the CAT5
termination that may
performed onsite?
8.3.8.2 What are the differences in
the termination of the two
cables pictured?
What could happen if wires
are not terminated
correctly?
8.3.8.3 What are the three main
splicing errors when using
fiber optic cabling?
Wireless Access Point (AP) - Concentrates the
wireless signals from users and connects,
usually through a copper cable, to the existing
copper-based network infrastructure such as
Ethernet.
Wireless NIC adapters - Provides wireless
communication capability to each network
host.
IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g,
IEEE 802.11n
crimped connections to terminate Cat5 media
with RJ-45 plugs to make patch cables, and
the use of punched down connections on 110
patch panels and RJ-45 jacks
Insulation cut back to far and wires untwisted
too much
damaging voltage levels may be applied
between interconnected devices
Misalignment - the fiber-optic media are not
precisely aligned to one another when joined.
End gap - the media do not completely touch
at the splice or connection.
End finish - the media ends are not well
polished or dirt is present at the termination.
 SEMESTER 1 Chapter 9
Ethernet
V 4.0

9.1.1 Who originally published the published in 1980 by a consortium of Digital

Ethernet standard and when Equipment Corporation, Intel, and Xerox (DIX).
was that?
Who and when published 1985, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
LAN standards? Engineers (IEEE)
What is the number for the 802.3
Ethernet LAN standard?
What layers of the OSI 1 and 2
model do Ethernet
standards operate at?
9.1.2 What does Ethernet Layer 1 signals, bit streams that travel on the media,
involve? physical components that put signals on
media, and various topologies
What are the Ethernet Layer Connects to the upper layers via the LLC
2 functions that overcome Uses addressing schemes to identify devices
the limitations of Ethernet Uses frames to organize bits into groups
Layer 1? Uses MAC to identify transmission sources
9.1.3 What are the two sublayers the Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer and
of the Data Link Layer? the Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer.
What are the 4 functions of Makes connection with the upper layers
the LLC? Frames the network layer packet
Identifies the network layer protocol
Remains relatively independent of the physical
layer
What type of environment is Software
LLC implemented in?
9.1.4 Where is the MAC sublayer NIC
implemented?
What are the 2 primary Data Encapsulation
functions of the MAC Media Access Control
sublayer?
What are the 3 primary Frame delimiting
functions of data Addressing
encapsulation? Error detection
What are the two main Control of frame placement on and off the
functions of the media media
access control? Media recovery
What is the underlying Mulit-access bus
topology of Ethernet?
What is the media access CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
control method for Collision Detection
Ethernet?
9.1.5 What are the four factors Simplicity and ease of maintenance
that have made Ethernet a Ability to incorporate new technologies
 success? Reliability
Low cost of installation and upgrade
What part of the Ethernet Frame structure
standard remains consistent
across all of its physical
implementations?
9.2.1 What was the historic Alohanet
network that Ethernet was
based on called?
9.2.1.2 Describe the method of A frame received in one port is transmitted out
transmission on a hub? all other ports
9.2.2 What is legacy Ethernet? 10Base-T network with a hub at its center
What is the current standard 100Base-T network with switches
for Ethernet?
What is full duplex? a connection that can carry both transmitted
and received signals at the same time
What is the difference when Hub always send the signal out all ports and
forwarding a frame from a switch sends directly to device if it’s address is
switch vs. hub? known
9.2.3 What two new uses are Voice over IP (VoIP) and multimedia services
requiring the move to
Gigabit Ethernet?
9.2.3.2 Define a MAN? Ethernet connection across an entire city
9.3.1 What is the most significant the addition of a Start Frame Delimiter (SFD)
difference between the and a small change to the Type field to include
IEEE 802.3 (original) and the Length
the revised IEEE 802.3?
What were the minimum the minimum frame size as 64 bytes and the
and maximum sizes of maximum as 1518 bytes
Ethernet frames originally?
What is the new maximum 1522 bytes
size for a frame?
What happens if the size of It is dropped
a transmitted frame is less
than the minimum or greater
than the maximum?
9.3.1.2 What are the six portions of Preamble, start frame delimiter, destination
an Ethernet frame address, source address, length/type, 802.2
discussed? header and data, frame check sequence
9.3.1.3 What is the Frame Check (4 bytes) used to detect errors in a frame
Sequence (FCS)?
What is the algorithm used Cyclical redundancy check
in determining the value of
the FCS?
What happens if the FCS The frame is dropped
values do not match?
9.3.2 What was created to assist Media Access Control (MAC) address
in determining the source
and destination address?
 How is an Ethernet MAC a 48-bit binary value expressed as 12
address represented? hexadecimal digits
9.3.2.2 Define the two parts of an All MAC addresses assigned to a NIC or other
Ethernet MAC address? Ethernet device must use that vendor's
assigned OUI as the first 3 bytes.
All MAC addresses with the same OUI must be
assigned a unique value (vendor code or serial
number) in the last 3 bytes.
What is another name for Burned-in address
the MAC address?
As an Ethernet frame the NIC passes the frame up the OSI layers,
passes through a network where the decapsulation process take place
what happens if that
devices MAC address
matches the destination
MAC address?
As an Ethernet frame The frame is discarded
passes through a network
what happens if that
devices MAC address does
not match the destination
MAC address?
