Atomic structure

Atomic Structure
 The structure of the atom
The Ancient Greeks used to believe that
everything was made up of very small particles. I
did some experiments in 1808 that proved this
and called these particles ATOMS:

Dalton

ELECTRON –
negative, mass
nearly nothing
NEUTRON – PROTON –
neutral, same positive, same
mass as mass as
proton (“1”) neutron (“1”)
 The Atom
Nucleus Electron

Shell
h ll or Orbit
bi
 The Atom Hydrogen
Proton Electron

Hydrogen has one proton

proton, one electron and NO neutrons
 The Atom Helium

Proton Electron

Neutron

Helium has two electrons,, two protons

p and two neutrons
 Mass and atomic number
Particle
P ti l Relative
R l ti Mass
M Relative
R l ti Charge
Ch
Proton 1 1
Neutron 1 0
Electron 0 -1

MASS NUMBER = number of

protons + number of neutrons

SYMBOL

PROTON NUMBER = number of

protons (obviously)
 The Atom Helium

Proton Electron

Neutron

Helium has two electrons,, two protons

p and two neutrons
 The Atom Lithium
Protons Electrons

Neutrons
 The Atom Beryllium
Protons Electrons

Neutrons

Beryllium has four electrons, four protons and five neutrons.

 The Atom Boron
Protons Electrons

Neutrons

Boron has five electrons, five protons and six neutrons.

 The Atom Carbon
Protons Electrons

Neutrons

Carbon has six electrons, six protons and six neutrons.

 The Atom Nitrogen
Protons Electrons

Neutrons

Nitrogen has seven electrons, seven protons and seven neutrons.

 The Atom Oxygen
Protons Electrons

Neutrons

Oxygen has eight electrons, eight protons and eight neutrons.

 The Atom Fluorine
Protons Electrons

Neutrons

Fluorine has nine electrons, nine protons and ten neutrons.

 The Atom Neon
Protons Electrons

Neutrons

Neon has ten electrons, ten protons and ten neutrons.

 The Atom Sodium
Protons Electrons

Neutrons

Sodium has eleven electrons, eleven protons and twelve neutrons.

How many protons, neutrons and electrons?
 Periodic table
The periodic table arranges all the elements
in groups according to their properties.
properties

Vertical
V ti l
columns are Mendeleev
called GROUPS

Horizontal rows are called PERIODS

 The Periodic Table
Fact 1: Elements in the same group have the
same number of electrons in the outer shell (this
correspond to their group number)

H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
M
Na Al Si P S Cl Ar
g
C
K C
Ca F
Fe Ni Z
Zn B Kr
Br K
u
Ag I Xe
A H
Pt
u g

E.g. all
E ll group 1 metals
m t ls
have __ electron in
their outer shell
These
Th s elements
l m ts have
h These elements
__ electrons in their have __ electrons
outer shells in their outer shell
 The Periodic Table
Fact 2: As you move down through the periods an
extra electron shell is added:

E.g. Lithium has 3

electron
l t Hiin th
the He
configuration 2,1
Li Be B C N O F Ne
M
Na Al Si P S Cl Ar
g
Sodiumm has 11 C
K Ca electrons inFethe Ni u
Zn Br Kr
configuration 2,8,1
Ag I Xe
A H
Pt
u g
Potassium
P t ssi m has
h s 19
electrons in the
configuration __,__,__
 Fact 3: Most of the elements are metals:
The Periodic Table
These elements
are metals
H He

Li Be B C N O F Ne
M
Na Al Si P S Cl Ar
g
C
K Ca Fe Ni Zn Br Kr
u
Ag I Xe
A H
Pt
u g
This line divides
These elements
Th l are
metals from non-
non-metals
metals
 Fact 4: (Most important) All of the elements in
The Periodic Table
the same ggroup
p have similar PROPERTIES. This
is how I thought of the periodic table in the first
place. This is called PERIODICITY.
H He

Li Be B C N O F Ne
M
Na Al Si P S Cl Ar
g
C
K Ca Fe Ni Zn Br Kr
u

E.g.
g consider the group
g Agp 1 metals. They
y all:I Xe
A H
1) Are soft Pt
u g

2) Can
C b be easily
il cutt with
ith a k
knife
if
3) React with water
 Group 1 – The alkali metals

Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
Fr
 Group 1 – The alkali metals
Some facts…
1) These metals all have ___
electron in their outer shell

2) Reactivity increases as you go _______ the group. This is

because the electrons are further away from the _______
every time a _____ is added, so they are given up more easily.

