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com/ 2009
No Answer No Answer No Answer No Answer
1 C 26 A 51 D 76 C
2 D 27 C 52 A 77 B
3 B 28 B 53 B 78 A
4 A 29 D 54 C 79 D
5 A 30 B 55 D 80 A
6 B 31 A 56 D 81 B
7 D 32 C 57 C 82 C
8 C 33 C 58 A 83 D
9 A 34 A 59 B 84 B
10 C 35 D 60 C 85 D
11 D 36 B 61 D 86 C
12 B 37 B 62 B 87 A
13 A 38 A 63 A 88 A
14 B 39 C 64 B 89 C
15 C 40 D 65 A 90 D
16 D 41 C 66 D 91 B
17 C 42 B 67 C 92 C
18 D 43 A 68 A 93
19 B 44 B 69 C 94
20 A 45 D 70 B 95
21 D 46 D 71 D 96
22 D 47 A 72 B 97
23 B 48 B 73 D 98
24 C 49 C 74 A 99
25 A 50 B 75 C 100
1)
(a) (i) An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions, H+ when it is dissolved in water.
(ii) An alkali is a substance that produces hydroxide ions, OH- when it is dissolved in water.
(b) (i) Hydrochloric acid (or sulphuric acid, nitric acid)
(ii) Ethanoic acid (or methanoic acid, ascorbic acid)
(c) (i) Ammonia
(ii) Sodium hydroxide (or potassium hydroxide)
(d) H+ + OH- → H2O

2)
(a) Pipette and burette
(b) HNO3 + NaOH → NaNO3 + H2O
(c) Phenolphthalein
MV HNO33
1
MV NaOH 1
(d) (i) =
2 xV
1
1 x 25 1
=
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25
2
The volume of the nitric acid needed, V = = 12.5 cm3
25 x 1
1000
(ii) The number of moles of NaOH used, n =
= 0.025 mole
1 mole of NaOH neutralized, produces 1 mole of NaNO3
Therefore 0.025 mole of NaOH neutralized will produce
0.025 mole of NaNO3
1 mole of NaNO3 = 23 + 14 + 3(16) = 85 g
0.025 mole of NaNO3 = 0.025 x 85 g = 2.125 g
(iii) Heat the solution slowly to evaporate the excess water until the solution is saturated. When the saturated
solution is allowed to cool, the sodium nitrate crystals will form.
(iv) Used as a food preservative especially for meaty food like burger or hot dog.

3)
(a) 250 cm3 volumetric flask and an electronic balance which can read to at least 2 decimal places.
MV
1000
(b) Number of moles of KOH needed, n = where M = molarity, V = volume
M = 0.5 mol dm-3 and V = 250 cm3
0.5 x 250
1000
Number of moles of KOH needed, n = = 0.125 mole
1 mole of KOH = 56 + 16 + 1 = 56 g
0.125 mole of KOH = 0.125 x 56 g = 7 g
(c) (i) H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2H2O
1 mole 2 moles

MVacid
1
MVKOH 2
(ii) = ;
Macid = ?, Vacid = 20.00 cm3, MKOH = 0.5 mol dm-3, VKOH = 25.0 cm3
M x 20
1
0.5 x 25 2
=
0.5 x 25
2 x 20
Msulphuric acid = = 0.3125 mol dm-3
(iii) Sodium sulphate produced is used as a drying agent in detergent powder.

4)
(a) (i) Ammonium chloride and calcium hydroxide
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(ii) 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 → CaCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O

(b) Calcium oxide.
(c) To prevent backward suction of the solution.
(d) The ammonia molecules exist as covalent molecules in chloroform.
There are no hydroxide ions present. Thus the solution is not alkaline.
When dissolved in water hydroxide ions are produced.
NH3 + H2O → NH4+, OH-
The presence of OH- ions made the solution alkaline.

5)
(a) (i) H+
(ii) 2 H+ + Mg → Mg2+ + H2
(b) The hydrochloric acid dissociates totally in water to produce a high concentration of hydrogen ions.
HCl  → H+ + Cl-
water

The ethanoic acid dissociates partially in water to produce a low concentration of hydrogen ions.
CH COOH  → CH COO- + H+
water
3 3
The higher the hydrogen ions concentration, the higher the rate of reaction and the shorter the time of reaction.
(a) (i) Shorter than 15 seconds.
(ii) The sulphuric acid is a dibasic acid. One mole of the acid dissociated totally in water to produce 2 moles of
hydrogen ions.
H SO  → 2H+ + SO 2-
water
2 4 4
The concentration of hydrogen ions is higher than in the HCl solution.

6)
(a) T
(b) P
(c) P, S, U (Note : Alkaline solutions turn phenolphthalein indicator red)
(d) Q and T. (Note : Acidic solutions turn blue litmus paper red)
(e) Q or T
(f) The pH value decreases to between a value of 7 and 10.
(g) (i) Hydrogen
(ii) A burning splinter is brought near a tube containing the gas. A pop sound produced show the presence of
hydrogen gas.