9.3.3.2 Where can you find your Ipconfig/all or ipconfig
computer’s MAC address?
9.3.4 What is the problem with No meaning outside the local network
physical addressing?
What is the difference The Network layer address enables the packet
between physical (Network to be forwarded toward its destination.
Layer) and logical (Data The Data Link layer address enables the
Link Layer) addressing? packet to be carried by the local media across
each segment.
9.3.5 When a unicast when a frame is sent from a single transmitting
transmission used? device to single destination device
9.3.5.2 When is a broadcast all hosts on that local network (broadcast
transmission used? domain) will receive and process the packet
How is a broadcast IP All 1’s in the host portion of the IP address
address represented?
How is a broadcast MAC FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF
address represented?
9.3.5.3 When is a multicast When a frame is sent to a group of computers
transmission used?
How can a multicast packet as the destination of a packet
only be used?
What type of address does Unicast
the source have?
What is the multicast MAC Begins with 01-00-5E The value ends by
address? converting the lower 23 bits of the IP multicast
group address into the remaining 6
hexadecimal characters of the Ethernet

9.4.1 How does a shared media
environment operate?
When does a device on a
shared environment
transmit?
9.4.2 Define latency.
Define collision.
How does collision
detection occur?
What happens when all
devices on a shared
medium detect a collision?
What is invoked after a
device receives a jamming
signal?
How does a backoff
algorithm work?
What mode does a device
return to after the backoff
algorithm has expired?
9.4.2.2 What are the three reasons
given that the growth of the
Internet has resulted in
more collisions?
Define a collision domain?
What does the connection
of hubs and repeaters do to
collision domains?
What happens when the
number of collisions
increases significantly?
9.4.3 Which devices extend the
latency in the medium?
Why would an increased
latency cause more
collisions?
9.4.3.2 What is sent before an
entire Ethernet frame is
sent?
address. The remaining bit in the MAC
address is always a "0".
all devices have guaranteed access to the
medium, but they have no prioritized claim on
it. If more than one device transmits
simultaneously, the physical signals collide
and the network must recover in order for
communication to continue.
When it detects that no other computer is
sending a frame, or carrier signal
The time delay between when a process is
started and that same process is detected
When two stations transmit at the same time
When a device is in listening mode it can
detect an increase in amplitude of the signal
above the normal level
they send out a jamming signal
The backoff algorithm
All devices stop transmitting for a random
amount of time
Listening
More devices are being connected to the
network.
Devices access the network media more
frequently.
Distances between devices are increasing.
The media within a network where collsions
can occur
They increase the collision domain size
reduces the network's efficiency and
effectiveness until the collisions become a
nuisance to the user
Hubs and repeaters
The other device may not hear the signal
before it begins to transmit
The preamble
 What does asynchronous
communication mean?
What does synchronous
communication mean?
9.4.3.3 What is a bit time?
What is the slot time?
9.4.4 What is interframe spacing?
What happens to interframe
spacing as the network
speed increases?
9.4.4.3 What happens when the
MAC layer is unable to send
a frame after 16 attempts?
9.5.1 What are the four data rates
are currently defined for
operation over optical fiber
and twisted-pair cables?
9.5.2 What are the three principal
10 Mbps implementations of
Ethernet?
9.5.2.2 What are the most popular
implementations of 100
Mbps Ethernet?
9.5.3 What is Gigabit Ethernet
more susceptible to
because of its speed?
What type of transmission
does 1000Base-T allow for?
What is the maximum
number of voltages used on
the media at the same
during transmission?
What are the two main
causes of noise on the line?
9.5.4 What are the ways that
10Gbps can be compared
to other varieties of
Ethernet?
each receiving device will use the 8 bytes of
timing information to synchronize the receive
circuit to the incoming data and then discard
the 8 bytes
the timing information is not required
a period of time is required for a bit to be
placed and sensed on the media
The time it takes for an electronic pulse to
travel the length of the maximum theoretical
distance between two nodes.
time measured from the last bit of the FCS
field of one frame to the first bit of the
Preamble of the next frame
The time reduces
it gives up and generates an error to the
Network layer
10 Mbps - 10Base-T Ethernet
100 Mbps - Fast Ethernet
1000 Mbps - Gigabit Ethernet
10 Gbps - 10 Gigabit Ethernet
10BASE5 using Thicknet coaxial cable
10BASE2 using Thinnet coaxial cable
10BASE-T using Cat3/Cat5 unshielded
twisted-pair cable
100BASE-TX using Cat5 or later UTP
100BASE-FX using fiber-optic cable
Noise
the transmission and reception of data in both
directions - on the same wire and at the same
time
17
cable and termination problems
Frame format is the same, allowing
interoperability between all varieties of legacy,
fast, gigabit, and 10 gigabit Ethernet, with no
reframing or protocol conversions necessary.
Bit time is now 0.1 nS. All other time variables
scale accordingly.
Because only full-duplex fiber connections are

9.6.1 What is the problem
associate with the classic
Ethernet implementation
using hubs?
List the four problems
related to the
implementation of classic
Ethernet?
9.6.2 How do switches segment a
LAN?
What does the separation of
collision domains mean for
the bandwidth to the
device?
9.6.2.2 What are the three reasons
that bandwidth increases
dramatically when each
device is connected to a
switch port?
