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RATE OF
REACTIONS
Rate of reaction
Collision Theory to
CHAPTER : RATE OF REACTIONS explain factors
Factors affecting rate of reaction affecting rate of
1. Concept Map
reaction
2. Rate of reaction
(a) Rate of reaction is the s………………at which reactants react to form products in a
chemical reaction.
(b) Classify the following reaction as fast or slow reaction
Rate of reaction α
………………..
(e) The rate of reaction can be determined by measuring the time taken for an
observable chemical change to occur.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ………………………………………………………………………….
(iv) …………………………………………………………………………
(v) …………………………………………………………………………..
(g) Definition:
Rate of reaction is the change of amount of reactant / product per unit time.
Example:
(i) If 50.0 cm3 of hydrogen gas is collected in 20 seconds during a chemical
reaction between magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid . What is the rate of
reaction?
(ii) If time taken for 5.0 gram of magnesium ribbon reacts completely with dilute
hydrochloric acid is 25s, what is the rate of reaction?
Concentration of Mass of
HCl / moldm-3 ZnCO3 / g
Time/s Time/s
Time/s Time/s
Concentration of
HCl / mol dm-3
1
, s-1
time
(d) In a chemical reaction involving release of a gas, it is easier to determine the rate of
reaction by measuring the v……………………of gas at a certain time interval.
(e) Rate of reaction can be measured as average rate of reaction or the rate of reaction
at a particular given time.
(g) Rate of reaction at a given time is the a……………… rate of reaction at that instant
Example: Graph of the total volume of gas liberated against time for a reaction
where gas is given off
Volume of
gas/cm3 To determine the rate of reaction at a given
time t1 s
D - Draw a tangent (line DE) at the point M on
the graph.
M
- Draw a right-angle triangle DEF
E
- Measure the length of DF and EF.
F
- Calculate the gradient of the tangent DE
Time/s
t1
Activity:
Table bellow shows the burette reading of hydrogen gas collected at different time intervals
when magnesium ribbon react with hydrochloric acid
(d) Compare the rate of reaction obtained in (iv) and (v). Explain your answer.
(e) Write a balance chemical equation of the reaction between magnesium and
hydrochloric acid.
Examples
(i) Cube sugar dissolves slower than that of fine sugar of the same mass in
same amount of water and temperature
(ii) Meat cut into small pieces cook faster than meat cut into big lump of the same
mass.
(iii) Powdered zinc reacts faster than granulated zinc of the same mass with
hydrochloric acid of the same volume and concentration.
(b) Experiment to investigate the effect of total surface area of calcium carbonate
on the rate of reaction
Problem statement:
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Hypothesis:
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Variables:
Materials:
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Apparatus:
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Procedure:
(Diagram)
Results:
Time/ minute 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
Burette
49.50 45.20 42.0 39.00 36.50 34.00 31.80 29.50 27.80 26.20 24.50 23.50
reading/cm3
Volume of
gas
collected/cm3
Time/ minute 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
Burette
49.00 39.00 33.00 28.50 25.00 21.50 19.00 16.70 14.70 13.00 11.50 10.00
reading/cm3
Volume of
gas
collected/cm3
1. Plot the graph of total volume of gas collected against time taken for the reaction for
experiment I and II on the same axes.
3. Based on your answers in 2(a) and 2(b), how does the rate of reaction differ?
5. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between calcium carbonate and
hydrochloric acid.
6. Explain why does the rate of reaction decreases with increase of time.
7. If both reactions are allowed to react until completion, is the total volume of gas
collected the same? Explain your answer.
8. If the marble chips used in the experiment is in excess, what is the maximum total
volume of gas collected?
[ 1 mole of gas at room temperature occupies a volume of 24dm3]
Conclusion:
Problem statement:
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Hypothesis:
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Variables:
Materials:
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Apparatus:
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Procedure:
(Diagram)
Results:
Experiment 1 2 3 4 5
Volume of 0.2moldm-3 sodium
45 40 35 30 25
thiosulphate solution, V1 cm3
Volume of distilled water added/cm3 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
Volume of 1.0mol hydrochloric acid
5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
added/cm3
Total volume of reactant /cm3 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0
Concentration of sodium
thiosulphate solution used/moldm-3
Time taken/s 16 20 27 41 83
1/time , s-1
1. Plot the graph of concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution used against time
taken for the reaction.
