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2 Architectural ceramics glaze and body colors from Khmer kilns and other sites
Site/type of Architectural tile finial others source
ceramics round flat Eave/ridge
Glazed unglazed Glazed unglazed Glazed Unglazed Glazed unglazed Glazed unglazed
TMK Siem “Brown” gray, “Brown” “brown” Gray, Yellow, Gray, P2, Miksic et
Reap Light orange Light Yellow, orange milky orange al. 2008, Chhay
yellow yellow, grayish green et al. 2008
green white
Tani A6 light gray, light brown 2 orange brown, NARA 2005
green1 orange, green1 gray, brown etc. grayish
brown orange8 (restore5, brown6
(restore7) shard 177)
Tani B1,B4 Light Grayish Grayish yellow, Light grayish grayish Aoyagi and
green1 white4 white grayish brown1, white1 white1 Sasaki
Unknow Gray1 body2 white yellowish light 2007:96-99
n2 Orange4 Yellow body1 orange1 yellow1
green1 green1
unknown1
Sarsey Dark gray Yellow, Reddish Light gray Light gray Tin 2003
green gray reddish reddish Sok 2002, 2008
grayish
white
body
Khnar Por orange, Gray grayish Gray, Em 2004
reddish white, white, grayish OOUM 2009
149
orange orange, white,
orange
Banteay Angkor, light light P Nakao 1992
Kdei Siem brown etc brown Masako 2005
Reap etc
Chau Say gray 1 both sides orange3 orange1 orange 2 Light Qiao and Li
5
Tevoda orange2 green 1 yellow2 2000,
Preah Khan Exterior orange 2 Interior orange3 light Light Chhan 2000
green1 gray 1 green3 yellow2 yellow7
Prasat NE orange orange orange orange Pottier 1994
Phanom Thailand
Wan
Prasat Hin brown, brown, brown, brown, Talbot 2001
Phimai reddish reddish reddish reddish
yellow >50 yellow yellow yellow
5
Author had found few pieces of celadon glazed flat tiles in Chinese Government Team for Safeguarding Angkor, Siem Reap.
150
Table 10 Examples of Khmer architectural ceramics found from archaeological sites in Cambodia and Northeast Thailand
Archaeological site tile finial others Dating source
1 2 3 4 5
6
T014, L3, 19, l:24, w:12-15 T04, L6,23, l:26,w:10.5-17,t:0.4 T02E105, l:15.5 T08L6,26-27,
T03, L6,23, l:20, w:11-16 T06,L6,23, l:21,w:13.5-18.4 h:30
12 13
151
Sarsei kiln 11C- Sok 2008
22
20 21 24
23
S23, l:24-26, w S22, l:24.2-26 10, S24, l:16.4, w:15-16.4 S25, h:14.4-27.4,w:13.8
29 30 31 32 34
37 12-early 2000
13C
35 36
38
39
152
Prasat Phanom NE Thailand Dedica- Pottier
Wan ted 1082 1994
44
47
40 41 42 43
45 46
48 49 50 51 52
cat no.186, l:16.6 cat no.8, l:17 cat no.72,194, h:13.3,7.4 cat no.36, h:10.3
153
Table 11 Comparison between the form and shape of Chinese roof tiles and Khmer tiles
Khmer flat tile (ca.11C) Chinese flat tile (10C)
L6,23:T04 T1ļ:45
Celadon, celadon,
yellow white grayish body
body
l:26,w:13-14, l:29.5,w:23.3,
t:0.5-0.8 t:1.1-1.3
Weight:1268g weight:1858g
TMK002 Zhongshansi
(2007) Road,
Guangzhou
(2003)
(P1, Miksic et (P4,
al. 2008, pic8) Guangzhou
2005b, pic 37)
154
Khmer round tile Chinese round tile
L3,19:T015 T1ļB:31
Celadon, Celadon
yellow body grayish body
l:23,w:12-15,t: l:31,w:14,
0.5-0.9 t:1-1.2
weight:1000g weight:1595g
TMK002 Zhongshansi
(2007) Road,
Guangzhou