What are the three reasons
that hubs are still being
used?
9.6.3 Describe selective
forwarding?
What is the process called
when the switch holds the
frame until the receiving
node is available called?
Describe the store-and-
forward operation mode of a
switch?
How does a switch use a
MAC table?
9.6.3.2 What are the five basic
operations of a switch?
How does a switch learn a
MAC address?
What happens when an
used, there is no media contention and
CSMA/CD is not necessary.
The IEEE 802.3 sublayers within OSI Layers 1
and 2 are mostly preserved, with a few
additions to accommodate 40 km fiber links
and interoperability with other fiber
technologies.
high levels of collisions on the LAN
Scalability, Latency, Network Failure, and
Collisions
Separate collision domains
Full media bandwidth to each device
Dedicated bandwidth to each port
Collision-free environment
Full-duplex operation
Availability, Economics, and Requirements
establishing a momentary point-to-point
connection between the transmitting and
receiving nodes
Store-and-forward
The switch receives the entire frame and
checks the FCS before forwarding the frame
The incoming frame destination MAC address
is compared to the MAC table to decide which
port to forward the frame to
Learning
Aging
Flooding
Selective Forwarding
Filtering
The source address of the incoming frame
The address is removed from the MAC table
 addresses countdown
reaches 0?
What happens when a The frame is flooded out all but the incoming
switch does not know the port
destination address?
What type of frames will not A frame with a destination of the same port, a
be forwarded? corrupt frame, and security reasons
9.7.1 What are the two basic Resolving IPv4 addresses to MAC addresses
functions of ARP? Maintaining a cache of mappings
What are the names of the ARP table or ARP Cache
tables that store the list of
MAC addresses with the
network address?
What are the two ways a From an incoming frame or using an ARP
computer can gather MAC request
addresses?
What are the 2 destination Broadcast MAC address and the destination
addresses in an ARP MAC address
Request?
9.7.2 If the destination is on the The device MAC address
local network segment,
what MAC address is used?
If the destination is on a The gateway MAC address
remote network, what MAC
address is used?
If the MAC address of the ARP Request
gateway is unknown, what
process is used?
9.7.2.2 What is the most common When the device can not determine if the host
reason for using a proxy is on the same network or not
ARP?
9.7.3 How long are addresses 2 minutes unless used again in those 2
held in the ARP table? minutes and then 10 minutes
9.7.4 How could ARP requests Too many broadcasts at once that each host
impact performance on a receives and processes therefore slowing
network? down the network
What is another problem Security- ARP spoofing which causes errors
that may be associated with on the network
ARP?
 SEMESTER 1 Chapter 10
Planning and Cabling a Network
V 4.0

10.1.1 What are routers primarily used to interconnect networks

used for?
What does each port on a Each port on a router connects to a different
router connect to? network and routes packets between the
networks
What two things can a Broadcast and collision domains
router break up to improve
overall network
performance?
10.1.1.2 What does a hub do when it regenerates it, and sends the signal over all
receives a signal? ports
What is the main problem It shares bandwidth between devices which
with using a hub? can reduce performance of the LAN
What are some reasons that Hubs are less expensive than switches. A hub
hubs are still used today? is typically chosen as an intermediary device
within a very small LAN, in a LAN that requires
low throughput requirements, or when finances
are limited.
What does a switch do regenerates each bit of the frame on to the
when it receives a frame? appropriate destination port
What is the advantage of A switch segments a network into multiple
using a switch vs. a hub? collision domains
How can a switch increase a switch provides dedicated bandwidth on
performance on a LAN? each port
10.1.2 What are some factors that Cost
need to be considered when Speed and Types of Ports/Interfaces
selecting devices for a Expandability
LAN? Manageability
Additional Features and Services
10.1.2.2 What determines the cost of Features and capacity
a switch?
What are the factors of a # of ports and speed of ports
switch’s capacity?
What are other factors that network management capabilities, embedded
affect the cost of the security technologies, and optional advanced
switch? switching technologies
Why would the cost of A few long cable runs instead of many long
purchasing more than one cable runs
switch sometimes be the
better choice than one
switch?
Describe the process of Add a second or more switches between
using redundancy in a nodes so that there is not a single point of
switched network. failure
10.1.2.3 What are the three
questions you should ask
when selecting a switch?
10.1.2.4 What are the factors that
need to be addressed when
selecting a router?
What is the difference
between a fixed and
modular router?
List the features and
services that can be
provided based on the
operating system selected.
10.2.1 What are the four physical
areas to consider when
wiring a LAN?
What is the total distance
that a UTP cable can be per
channel?
How long can a patch cable
for interconnecting patch
panels be?
How long can the cable be
from the wall termination to
the computer or phone?
What is horizontal cabling?
What is backbone cabling?
10.2.1.2 What are the three types of
media we study?
What factors need to be
considered when selecting
the media to use?
Just enough ports for today's needs?
A mixture of UTP speeds?
Both UTP and fiber ports?
Expandability
Media
Operating System Features
A modular router has expansion slots that can
be changed for future expansion. Fixed can
not be changed.