(i) the concentration of sodium thiosulphate and the time taken for the reaction.
(ii) the rate of reaction and the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution.
5. What is colour of the precipitate formed and name the precipitate.
6. What is the time taken for the mark ‘X” to disappear if the concentration of sodium
thiosulphate solution used is 0.10 mol dm-3?
9. If dilute sulphuric acid of the same concentration is used to replace hydrochloric acid
in this experiment, predict the rate of reaction and explain your answer.
Conclusion:
(i)
(ii)
Problem statement:
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Hypothesis:
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Variables:
(i) manipulated variable: ………………………………………………….
Materials:
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Apparatus:
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Procedure:
(Diagram)
Results:
Experiment 1 2 3 4 5
Temperature/oC 30 35 40 45 50
Time taken/s 55 48 42 37 33
1/time, s-1
2. Based on your graph, what is the relationship between rate of reaction with
temperature.
3. Write a balance chemical equation for the reaction of this experiment.
4. Why is the volume of sodium thiosulphate solution and hydrochloric acid fixed for
each experiment?
5. What is the time taken for the mark ‘X’ to disappear when the temperature is 60oC?
Conclusion:
(a) Catalyst is a substance which a…… ……….. the rate of a chemical reaction
while it remains c……………………. unchanged at the end of the reaction
(b) Special characteristic of catalyst
• Catalyst alters the r………………… of a chemical reaction
Volume of
hydrogen
released/cm3
Without catalyst
With catalyst
Time/s
• Only a small amount of catalyst is needed to achieve
a b…………change in the rate of reaction
• Increasing the amount of catalyst used generally will
i………………….the rate of reaction
• Catalyst may undergo p…………………….. changes
Example:
When copper(II) sulphate solution is added into a reaction between zinc and
sulphuric acid, the rate of reaction increases but the final quantity of hydrogen
produced is the same the reaction of zinc with hydrochloric acid without copper(II)
sulphate solution.
(c) Experiment to investigate the effect of catalyst on the rate of reaction for
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution.
Problem statement:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
Hypothesis:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
Variables:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
Materials:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
Procedure:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
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………
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……
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………
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
Observation:
Test tube Observation
A
Discussion:
4. Will the mass of manganese(IV) oxide change at the end of the reaction in test tube
B?
Conclusion:
(d) Experiment to investigate the effect of the amount of catalyst on the rate of reaction
for decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution.
Problem statement:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
Hypothesis:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
Variables:
Apparatus:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
Materials:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
Procedure:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
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……
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………
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
Results:
Time/s
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
Burette
49.70 48.70 47.10 45.70 44.20 43.20 42.00 41.10 40.20 39.50 39.00 38.40 38.00
reading/cm3
Volume of
gas cm3
Time/s
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
Burette
49.00 43.60 40.50 38.00 36.00 34.50 33.00 31.70 30.50 29.70 29.00 28.20 28.00
reading/cm3
Volume of
gas cm3
1. Plot the graph of total volume of gas against time for experiment I and experiment II
on the same axes.
2. Based on your graph, calculate the rate of reaction at 120 seconds for each of the
reaction .
(i) Experiment I:
Conclusion:
Contact Process
Ostwald Process
Hydrogenation of
vegetable oil
Cracking of
petroleum
Activity:
1. Equation below shows the decomposition of sodium chlorate solution using
manganese(IV) oxide as a catalyst
2NaOCl(aq) → 2NaCl + O2(g)
For the following experiments, sketch graph
(i) volume of gas against time
Volume of
oxygen/cm3
Time/s
Time/s
Explain your answer
2. For the following experiment, sketch the graph volume of hydrogen against time
4 g of excess zinc powder + 100 cm3 of sulphuric acid 0.5 mol dm-3 +
Experiment 1
5cm3 copper(II) sulphate solution at room temperature
4 g of excess zinc powder + 100 cm3 of sulphuric acid 0.5 mol dm-3
Experiment 2
room temperature
4 g of excess zinc powder + 50 cm3 of sulphuric acid 0.5 mol dm-3 at
Experiment 3
room temperature
Volume of
hydrogen/cm3
Time/s
8. Collision Theory
(a) For a chemical reaction to occur, the particles of the reactants must collide with each
other. However, not all collisions result in a chemical reaction to form products.
……………………… collision
(d) Activation energy , Ea, is defined as the minimum amount of energy of collision that
is required for particles of reactant to react or to produce e…………………. collision.