3) They all react with water to form an alkali (hence their

name) and __________, e.g:
Potassium + water potassium hydroxide + hydrogen
2K(s) + 2H2O(l) 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)

Words – down, one, shell, hydrogen, nucleus

Group 0 – The Noble gases
He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
 Group
p 0 – The Noble g
gases
Some facts…
1) All of the noble gases have
a full outer shell, so they are
very _____________

2) They all have low melting and boiling points

3) They exist as single atoms rather then diatomic molecules

4) H
Helium
li is
i lighter
li ht then
th air i andd iis used
d iin b
balloons
ll
and airships (as well as for talking in a silly voice)

5) Argon is used in light bulbs

(because it is so unreactive)
and argon , krypton and neon
are used in fancy lights
Group
p 7 – The halogens
g

F
Cl
Br
I
At
 Group 7 – The Halogens
Some facts…

reactivity
Decrreasing
1) Reactivity DECREASES
as you go down the group

g
(This is because the electrons are further away from the
nucleus and so any extra electrons aren
aren’tt attracted as much).

2) They exist as
diatomic molecules (so
that they both have a Cl Cl
full outer shell):

3) Because of this fluorine and chlorine are liquid at room

temperature and bromine is a gas
1) Halogen + metal:
The halogens – some reactions
+ -

Na + Cl Na Cl

Halogen + metal ionic salt

2) Halogen + non-metal:

H + Cl Cl H

Halogen + non-metal covalent molecule

 How shells fill
• The first electron shell can only hold a
maximum
i off two
t electrons.
l t
• The second electron shell can hold a
maximum of eight electrons.
• The third electron shell can also hold a
maximum of eight electrons.
• The fourth electron shell can also hold eight
electrons.
Consider an atom of Potassium:
Electron structure

Nucleus
Potassium has 19 electrons.
These are arranged in shells…
shells

The inner shell has __ electrons

The next shell has __ electrons
The next shell has __ electrons El t
Electron structure
t t
The next shell has the remaining __ electron = 2,8,8,1
 How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4

Hydrogen 1 electron 0 electron 0 electron 0 electron

H

Helium 2 electron 0 electron 0 electron 0 electron

He
 How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4

Lithium 2 electron 1 electron 0 electron 0 electron

Li

Beryllium
y 2 electron 2 electron 0 electron 0 electron
Be
 How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4

Boron 2 electron 3 electron 0 electron 0 electron

B

Carbon 2 electron 4 electron 0 electron 0 electron

C
 How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4

Nitrogen 2 electron 5 electron 0 electron 0 electron

N

Oxygen 2 electron 6 electron 0 electron 0 electron

O
 How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4

Fluorine 2 electron 7 electron 0 electron 0 electron

F

Neon 2 electron 8 electron 0 electron 0 electron

Ne
 How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4

Sodium 2 electron 8 electron 1 electron 0 electron

Na

Magnesium
g 2 electron 8 electron 2 electron 0 electron
Mg
 How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4

Aluminium 2 electron 8 electron 3 electron 0 electron

Al

Silicon 2 electron 8 electron 4 electron 0 electron

Si
 How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4

Phosphorus 2 electron 8 electron 5 electron 0 electron

P

Sulphur
p 2 electron 8 electron 6 electron 0 electron
S
 How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4

Chlorine 2 electron 8 electron 7 electron 0 electron

Cl

Argon
g 2 electron 8 electron 8 electron 0 electron
Ar
 How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4