Security
Quality of Service (QoS)
Voice over IP (VoIP)
Routing multiple Layer 3 protocols
Special services such as Network Address
Translation (NAT) and Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
Work area
Telecommunications room, also known as the
distribution facility
Backbone cabling, also known as vertical
cabling
Distribution cabling, also known as horizontal
cabling
100 meters
5 meters
10 meters
horizontal media runs from a patch panel in the
telecommunications room to a wall jack in
each work area
Backbones, or vertical cabling, are used for
aggregated traffic, such as traffic to and from
the Internet and access to corporate resources
at a remote location.
UTP (Category 5, 5e, 6, and 7)
Fiber-optics
Wireless
Cable length - Does the cable need to span
across a room or from building to building?
Cost - Does the budget allow for using a more
expensive media type?
Bandwidth - Does the technology used with the
media provide adequate bandwidth?
Ease of installation - Does the implementation
team have the ability to install the cable or is a
 vendor required?
Susceptible to EMI/RFI - Is the local
environment going to interfere with the signal?
10.2.1.3 Define attenuation. Attenuation is reduction of the strength of a
signal as it moves down a media.
What is the major factor that Cable length
affects attenuation in
network cables?
What two cost factors must match the performance needs of the users with
be matched when selecting the cost of the equipment and cabling to
the media? achieve the best cost/performance ratio
Does a server need more or More
less bandwidth than a single
user?
10.2.1.4 List in numeric order the 1. wireless
easiest to most difficult 2. UTP
media to install. 3. Fiber Optic
What are the two forms of EMI- Electromagnetic Interference
interference that can affect RFI- Radio Frequency Interference
the network signals?
10.2.2.1 What are the EIA/TIA cable 568A & 568B
specifications for the ends
of UTP cables?
10.2.2.2 Which pins are used for Pins 1 & 2
transmitting in a straight-
through cable?
Which pins are used for Pins 3 & 6
receiving in a straight-
through cable?
When do you use a straight- When connecting unlike devices
through cable?
When do you use a When connecting like devices
crossover cable?
Which connections use a Switch to a router Ethernet port
straight-through cable? Computer to switch
Computer to hub
10.2.2.3 Describe the ends of a The transmit of one end connects to the
crossover cable. receive of the other end and vice-versa
Which connections are Switch to switch
listed that require a Switch to hub
crossover cable? Hub to hub
Router to router Ethernet port connection
Computer to computer
Computer to a router Ethernet port
10.2.2.4 Can modern devices be set Yes
so that different types of
cables are not necessary?
10.2.3 What are the two types of DB-60 or a smart serial connector
connectors for the router
 end of a serial connection?
What is the connector at the
network end called?
10.2.3.2 Define a DCE.
Define a DTE.
Which end of the cable is
responsible for supplying
the clock rate?
10.3.1 Which end devices require
an IP address?
Which network devices
require IP addresses?
Which network devices
need IP addresses for
management?
10.3.2 What are the three reasons
given to subnet a network?
What two calculations are
necessary after the
requirements are
determined?
10.3.3 What are the different types
of hosts on a network?
10.4 We will go over these in
class.
10.5.1 What are router Ethernet
connections used for?
What are router Serial
connections used for?
What is the router’s console
interface used for?
What is the security concern
involving the console port of
a router?
Winchester 15 pin connector
Data Communications Equipment (DCE) - A
device that supplies the clocking services to
another device. Typically, this device is at the
WAN access provider end of the link.
Data Circuit-Terminal Equipment (DTE) - A
device that receives clocking services from
another device and adjusts accordingly.
Typically, this device is at the WAN customer
or user end of the link.
DCE
User computers
Administrator computers
Servers
Other end devices such as printers, IP phones,
and IP cameras
Router LAN interfaces
Router WAN (serial) interfaces
Switches
Wireless Access Points
Manage broadcast traffic
Different network requirements
Security
A unique subnet and subnet mask for each
physical segment
A range of usable host addresses for each
subnet
General users
Special users
Network resources
Router LAN interfaces
Router WAN links
Management access
Connecting to LAN
Connections between WANs
It is used for the initial configuration of the
router
with physical access to the router's console
interface, an unauthorized person can interrupt
or compromise network traffic
 What is the auxiliary port of To remotely configure a router
a router used for?
What device is normally Modem
attached to the auxiliary
port?
10.5.2 What software is used when Terminal emulator
configuring a router?
What type of cable is RJ-45 to DB-9
connected between the
router console port and
computer?
What are the serial port Bits per second: 9600 bps
connection settings Data bits: 8
required? Parity: None
Stop bits: 1
Flow control: None
What do you do to access Hit enter
the router if all connections
are made properly?
 CCNA Explorer 1
Chapter 11
Configuring & Testing Your Network
11.1.1 What is the system software in Cisco
devices?
The Cisco IOS provides devices with what
network services?
How is the IOS generally accessed?
Where is the IOS stored?
What type of memory is flash?
What are several ways to access the CLI
environment?
Describe the console port.
When would the console port be used?
By default, the console conveys what?
Why type of security precautions be taken
to protect the router?
What are 2 methods for remotely
accessing the router? Describe them.
What are required for Telnet to work
properly?
11.1.2 Network devices depend on what two
types of software for their operation
CCNA Explorer 1 Chapter 11
The Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS)
Basic routing and switching functions
Reliable and secure access to networked resources
Network scalability
By using a command line interface (CLI).