Energy Energy
Ea
Reactant
Ea Product
Reactant
Product
(e) Using Collision Theory to explain the factors affecting the rate of reaction.
Energy Energy
Ea
Reactant
Ea’ Product
’
Ea
Ea
Reactant
Product
(i) The effect of pressure only affects the rate of chemical reaction when the reactants
Are in the gaseous state.
Activity:
Experiment Factor affect the Sketch of graph Explain using collision theory
rate of reaction
Two set of experiment Volume of gas / The rate of reaction in exp I
is carry out between cm3 is ……………… than exp II
marble chip and The gradient of the curve for
hydrochloric acid: exp I is ……………. than
Exp I: Excess of zinc exp II
powder and 50 cm3 of Zinc powder has ………….
0.5 moldm-3 total surface area
hydrochloric acid Frequency of collision of
Exp II: Excess of zinc zinc and ………………….
granule and 50 cm3 of increases
0.5 moldm-3 Time, s
Frequency of ………………
hydrochloric acid collision increases
Reinforce exercise;
1. Which of the following can be used to determine the rate of the reaction?
A. I and II only
B. II and III only
C. I, III and IV only
D. II, III and IV only
3. Table 4 shows the total volume of gas collected at regular intervals in a reaction.
A. 0.040 cm3s-1
B. 0.045 cm3s-1
C. 0.053 cm3s-1
D. 0.062 cm3s-1
I 2 moles of water
II 12 dm3 of oxygen gas
III 3 X 1023 of oxygen molecules
IV 1.2 X 1024 of water molecules
5 An experiment is carried out to study the rate of reaction between marble and
hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide gas.
Experiment Substances
I Excess marble and 50.0 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
II Excess marble and 100.0cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
A C
Volume of I
Volume of
CO2/cm3 CO2/cm3 I
II
II
Time/s Time/s
B D
Volume of
Volume of II CO2/cm3 I
CO2/cm3
I II
Time/s Time/s
6 The reaction between hydrochloric acid and zinc produces hydrogen gas. The
reaction is complete in 50 seconds and the maximum volume of gas produced is
25 cm3.
What is the average rate of the reaction?
A. The collision where its energy is less than the activation energy.
B. The collision that has a low energy
C. The collision which takes place before a reaction
D. The collision that causes a reaction
9 The diagram shows the set up of the apparatus for an experiment to determine the
rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and sulphuric acid.
Which of the following combination of conditions take the shortest time for the
mark ‘X’ to diappear from sight?
Time/s
If the experiment is repeated using another solution, which solution will produce
curve Q?
Which of the following combinations is true about the effect of the rise in
temperature on the reactant particles?
12 If you want to cook 100 potatoes within a short time, which is the most suitable
method?
13 Which of the following reactants produces the highest rate of reaction with zinc
powder?
15 5C2O42- (aq) + 16 H+ (aq) + 2 MnO4- (aq) → 10 CO2(g) + 8H2O (l) + 2Mn2+ (aq)
Ethanadioic ion manganate (VII) ion
The above equation represents the reaction between ethanadioic acid with acidic
potassium manganate (VII) . If excess of acidic potassium manganate (VII) was
used, the rate of reaction can be determined by the
A time manganese ion produced
B time to decolourised the potassium manganate (VII) solution
C mass of manganese salt produced at a given time
D time taken to collect a certain volume of carbon dioxide
16 In a catalytic reaction, a catalyst will increase the rate of reaction because a catalyst
will
17
Experiment Mass of copper (II) Volume of hydrogen Concentration of
oxide/g peroxide /cm3 hydrogen peroxide /mol
dm-3
I 1 50 1.0
II 1 100 0.5
Table 2
Two experiments were carried out to measure the rate of decomposition of
hydrogen peroxide with copper(II) oxide as the catalyst , with conditions shown
in the Table 2. Which of the following graphs shows volume of oxygen releases
against time for Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 ?
A C experiment II
Gas experiment II Gas
volume volume
experiment I experiment I
time time
B D experiment I
Gas experiment I Gas
volume volume
experiment II experiment II
time time
Total gas
volume /cm3 v
v/2-
time/s
0 10 20 30 40
Diagram 4
18 Diagram 4 shows the graph of total volume of gas against time for the reaction
between marble and dilute hydrochloric acid. From the graph, it can be
deduced that
A the rate of reaction at 10th second is lower than the rate at the 20th
B second
C total volume of gas collected for the first 20 second is v/2 cm3
D total volume of the gas collected in this experiment is v cm3
the maximum rate of gas released is at the 40th second
19 Among the acids below, which will give the highest initial rate of reaction when 1 g
of calcium carbonate powder was added to it ?