(2003)
(P1) (P4)
155
Khmer ridge tile/eave tile (ca.11C) Chinese ridge tile and tile-end (10C)
T028:2 T1ļ:68
celadon, celadon, grayish
yellowish body
white body
w:11 d:14,t:1.2-1.4
weight:671 weight: 741g
TMK002 Zhongshansi
(2007) Road,
Guangzhou
(2003)
(P1) (P4, Guangzhou
2005b:250,
pic6-1)
T030:2 T1ļ:53
156
Khmer flat tile from Tani kiln, 11C Khmer flat tile from 15th Century site
A6, 66 WT04,
Section belt 2
157
Table 12: Comparison of architectural ceramics forming, stacking and firing methods between Khmer Empire and China
Khmer architectural ceramics forming, stacking and firing methods Chinese architectural ceramics forming methods
Forming
method
K1 K2
C2
K4 K5 K6
Tani kiln (Tabata 2005:29, pic6), Tiles from TMK002 (P1)
TMK001 (P6) C6
Firing
method C3
C4 C7 C8
K1: both tiles and urns unearthed from TMK002 fire box (P6), K2: Tile C1-2: Zhongzhou road, Luoyang, Warring States to Han (CAS 1993:448) C3:Pingshuo Tomb, Shanxi,
supports found from TMK001 (Tabata 2007:68, pic6) Western Han (Li 1996:314, pic176) C4,7: Mong Tseng Wai, Hong Kong, Ming (P8) C5-7: coiling and
molding (C5-6:P5, C7:Song 1998:225)
158
Chinese architectural ceramics firing methods
C9 C10
C11
Tile kilns for Palace construction work,C1: Y3, Daming Palace, Shaanxi, Tile Firing and “burning-moistening” technique demonstration in Tiangong kaiwu, 17C
7C (CASS 1997:368, pic19) C2: Sui Tang Palace, Luoyang, A.D.605-731 (Song 1998:227-228)
(Xiong 1995:127, pic4-2-8)
159
Table 13: Comparison of architectural ceramics setting and roofing methods between Khmer and China during eighth to thirteenth centuries
Khmer architectural ceramics setting and roofing Chinese architectural ceramics setting and roofing
Tile
setting/
function
of
different C1 C2 C3
forms of K1 K2
tile K4
K3 C4 C5 C6
K1:Tiles from Tani Kiln, 11C (P7) K2: Prah Ko end Reconstruction of roofing, C1:celadon tiles from Nanhan Palace, Guangzhou, 10C (P4), C2: tile setting in
tiles K3: Tiles from the Eastern Mebon and Pre Rup Prasat Phanom Wan, 11C Shanxi (Knapp 2000, pic3.166) C3: Chiwei, terracotta, Tang Daming Palace,
(Dumarçay 2001, pic47,63) (Pottier 1994, pic 8) Xi’an 8-9C(CASS 2007, pic17-2), C4:Kaiguo Temple Pagoda, Kaifeng, Song
(Pan 2005:165,pic517 ), C5-6: function of eave tiles (CAS 1993:311pic6-4-9,10)
Tile
roofing
K5 K6
C7
K5: reconstruction of roofing in the Eastern Mebon K6: reconstruction of roofing Reconstruction of roofing , Nanhan Palace, Guangzhou, 10C(Guangzhou 2005a,
(Dumarçay 2001, pic4,6) picture adopted from Cheng 1991, pic2-5-5)
160
Elevation
and plan
of temple
and palace
K7 C8
K9
K8 C9 C10 C11
Elevation of Bayon east façade, plan of Bayon Inner gallery, Bayon (Dumarçay Elevation and plan of Hanyuan Hall, Daming Palace, Xi’an (Steinhardt 1984:97-98,
(Dumarçay 2001, pic81,80) 2001, pic97) pic5.6-7) Theory of harmony in universal and man (Cheng 1991:30, pic1-1-2,3)
Roofing
informa-
tion from
bas relief
and K10 C12
painting
Tile roofing method and reconstruction from Pre Rup (Dumarçay 1973:29, pic30), different tile roofing method from Yingzao fashi “State Building Standard" (Pan 2005:160,