In a semi-permanent memory area called flash.
Flash memory provides non-volatile storage. This
means that the contents of the memory are not lost
when the device loses power.
Console
Telnet or SSH
AUX port
The console port is a management port that provides
out-of-band access to a router. The console port is
accessible even if no networking services have been
configured on the device.
• The initial configuration of the network device
• Disaster recovery procedures and
troubleshooting where remote access is not
possible
• Password recovery procedures
The device startup, debugging, and error messages.
The console should be configured with passwords to
prevent unauthorized device access. In the event
that a password is lost, there is a special set of
procedures for bypassing the password and
accessing the device. The device should be located
in a locked room or equipment rack to prevent
physical access.
Telnet –A terminal emulation program
SSH-establishes a secure channel between a local &
a remote computer. Uses public-key cryptography
for authentication.
Telnet sessions require active networking services
on the device. The network device must have at
least one active interface configured with a Layer 3
address, such as an IPv4 address. Cisco IOS
devices include a Telnet server process that
launches when the device is started. The IOS also
contains a Telnet client. For security reasons, the
IOS requires that the Telnet session use a password,
as a minimum authentication method.
Operating system-facilitates the basic operation of
the device's hardware components
Configuration-contain the Cisco IOS software
commands used to customize the functionality of a
Cisco device
rev. March 2008
 A Cisco network device contains what two
configuration files?
Where is the startup config file stored?
Where is the running config located?
11.1.3 What is a modal operating system?
In the CLI what are, in order from top to
bottom, the major modes? List some of
the available commands for each.
What is a command prompt?
By default, with what does every prompt
begin?
In what mode does “Router>” indicate?
In what mode does “Router#” indicate?
In what mode does “Router(config)#”
indicate?
In what mode does “Router(config-if)#”
indicate?
What are the two primary modes of
operation?
What commands are used to change the
CLI between the user EXEC mode and
the privileged EXEC mode?
What is the syntax for entering the enable
command?
Once the command from the previous
question is entered, how does the router
prompt change?
11.1.4 Each IOS command has specific format
or syntax and is executed at the
appropriate prompt. The general syntax
for a command is what? Give an example.
How do you submit a command?
What are the IOS command conventions?
CCNA Explorer 1 Chapter 11
The running configuration file - used during the
current operation of the device
The startup configuration file - used as the backup
configuration and is loaded when the device is
started
In non-volatile RAM (NVRAM)
In RAM
A system where there are different modes of
operation, each having its own domain of operation.
• User executive mode-ping, show commands,
enable
• Privileged executive mode-all User EXEC
commands, debug commands, reload,
configure
• Global configuration mode-hostname, enable
secret, ip route, interface
• Other specific configuration modes-these
include interface configuration mode, router
configuration mode
The mode is identified by the command-line prompt
that is unique to that mode. The prompt is composed
of the words and symbols on the line to the left of the
entry area.
The device name
User executive mode
Privileged executive mode
Global configuration mode
Interface configuration mode
User EXEC-used to monitor & view limited
information
Privileged EXEC-the administration mode; allows
you to enter global config mode.
The enable and disable commands
Router>enable
It changes to: Router#
The command followed by any appropriate
keywords and arguments
show startup-config
Press the <Enter> key
• Boldface text - indicates commands &
keywords that are entered literally as shown
• Italics - indicates arguments where the user
supplies the values
• [ ] - Sq. brackets enclose an option element
• | - A vertical line indicates a choice within an
rev. March 2008

11.1.5 The IOS has several forms of help
available. What are they?
What are the 3 different types of error
messages given by the command syntax
check?
What are some of the most commonly
used hot keys & shortcuts?
11.1.6 In order to verify and troubleshoot
network operation, we must examine the
operation of the devices. What is the
basic examination command?
What are some of the more commonly
used show commands; include their
output
CCNA Explorer 1 Chapter 11
opt’l or required set of keywords or
arguments
• [ x | y] - Sq. brackets enclosing keyword or
arguments separated by a vertical line
indicate an optional choice
• {x | y} Braces enclosing keywords or
augments separated by a vertical line indicate
a required choice.
Context-sensitive help- provides a list of commands
and the arguments associated with those commands
within the context of the current mode. To access
context-sensitive help, enter a question mark, ?, at
any prompt.
Command Syntax Check- if the interpreter cannot
understand the command being entered; it will
provide feedback describing what is wrong with the
command.
Hot Keys and Shortcuts- make configuring,
monitoring, and troubleshooting easier.
• Ambiguous command-not enough characters
entered for the command interpreter to
recognize the command
• Incomplete command-indicates that required
keywords or arguments were left off the end
of the command
• Incorrect command-returns a ^ to indicate
where the command interpreter cannot
decipher the command
Tab - Completes the remainder of the command or
keyword
Ctrl-R - Redisplays a line
Ctrl-Z - Exits configuration mode and returns to the
EXEC
Down Arrow - Allows user to scroll forward through
former commands
Up Arrow - Allows user to scroll backward through
former commands
Ctrl-Shift-6 - Allows the user to interrupt an IOS
process such as ping or traceroute
Ctrl-C - Aborts the current command and exits the
configuration mode
The show command
• show arp - Displays the ARP table of the
device.
• show mac-address-table - (switch only)
Displays the MAC table of a switch.