A 50.0 cm3 0.1 mol dm-3 nitric acid
B 50.0 cm3 0.1 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid
C 50.0 cm3 0.1 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid
D 100.0 cm3 0.1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
20 The reactions between hydrochloric acid and zinc produces hydrogen gas. The
reaction is completed in 50 seconds and the maximum volume of gas produced is
25 cm3 .
What is the average rate of the reaction?
1. The rate of reaction is affected by several factors. One of the factors is the size of
particles.
One kilogramme of meat, cut into big pieces, takes a longer time to
cook compared to one kilogram of meat cut into smaller pieces.
(a) Explain the above statement based on the size of the particles.
[2 marks]
(b) A student carried out three experiments to investigate the effects of the
factors influencing the rate of reaction. Table 1 shows the results of the
experiments.
(i) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between magnesium and
hydrochloric acid. Calculate the maximum volume of hydrogen gas produced.
[ Relative atomic mass: Mg,24; molar mass volume: 24 dm3 mol-1 at room
condition]
[4 marks]
(ii) Sketch the graphs for the volume of hydrogen gas against time for
Experiment I, II and III on the same axes.
[3 marks]
(iii) Calculate the average rate of reaction for Experiment I, II and III in cm3 s-1.
[3 marks]
(iv) Compare the rates of reaction between Experiment I and Experiment II, and
between Experiment II and Experiment III.
With reference to collision theory, explain why there are differences in the
rates of reaction in the experiments.
[8 marks]
2. An experiment was conducted to find out the effects of temperature on the rate of
reaction. 50cm3 of sodium thiosulphate solution 0.05 mol dm-3 at 30oC was put into a
250cm3 conical flask. Then the conical flask was placed on an ‘X’ sign on a piece of
white paper.
10cm3 of hydrochloric acid 1.0 mol dm-3 was added to the sodium thiosulphate
solution and shaken. At the same time, the stop watch was started. The stop watch
was stopped as soon as the ‘X’ sign was no longer visible.
The same steps of the experiment were repeated for sodium thiosulphate solution
which was heated to 35oC, 40oC, 45oC and 50oC.
Figure 1 shows the readings of the stop watch for each of the reaction at different
temperatures.
(a) Record the time for each reaction in the spaces provided in Figure 1.
(b) Construct a table and record temperature, time and 1/time for this experiment.
(c) (i) Draw a graph of temperature against 1/time on the graph paper.
(ii) Based on the graph in c(i) , state the relationship between the rate of
reaction and temperature.
(d) Predict the time taken as soon as the sign ‘X’ to be not longer visible if this
experiment is repeated at 55oC.
1. Manipulated variable
2. Responding variable
3. Constant variable
4.
(ii) State how you would manipulate one variable while keeping the other
v variables constant
(g) From the above experiment, the student found a relationship between
temperature and rate of reaction. The same situation can be applied in our
daily lives, for example, keeping food that is easily spoiled in the refrigerator.
Using your knowledge of chemistry, state the relationship between
temperature and the rate at which food turns bad.
3 (a) Food stored in a refrigerator last longer than food stored in a kitchen cabinet.
Explain why.
[4 marks]
(b) A group of pupils carried out three experiments to investigate the factors
affecting the rate of a reaction.
Table 7 shows information about the reactants and the temperature used in
each experiment.
Table 7.
(iii) The chemical equation below shows the reaction between calcium
carbonate and hydrochloric acid.
Given that the relative atomic mass of C=12, O=16, Ca=40 and the
molar volume of any gas is 24 cm3 mol-1 at room temperature and
pressure.
4. Diagram 6 shows two experiments to investigate one factor that influences the rate of
a reaction.
(a) What is the factor that influences the rate of reaction in both experiments?
[1 mark]
(i) Among the products stated in the equation, which is the most
suitable to be chosen to determine the rate of reaction?
[1 mark]
(ii) State one reason for choosing the product in 6(b)(i)
[1 mark]
1.
2.
[2 marks]
Quantity
Key:
of product
Experiment I
Experiment II
Time
x
Based on Graph 6:
[1 mark]