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Documente Cultură
Mobile Communications
Cellular Systems
Wen-Shen Wuen
Outline
2 Frequency Reuse
7 Handoff Strategies
Introdcution
Cellular System
Frequency Reuse
S = kN (1)
C = MkN = MS (2)
Reuse Distance
Origin: (0, 0)
Nearest co-channel location
P : (i, j)
Reuse Distance, D
p q
D = 3R i2 + ij + j2 (3)
p
= R 3N (4)
Interference
Co-channel Interference
Assume
the size of each cell is the same
base stations transmit the same power
⇒ co-channel interference ratio is independent of TX power and
is a function of the radius of the cell, R, and the distance
between centers of nearest co-channel cells, D.
Co-channel reuse ratio, Q
D p
Q, = 3N (6)
R
Q ↑⇒ spatial separation of co-channel cells ↑⇒ co-channel
interference ↓
Q ↓⇒ N ↓⇒ M ↑⇒ C ↑ channel capacity ↑, but co-channel
interferece ↑
S S
= PN (7)
I co
Iii=1
S: desired signal power from the desired station
Ii : the interference power caused by the i-th interfering co-channel
cell base station
Di : the distance of the i-th interferer from the mobile.
µ ¶−n
d
∵ Pr = P0 ∴ Ii ∝ Di−n (8)
d0
Example 1
If signal-to-interference ratio of 15 dB is required for satisfactory
forward channel performance of a cellular system, what is the
co-channel reuse factor and cluster size that should be used for
maximum capacity if the path loss exponent is (a) n=4, (b)n=3?
Assume there are six co-channel cells in the first tier and all of them
are at the same distance from the mobile.
Solution:
p
(a) Consider 7-cell reuse pattern: Q = D/R = 3N = 4.583,
p
S/I = ( 3N)n /Nco = 4.5834 /6 = 75.3 = 18.66 dB ⇒ N = 7 can be used.
(b) Consider 7-cell reuse pattern: S/I = 4.5833 /6 = 16.04 = 12.05 dB
< 15 dB, therefore a larger N should be used.
N = 12 ⇒ D/R = 6, S/I = 63 /6 = 36 = 15.56 dB > 15 dB, therefore N = 12
should be used.
Trunking Theory
Au = λH
Ac = UAu /C
Example 2
Call established at 2 am between a central computer and a data
terminal. Assuming a continuous connection and data transferred at
34 kbit/s what is the traffic if the call is terminated at 2:45am?
Solution:
Traffic=(1 call)×(45 min)×(1 hour / 60 min) =0.75 Erlangs
Example 3
A group of 20 subscribers generate 50 calls with an average holding
time of 3 minutes, what is the average traffic per subscriber?
Solution:
Traffic=(50 calls)×(3min)×(1 hour/60 min)=2.5 Erlangs
2.5/20=0.125 Erlangs per subscriber.
AC
C!
p [blocked] = PC A k = GOS
k=0 k!
where C : the number of trunked channels offered by a trunked radio
system; A: the total offered traffic.
Assumptions of Erlang B:
There are memoryless arrivals of requests.
The probability of a user occupying a channel is exponentially
distributed.
There are a finite number of channels available in the trunking
pool.
Erlang B Chart
AC
C!
p [delay > 0] = = GOS
Ak
AC + C! 1 − CA C−1
¡ ¢P
k=0 k!
The probability that the delayed call is forced to wait more than
t second:
H
D = p [delay > 0]
C −A
Erlang C Chart
Example 4
How many users can be supported for 0.5% blocking probability for
the following number of trunked channels in a blocked calls clear
system? (a) 1, (b) 5, (c) 10, (d) 20, (e) 100. Assume each user
generate 0.1 Erlangs of traffic.
Solution:
(a) C = 1, Au = 0.1, GOS = 0.005, from the chart,
A = 0.005 ⇒ U = A/Au = 0.005/0.1 = 0.05 users
(b) C = 5, Au = 0.1, GOS = 0.005, from the chart,
A = 1.13 ⇒ U = A/Au = 1.13/0.1 ' 11 users
(c) C = 10, Au = 0.1, GOS = 0.005, from the chart,
A = 3.96 ⇒ U = A/Au = 3.96/0.1 ' 39 users
(d) C = 20, Au = 0.1, GOS = 0.005, from the chart,
A = 11.1 ⇒ U = A/Au = 11.1/0.1 ' 111 users
(e) C = 100, Au = 0.1, GOS = 0.005, from the chart,
A = 80.9 ⇒ U = A/Au = 80.9/0.1 ' 809 users
Example 5
Trunked mobile networks A, B, and C provide cellular services in an urban
area with 2 million residents. The (no. of cells, no. channels/cell) for the
three providers are (394,19), (98,57) and (49,100). Find the number of
users that can be supported at 2% blocking if each user averages two
calls/hour at an average call duration of 3 min. Find the percentage market
penetration for each provider.