• show startup-config - Displays the saved
configuration located in NVRAM.
• show running-config - Displays the contents
of the currently running configuration file or
the configuration for a specific interface, or
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11.1.7 What is the primary configuration mode,
and what type of changes are made
here?
What CLI command is used to take the
device from privileged EXEC mode to the
global configuration mode and to allow
entry of configuration commands from a
terminal? Show the proper syntax.
What are a few of the different
configuration modes that can be reached
from global config mode?
Do the changes made in these individual
config modes affect the entire device?
How do you exit a specific configuration
mode and return to global configuration
mode?
How do you leave configuration mode
completely and return to privileged EXEC
mode?
How do you keep your changes from
being lost due to a power failure or
deliberate restart? What is the proper
command syntax to do this?
11.2.1 What is the factory-assigned default
hostname for a router and a switch
respectively?
Why is it important to give each device a
specific name?
What are some guidelines for naming
conventions?
CCNA Explorer 1 Chapter 11
map class information.
• show ip interfaces - Displays IPv4 statistics
for all interfaces on a router. To view the
statistics for a specific interface, enter the
show ip interfaces command followed by the
specific interface slot/port number. Another
important format of this command is show ip
interface brief. This is useful to get a quick
summary of the interfaces and their
operational state.
The primary configuration mode is called global
configuration or global config. From global config,
CLI configuration changes are made that affect the
operation of the device as a whole.
Router#configure terminal
• Interface mode - to configure one of the
network interfaces (Fa0/0, S0/0/0,..)
• Line mode - to configure one of the lines
(physical or virtual) (console, AUX, VTY,..)
• Router mode - to configure the parameters
for one of the routing protocols
No, as configuration changes are made within an
interface or process, the changes only affect that
interface or process.
Enter exit at a prompt
Enter end or use the key sequence Ctrl-Z.
Once a change has been made from the global
mode, it is good practice to save it to the startup
configuration file stored in NVRAM.
Router#copy running-config startup-config
Router, Switch
If an internetwork had several routers that were all
named with the default name "Router." This would
create considerable confusion during network
configuration and maintenance. When accessing a
remote device using Telnet or SSH, it is important to
have confirmation that an attachment has been
made to the proper device. If all devices were left
with their default names, we could not identify that
the proper device is connected.
Start with a letter
Not contain a space
End with a letter or digit
Have characters of only letters, digits, and dashes
Be 63 characters or fewer
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 What are the commands needed to
assign the hostname of AtlantaHQ to a
router?
How do you negate the effects of a
command? Remove the hostname from
the previous question.
11.2.2 For security, what should every device
have?
What are the most common device
passwords?
What is a good practice regarding
passwords?
What key points should be considered
when choosing passwords?
What are the commands needed to
assign a console password to a switch?
Is this different in a router?
What can you use to add additional
security to your device?
CCNA Explorer 1 Chapter 11
From the privileged EXEC mode, access the global
configuration mode by entering the configure
terminal command:
Router#configure terminal
After the command is executed, the prompt will
change to:
Router(config)#
In the global mode, enter the hostname:
Router(config)#hostname AtlantaHQ
After the command is executed, the prompt will
change to:
AtlantaHQ(config)#
Notice that the hostname appears in the prompt. To
exit global mode, use the exit command.
Preface the command with the no keyword.
AtlantaHQ(config)# no hostname
Router(config)#
A locally configured passwords to limit access.
• Console password - limits device access
using the console connection
• Enable password - limits access to the
privileged EXEC mode
• Enable secret password - encrypted, limits
access to the privileged EXEC mode
• VTY password - limits device access using
Telnet
You should use different authentication passwords
for each of these levels of access.
• Use passwords that are more than 8
characters in length.
• Use a combination of upper and lowercase
and/or numeric sequences in passwords.
• Avoid using the same password for all
devices.
• Avoid using common words such as
password or administrator, because these are
easily guessed.
Switch(config)#line console 0
Switch(config-line)#password password
Switch(config-line)#login
No.
Use the enable password command or the enable
secret command. Either of these commands can be
used to establish authentication before accessing
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Why should you use one over the other?
What are the commands to set these
passwords?
What can happen if neither of these
passwords is set?
What are vty lines? By default how many
are there?
What are the commands to set the vty line
passwords?
How can a non-encrypted password be
encrypted?
How can you provide a method for
declaring that only authorized personnel
should attempt to gain entry into the
device?
The IOS provides multiple types of
banners. One common banner is the
message of the day (MOTD). It is often
used for legal notification because it is
displayed to all connected terminals.
What are the commands to configure this
type of banner?
11.2.3 What is the purpose of the reload
command?
Where can back-ups of configuration files
be stored?
What are the steps to saving a
configuration file to a TFTP server?
If undesired changes are saved to the
startup configuration, it may be necessary
to clear all the configurations. This
requires erasing the startup configuration
and restarting the device. How?
CCNA Explorer 1 Chapter 11
privileged EXEC (enable) mode.
Always use the enable secret command, not the
older enable password command, if possible. The
enable secret command provides greater security
because the password is encrypted. The enable
password command can be used only if enable
secret has not yet been set.
The enable password command would be used if the
device uses an older copy of the Cisco IOS software
that does not recognize the enable secret command.