Potassium 2 electron 8 electron 8 electron 1 electron

Calcium 2 electron 8 electron 8 electron 2 electron

Ca
 The First Twenty Elements
• Hydrogen 1,0,0,0
• Helium 2,0,0,0
• Lithium 2,1,0,0
2100
• Beryllium 2,2,0,0
• Boron 2,3,0,0
• C b
Carbon 2,4,0,0
2400
• Nitrogen
g 2,5,0,0
 First 20 Elements continued
• Oxygen 2,6,0,0
• Fluorine 2,7,0,0
• Neon 2,8,0,0
2800
• Sodium 2,8,1,0
• Magnesium 2,8,2,0
• Al i i
Aluminium 2,8,3,0
2830
• Silicon 2,8,4,0
 First 20 Elements continued
• Phosphorus 2,8,5,0
• Sulphur 2,8,6,0
• Chlorine 2,8,7,0
2870
• Argon 2,8,8,0
• Potassium 2,8,8,1
• C l i
Calcium 2,8,8,2
2882
 The Alkali metals
• Lithium, Sodium and Potassium have one
electron in their outer shell and this is why
y are found in group
they g p one of the periodic
p
table.
 The Nobel gases
• The Nobel gases have full outer shells and
they are found in group 0 of the periodic
table. Helium,, Neon,, Argon,
g , Krypton,
yp ,
Xenon and Radon.
 The Halogens
• Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine are
the Halogens and they all have seven
y
electrons in their outer shell. This is why
they are found in group 7 of the periodic
table.
table
 Displacement
• Fluorine can displace Chlorine, Bromine
and Iodine.

F Cl Br I
 Displacement
• Chlorine can displace Bromine and Iodine
but it cannot displace Fluorine

Cl Br I F
 Displacement
• Bromine can displace Iodine but it cannot
displace Fluorine or Chlorine

Br I F Cl
 Displacement
• Iodine cannot displace Iodine Fluorine,
Chlorine or Bromine

I F Cl Br
 Fluorine reacts with sodium
chloride. Which equation is
correctly
l shows
h this
hi reaction?
i ?
• F2 + 2Na Æ 2NaF
• F + Na Æ NaF
• 2F + 2Na Æ 2NaF
 Which will displace?
• 2NaF
2N F + Cl2 Æ Yes
Y or N No
• 2NaBr + Cl2 Æ Yes or No
• 2KI + I2 Æ Yes or No
• 2LiCl + I2 Æ Yes or No
• 2NaBr + I2 Æ Yes or No
• 2NaBr + F2Æ Yes or No
• Cl2 + 2NaBr Æ Yes or No
 Four factors affecting
Reaction Rate

Catalysts Temperature

Concentration Surface Area

 Catalyst

• A catalyst
y speeds
p upp or slows
down a reaction but does not get
usedd up bby the
h reaction.
i
 Temperature

• If we increase the temperature

p of a
reaction by 100C the rate will
d bl this
double hi means theh reaction
i willill
be complete in half the time.
time
 Concentration

• If we increase the concentration of

a reactant the number of particles
i
increase that
h ini turn increases
i the
h
chance of a collision and initiates a
chemical reaction.
 Surface area

• The larger
g the pparticle size the
smaller the relative area the slower
the
h reaction.
i
• The smaller the particle size the
ggreater the relative surface area and
the faster the reaction.
 Group 1
• Lithium, sodium and potassium are all in
group 1.
• They all have one electron in the outer shell.
shell
• They are all metals.
• They react with group 7 to form metal
halides.
 Group 7
• Fluorine ,Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine.
• They all have 7 electrons in their outer
shell.
shell
• They are all coloured.
• They form metal halides with group 1
metals.
 Group 0
• These are the noble gases.
• They have complete electron shells.
• The electron shells are full.
full
• They are unreactive.
• They are inert.
• Th do
They d nott react.
t
• They
y include, Helium, Neon, Argon,
g
Krypton, Xenon and Radon
 Halogens
Name Colour State M.P. B.P.
Fluorine Pale Gas -220 -188
Yellow

Chlorine Green Gas -101 -34

B
Bromine
i B
Brown Li id
Liquid -7
7 59

Iodine Slate Solid 114 184

grey
 Reactions
• Sodium and Chlorine react to form Æ
• Sodium Chloride.
• Iron and Chlorine react to form Æ
• Iron Chloride.
• 2Na + Cl2 Æ 2NaCl.
• F + Cl2 Æ FeCl
Fe F Cl2.
 Uses of the Halogens
• Fluorine is put into water supplies to kill
harmful bacteria and to help keep teeth
y
healthy.
• Chlorine is used in swimming pools to
bacteria in the water.
water
• Bromine is used in pesticides. Silver
bromide is used in photography.
• Iodine is an antiseptic on cuts and grazes.
grazes