roofing methods on bas relief in Bayon Temple (Photos taken by the author) pic5-7, CAS1993:310, pic6-4-3) tile and straw roofing in Qingming Shanghetu “Along
the River in Qingming Festival” (CAS 1993:264, pic8-4-16)
161
Table 14 Comparison between the ranking and color of architectural ceramics using in Khmer Empire and Chinese palaces
Type Flat tile Round tile Eave tile Ridge tile Floor tile
Tang
Daming
Palace 1-3 4-5 6 7 8
7-9C
(CASS 2007, pl.16-6,19-3,23-3) (CASS 2007, pl.16-5-6) (CASS 2007, pl.17-2, pl.56-2) (CASS 2007, pl.16-3)
Nanhan
Palace 10C
Yellow 9 10 11 12
Unglazed
gray body
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
162
Type Flat tile Round tile Eave tile Ridge tile/finial
TMK002
ca. 11C
“brown”
TMK002T05,19,9(P1) TMK002T007,L5(P1)
Unglazed
grayish
white
TMK002T03,E1.05(P1)
Unglazed
gray
163
Table 15 Technique sequences of contemporary glass glazed tile production in China*
Forming
Use a wire bow to fix the size of mold Round and flat tile mold, trimming tools Smooth tile on the mold Lift off the excess clay from the edge Warm the biscuit in half dry for first firing
Glazing
1. flat tile glazing Stir the glaze Dip down to the rim Pour glaze on interior side Stack after glazed
2. round tile glazing Pour the glaze in the basin Stack after glazed 3. pour the glaze on the floor Dry after glaze
Stacking
and
firing
Stack flat tiles vertically from Kiln for first firing of unglazed Brushing away the dirt Removing ceramics separators Glazed eave tile products
bottom to the top of the kiln biscuit between glazed tiles
*Photos taken by Wong Wai Yee in Liulicun (Glass Glazed Tiles Village) company, Mentougou, Beijing
164
Table 16 Technique sequences of contemporary unglazed roof tile production in China and India
Roof tiles production in Zhejiang, China
1 2 3 4
buffalo trampling river mud repeatedly Smoothing the packed mud, cutting into thin The sheet of clay is laid around a wooden mold, Smoothing the sheet of clay with the hands
sheets using a wire bow covered of with a moistened cloth
5 6 7 8
Using a curved shaping tool, rotating the Tubular clay separated from the mould and After dry, the tubular clay is broken with a twist of Preparing firing in a temporary kiln
mould until surface is even stacking to a drying area the wrist into four tiles (1-8. Knapp 2000:159-161, pic3.168-175)
Throwing cylinders and sun-drying, Large half-cylinder flat tiles are sun-dried over a Tile making with mould and ash in Rajwar, Round and flat tiles setting in Nizamabad,
Madhubani, Bihar (Cooper 1998:27) mould, Eastern Gujarat (Cooper 1998:31) Madhya Pradesh, India (Perryman 2000:139) Uttar Pradesh (Perryman 2000:2)
165
Table 17 Roof tiles excavated in Nanyue Kingdom Official Hall site, Guangzhou
Double Phoenix motif on eave tiles in Nanhan Period (10C)
166
Table 18.2 Roof tiles in Pre-Angkorian Period, Cambodia
Unglazed flat tiles unearthed in Pre-Angkorian Period (1-9C)
Table 18.4 Lead tiles discovered in the Elephant Terrace, Angkor Thom
Flat tile Round tile
167