Router(config)#enable password password
Router(config)#enable secret password
The IOS prevents privileged EXEC access from a
Telnet session.
They allow access to a router via Telnet. By default,
many Cisco devices support five VTY lines that are
numbered 0 to 4.
Router(config)#line vty 0 4
Router(config-line)#password password
Router(config-line)#login
The service password-encryption command prevents
passwords from showing up as plain text when
viewing the configuration files.
Add a banner to the device output.
Switch(config)#banner motd # message #
It reloads the startup configuration.
On a Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) server, a
CD, a USB memory stick, or a floppy disk stored in a
safe place. A configuration file should also be
included in the network documentation.
1.Enter the copy running-config tftp command.
2. Enter the IP address of the host where the
configuration file will be stored.
3. Enter the name to assign to the configuration file.
4. Answer yes to confirm each choice.
The startup configuration is removed by using the
erase startup-config command.
To erase the startup configuration file use erase
NVRAM:startup-config or erase startup-config at the
privileged EXEC mode prompt:
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How can config files be saved to a text
document?
How can you restore a config file to a
device from a text capture?
11.2.4 What are the steps & commands needed
to configure a router’s Ethernet ports?
Why is the no shutdown command
needed?
What are the steps & commands needed
to configure a router’s serial ports?
CCNA Explorer 1 Chapter 11
Router#erase startup-config
Once the command is issued, the router will prompt
you for confirmation:
Erasing the nvram filesystem will remove all
configuration files! Continue? [confirm]
Confirm is the default response. To confirm and
erase the startup configuration file, press the Enter
key. Pressing any other key will abort the process.
With Text Capture such as HyperTerminal.
When using HyperTerminal, follow these steps:
1. On the Transfer menu, click Capture Text.
2. Choose the location.
3. Click Start to begin capturing text.
4. Once capture has been started, execute the show
running-config or show startup-config command at
the privileged EXEC prompt. Text displayed in the
terminal window will be placed into the chosen file.
5. View the output to verify that it was not corrupted.
The file will require editing to ensure that encrypted
passwords are in plain text and that non-command
text such as "--More--" and IOS messages are
removed. The device must be set at the global
configuration.
When using HyperTerminal, the steps are:
1. Locate the file to be copied into the device and
open the text document.
2. Copy all of the text.
3. On the Edit menu, click paste to host.
To configure an Ethernet interface follow these
steps:
1. Enter global configuration mode.
2. Enter interface configuration mode.
3. Specify the interface address and subnet mask.
4. Enable the interface.
Router(config)#interface FastEthernet 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address ip_address netmask
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
By default, interfaces are disabled. Without this
command, no traffic can come in or out of the
interface.
To configure a serial interface follow these steps:
1. Enter global configuration mode.
2. Enter interface mode.
3. Specify the interface address and subnet mask.
4. Set the clock rate if a DCE cable is connected.
Skip this step if a DTE cable is connected.
5. Turn on the interface.
Router(config)#interface Serial 0/0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address ip_address netmask
Router(config-if)#clock rate 56000-if this is the DCE end
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
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 What is the reason for adding a
description to an interface?
What are the commands to add a
description to an interface? Are the
commands the same in a router as in a
switch
Do switch interfaces require IP
addresses? Why or why not?
When would an IP address be assigned?
What is the default state for switch
interfaces?
What are the commands to configure a
VLAN interface?
11.3.1 What is the purpose of the ping
command?
What protocol does ping use?
What are the most common Ping
indicators?
What does pinging the loopback test?
What is the command?
What is the size of the test packets sent
by the ping command?
CCNA Explorer 1 Chapter 11
A description indicates the purpose of the interface.
A description of what an interface does or where it is
connected should be part of the configuration of
each interface. This description can be useful for
troubleshooting.
Yes they are the same. Example:
HQ-switch1#configure terminal
HQ-switch1(config)#interface fa0/0
HQ-switch1(config-if)#description Connects to main
switch in Building A
A LAN switch is an intermediary device that
interconnects segments within a network. Therefore,
the physical interfaces on the switch do not have IP
addresses. A physical interface on a switch connects
devices within a network.
In order to be able to manage a switch, we assign
addresses to the device to it. With an IP address
assigned to the switch, it acts like a host device. The
address for a switch is assigned to a virtual interface
represented as a Virtual LAN interface (VLAN).
Switch interfaces are also enabled by default.
However, VLAN interfaces must be enabled with the
no shutdown command
Switch(config)#interface vlan 1
Switch(config-if)# ip address ipaddress subnet mask
Switch(config-if)#no shutdown
Switch(config-if)#exit
Switch(config)#ip default-gateway ipaddress
Using the ping command is an effective way to test
connectivity. The test is often referred to as testing
the protocol stack, because the ping command
moves from Layer 3 of the OSI model to Layer 2 and
then Layer 1.
The ICMP protocol to check for connectivity.
• ! - Indicates receipt of an ICMP echo reply-
ping completed successfully and verifies
Layer 3 connectivity.
• . - indicates a timed out while waiting for a
reply- may indicate connectivity problem
occurred somewhere along the path. May
indicate a router along the path did not have
a route to the destination and did not send an
ICMP destination unreachable message.
May indicate that ping was blocked by device
security.