Solution:
System A: GOS = 0.02, C = 19, Au = λH = 2(3/60) = 0.1 Erlangs. For GOS = 0.02
and C = 19 ⇒ A = 12 Erlangs U = A/Au = 12/0.1 = 120 ⇒
total number of subscribers is 120 × 394 = 47289
System B: GOS = 0.02, C = 57, Au = λH = 2(3/60) = 0.1 Erlangs. For GOS = 0.02
and C = 57 ⇒ A = 45 Erlangs U = A/Au = 45/0.1 = 450 ⇒
total number of subscribers is 450 × 98 = 44100
System C: GOS = 0.02, C = 100, Au = λH = 2(3/60) = 0.1 Erlangs. For GOS = 0.02
and C = 100 ⇒ A = 88 Erlangs U = A/Au = 88/0.1 = 880 ⇒
total number of subscribers is 880 × 49 = 43120
Market penetration: A: 47280/2,000,000=2.36%; B:
44100/2,000,000=2.205%;C: 43120/2,000,000=2.156%
Example 6
Given a city area: 1300 mile2 , with 7-cell reuse pattern, cell radius=4 miles
and frequency spectrum: 40MHz with 60KHz channel bandwidth. Assume
GOS=2% for an Erlang B system, if the offered traffic per user is 0.03
Erlangs, compute (a) the no. of cells in the service area (b) the no. of
channels per cell (c) traffic intensity of each cell (d) the maximum carried
traffic (e) the total no. of users can be served for the GOS (f) the no. of
mobiles per unique channel (g) the theoretical maximum no. of users that
could be served at one time by the system.
Solution:
p
(a) Acell = 1.5 3R2 = 2.5981 × 42 = 41.57 square mile. Total no. of cells
Nc = 1300/41.57 = 31 cells.
(b) Total no. of channels per cell C = 40MHz/(60kHz × 7) = 95 channels/cell.
(c) C = 95, GOS = 0.02 ⇒ traffic intensity per cell A = 84 Erlangs/cell.
(d) Maximum carried traffic=no. of cells × traffic intensity per cell =
31 × 84 = 2604 Erlangs.
(e) Traffic/user=0.03 Erlangs ⇒ Total no. of users = 2604/0.03=86800 users
(f) no. of mobiles per channel= no. of users/no. of channels =86800/(40
MHz/60 kHz)=130 mobiles/channel.
(e) The theoretical maximum no. of served mobiles (all channels are
occupied)= C × Nc = 95 × 31 = 2945 users
Vincent W.-S. Wuen Mobile Communications 33
Example 7
A hexagonal cell within a four-cell system has a radius of 1.387 km. A total
of 60 channels are used within the entire system. If the load per user is
0.029 Erlangs and λ = 1 call/hour, compute the following for an Erlang C
system which has a 5% probability of delayed call: (a) how many user per
square kilometer will the system support? (b) the probability that a delayed
call will have to wait for more than 10 seconds? (c) the probability that a
call will be delayed for more than 10 seconds?
Solution:
Cell area=2.598 × (1.387)2 = 5km2 . no. of channel per cell C = 60/4 = 15
channels.
(a) For Erlang C of 5% probability of delay with C = 15, the traffic
intensity=9.0 Erlangs.
no. of users=total traffic intensity/traffic per user = 9/0.029=310 users for
5 km2 or 62 users/km2
(b) H = Au /λ = 0.029hour = 104.4 second.
p[delay > 10|delay] = exp (−(C − A)t/H) = exp(−(15 − 9)10/104.4) = 56.29% (c)
p[delay > 0] = 5% = 0.05
p[delay > 10] = p[delay > 0]p[delay > 10|delay] = 0.05 × 0.5629 = 2.81%
Cell Splitting
for n = 4
Pt1
Pt2 =
16
Cell Splitting
Example 8
Assume each BS uses 60
channels and large cell radius of 1
km and microcell radius of 0.5
km. Find the number of channels
in a 3 km by 3 km square around
A when (a) without the use of
microcells (b) the labeled
microcells are used (c) all original
BS are replaced by microcells.
Solution:
(a) 5 × 60 = 300 (b) (5 + 6) × 60 = 660
(2.2x) (c) (5 + 12) × 60 = 1020 (3.4x)
Sectoring
Sectoring, cont’d
Microcell Zone
Microcell Zone
Handoff
∆ = Pr,handoff − Pr,min.usable
Handoff Decision
Monitor the signal level of MS for a period of time
to ensures MS is actually moving away from the serving BS.
Dwell time
The time over which a call may be maintained within a cell,
without handoff, depending on propagation, interference,
distance between the MS and BS, and other time varying
effects
Monitor RSSI
BS monitors the signal strengths of all its reverse voice
channels to determined the relative location of each MS.
Locator receivers monitor the signal strength of users in
neighboring cells need of handoff and report RSSI to MSC.
Mobile assisted handoff (MAHO)
MS measures the received power from the surrounding BS’s
and continuously reports to the serving BS.
Faster handoff time than first generation analog system
Suited for microcellular environments
Vincent W.-S. Wuen Mobile Communications 47
Handoff Strategies Cellular Systems
Handoff Considerations
Prioritizing Handoffs
Guard channel concept: reserves a fractional of total available
channels exclusively for handoff ⇒ reducing total carried traffic
⇒ combining with dynamic channel assignment to offer
efficient spectrum utilization
Queuing of handoff requests: using the finite time interval
between the time the received signal levels drops below the
handoff threshold and the time the call is terminated ⇒ not
guarantee a zero probability of forced termination
Handoff Considerations
Umbrella cells
Cell dragging
Hard handoff
Soft handoff