7)
(a) A sample of each solution is poured into two separate test tubes.
Then marble chip is added into each solution. (1)
The mixture that effervesces and gives off CO2 that turns lime water cloudy
is the acid. (1)
+ 2- →
2H + CO3 CO2 + H2O (1)
The experiment is repeated but the marble chips are replaced with magnesium
ribbon. (1)
The mixture that effervesce and give off H2 is the acid solution. (1)
+
2H + Mg → H2 + Mg 2+
(1)
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The experiment is repeated but the marble chips are replaced with
copper(II) oxide and the mixture heated. (1)
The mixture that turns blue color is the acid solution. (1)
2H+ + CuO → H2O + Cu2+ (Blue) (1)

(b) About 25 cm3 of dilute nitric acid is poured into a 100 ml beaker. (1)
Copper(II) oxide is added into the acid solution a little at a time while
heating and stirring the mixture, until some CuO remain undissolved. (3)
Reaction : CuO + 2HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + H2O (1)
The mixture is then filtered to remove the excess CuO. (1)
The filtrate which contains the copper(II) nitrate salt is heated to
evaporate the excess water. (1)
Some solution is dripped onto a glass dish using a glass tube. If copper(II)
nitrate crystals formed on the glass dish immediately, then the solution is
already saturated. (1)
The saturated solution is then cooled. Copper(II) nitrate crystals will formed.(1)
The mixture is then filtered to separate the copper(II) nitrate crystals. (1)
The crystals is the dried by pressing it with a dry filter paper. (1)

8)
(a) In toluene the hydrogen chloride exist as covalent molecules. (1)
There are no hydrogen ions present in the solution. Thus the solution does
not show acidic properties and will not react with marble. (1)
When dissolved in water, the hydrogen chloride molecules dissociates to
produce hydrogen ions. (1)
HCl  → H+ + Cl-
water
(1)
The hydrogen ions will react with marble to release carbon dioxide gas. (1)
2H+ + CaCO3 → Ca2+ + CO2 + H2O (1)

(b) The pH value of an acid depends on the concentration of hydrogen, H+ ions.(1)

The higher the H+ ions concentration, the stronger is the acid and the lower
is its pH value. (1)
The hydrochloric acid dissociates totally in water to produce a high
concentration of hydrogen ions. (1)
HCl  → H+ + Cl-
water
(1)
The ethanoic acid dissociates partially in water to produce a low
concentration of hydrogen ions. (1)
CH COOH  → CH COO- + H+
water
3 3 (1)
Thus HCl is a strong acid with pH value of 1 and CH3COOH is a weak
acid with pH value of 4. (1)

(c) The conductivities of a solution depend on the concentration of the ions. (1)
NaOH dissociated totally in water to produce high concentrations of sodium
ions and hydroxide ions. (1)
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NaOH  → Na+ + OH-

water
(1)
Thus this solution is a strong electrolyte and the bulb lights up brightly. (1)
Ammonia dissociates partially in water to produce low concentrations of
ammonium ions and hydroxide ions. (1)
NH + H O  → NH + + OH-
water
3 2 4 (1)
Thus ammonia solution is a weak electrolyte and the bulb lights up dimly. (1)

9)
(a) Methanoic acid. It is used to coagulate latex. (1)
Nitric acid. It is used to make fertilizer or explosive. (1)
(b) Sodium hydroxide. It is used to hydrolyse oil palm to soap. (1)
Calcium hydroxide. It is used to neutralize acidity in soil. (1)
MV
1000
(c) The number of mole of NaOH needed, n = where M = molarity,
-3 3
V = volume. M = 2.0 mol dm and V = 100 cm (1)
One mole of NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 g
0.2 mole of KOH = 0.2 x 40 g = 8 g (2)

Procedure:
-8.00 gram of solid sodium hydroxide is weighed in a 100 ml beaker. (1)
-About 30 cm3 of distill water is added. The mixture is stirred with a glass rod. (1)
-The solution is then poured into 100 ml volumetric flask. (1)
-The beaker and the glass rod is rinsed with distill water for a couple of times. (1)
-The solution of each rinsing is poured into the volumetric flask. (1)
-The flask is then stoppered and inverted a few times so that a homogeneous solution is obtained. (1)
(d) V1 = 100 cm3 ; M1 = 2.0 mol dm-3 ;
V2 = (100 + 150) cm3 = 250 cm3; M2 = ?
M1V1 = M2V2
2 x 100 = M2 x 250 (1)
200
250
M2 =
= 0.8 mol dm-3. (1)
(e) V1 = 100 cm3 ; M1 = 2.0 mol dm-3 ;
Let the total volume of solution after dilution = V2 cm3; M2 = 1.25 mol dm-3.
M1V1 = M2V2
2 x 100 = 1.25 x V (1)
200
1.25
V=
= 160 cm3. (1)
3 3
Thus the volume of distill water added is 160 - 100 cm = 60 cm . (1)

10)
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The apparatus set-up for the experiment is shown above.

- The hydrogen chloride gas is prepared in the laboratory by heating a mixture
of solid sodium chloride salt and concentrated sulphuric acid. (1)
heat
→

- 2NaCl + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HCl(g) (1)
- The hydrogen chloride gas is the passed through anhydrous calcium chloride to dry the gas.
(1)
- The dry HCl gas is then dissolved into two solvents namely
(i) toluene (ii) water (1)
by using a filter funnel (1)
The function of the filter funnel is to avoid backward suction of the solution. (1)
The two solutions are then tested with:
(a) Calcium carbonate
(b) Magnesium ribbon
(c) Blue litmus paper (1)
The results are tabulated below.

(3)
Conclusion : The HCl only shows acidic properties in the presence of water.

(b) In toluene the hydrogen chloride exist as covalent molecules.(1)

There are no hydrogen ions present in the solution. Thus the solution does not show acidic properties. (1)
When dissolved in water, the hydrogen chloride molecules dissociate to produce hydrogen ions. (1)
HCl  → H+ + Cl-
water
(1)
The hydrogen ions will react with marble to release carbon dioxide gas. (1)
2H+ + CaCO3 → Ca2+ + CO2 + H2O (1)
The hydrogen ions will react with magnesium to release hydrogen gas. (1)
+
2H + Mg → 2+
Mg + H2 (1)
(c) Dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid is used to remove rust from iron surfaces it is electroplated with
chromium. (2)
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