• U - An ICMP unreachable message was
received- indicates that a router along the
path did not have a route to the destination
address and responded with an ICMP
unreachable message.
It is used to verify the internal IP configuration on the
local host.
C:\>ping 127.0.0.1
32 bytes
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 What is the TTL?
11.3.2 What is the difference between the show
ip interfaces & the show ip interface
brief commands?
In looking at the output from the show ip
int bri command (abbreviated) what does
the output of up & up under the Status &
Protocols columns indicate?
What are the possible outcomes for these
2 columns?
Why is the outcome for Status/Protocol
never going to be Down/Up
How do you verify that the NIC address is
bound to the IPv4 address and that the
NIC is ready to transmit signals across
the media?
If the test in the previous question fails,
what is a possible reason?
11.3.3 How can you verify that both the local
host (the router in this case) and the
remote host are configured correctly?
What are the “extended” ping commands
& how do you enter this command?
11.3.4 How do you verify that a local host can
connect with a gateway address>
What is the gateway?
What command shows you the next hop
in a destination’s route?
How do you test the connectivity of the
next hop?
How do you test connectivity to a remote
host?
11.3.5 What is the purpose of a trace, and what
commands are used?
What is shown in the output of a trace that
indicates a failure along the path?
CCNA Explorer 1 Chapter 11
Time to Live in milliseconds
The show ip interface brief command provides a
more abbreviated output than the show ip interface
command. This provides a summary of the key
information for all the interfaces.
The up in the Status column shows that this interface
is operational at Layer 1. The up in the Protocol
column indicates that the Layer 2 protocol is
operational.
Status Protocol
Up Up
Up Down
Down Down
Because if the physical layer is down, all other layers
are going to be down.
By testing the interface assignment.
Ping the IP address assigned to the NIC
C:\ping ipaddress
If this test fails, it is likely that there are issues with
the NIC hardware and software driver that may
require reinstallation of either or both.
This test is conducted by pinging each host one by
one on the LAN.
This mode is entered by typing ping in privileged
EXEC mode, at the CLI prompt without a destination
IP address. A series of prompts are then presented.
Router#ping
Protocol [ip]:
Target IP address:10.0.0.1
Repeat count [5]:
Datagram size [100]:
Timeout in seconds [2]:5
Extended commands [n]: n
Ping the ip address of the local gateway
C:\ping ipaddress
The gateway is the host's entry and exit to the wider
network. It is usually the address of the Ethernet
interface of the router to which the host is connected
either directly or indirectly through a switch.
The show ip route command.
This shows you the routing table.
Ping the ip address of the next hop router as
indicated from the output of the routing table.
Ping the ip address of the remote host.
A trace returns a list of hops as a packet is routed
through a network. The form of the command
depends on where the command is issued. When
performing the trace from a Windows computer, use
tracert. When performing the trace from a router
CLI, use traceroute.
*** are shown to indicate Trace requests to the next
hop timed out, meaning that the next hop did not
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What are the steps in a testing sequence
assuming that one test is successful and
the testing should continue?
11.4.1 What is one of the most effective tools for
monitoring and troubleshooting network
performance?
What is network baseline?
What is one method for starting a
baseline?
What are the steps to capture output
using HyperTerminal?
11.4.3 How do you execute an ARP request from
a host?
What type of info can be found in the ARP
cache?
How can this cache be cleared?
How can you ensure that the ARP cache
is populated?
What is a ping sweep?
How can you determine a mapping of how
hosts are connected to a switch?
What might be an indicator that a switch
port is on a shared segment or is
connected to another switch?
CCNA Explorer 1 Chapter 11
respond.
Test 1: Local Loopback-testing the stack
Test 2: Local NIC-testing the interface assignment
Test 3: Ping Local Gateway-testing local network
Test 4: Ping Remote Host-testing gateway & remote
connectivity
Test 5: Traceroute-testing each hop in the path
Establish a network baseline.
A process that involves monitoring network
performance & behavior over a certain period of time
allowing for a point of reference when wanting to
monitor performance in the future.
To copy and paste the results from an executed
ping, trace, or other relevant command into a text
file. These text files can be time stamped with the
date and saved into an archive for later retrieval.
When using HyperTerminal for access, the steps
are:
1. On the Transfer menu, click Capture Text.
2. Choose Browse to locate or type the name of the
saving the file.
3. Click Start to begin capturing text
4. Execute the ping command in the user EXEC
mode or at the privileged EXEC prompt. The router
will place the text displayed on the terminal in the
location chosen.
5. View the output to verify that it was not corrupted.
6. On the Transfer menu, click Capture Text, and
then click Stop Capture.
These steps are the same for other output captures
including traceroute.
To execute an ARP command, at the command
prompt of a host, enter:
C:\host1>arp -a
The IPv4 address, physical address, and the type of
addressing (static/dynamic), for each device. The
ARP cache is only populated with information from
devices that have been recently accessed.
It can be cleared by using the arp -d command.
Ping a device so that it will have an entry in the ARP
table.
It is a scanning method for collecting MAC addresses
that can be executed at the command line or by
using network administration tools.
Using a command line from a switch, enter the show
command with the mac-address-table argument:
Sw1-2950#show mac-address-table
Several MAC addresses representing multiple nodes
assigned to a single port.
rev. March 2008