Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
ÎN BANATUL MONTAN
Rezumat:
/XFUDUHD UHSUH]LQW R WUHFHUH vQ UHYLVW D SULQFLSDOHORU
HYHQLPHQWHLQGXVWULDOHFDUHDXPDUFDWLVWRULD%DQDWXOXL0RQWDQ]RQ
FX R WUDGL LH GHRVHELW GLQ DFHVW SXQFW GH YHGHUH 'LQFROR GH D VH
HYHQLPHQWHOHLPSRUWDQWHOXFUDUHDvQFHDUF V VHFRQVWLWXLHvQWURED]
GH SRUQLUH SHQWUX YLLWRDUH VWXGLL SULYLQG PRGLILF ULOH vQ VWUXFWXUD
industriale.
Cuvinte cheie: LQGXVWULHUHSHUWUDGL LHHWQLH
1.Introducere
ÌQFHSkQG FX DQXO %DQDWXO HVWH VXE RFXSD LH RWRPDQ
GH DQL ÌQ DQXO SH GDWD GH LDQXDULH 3ULQ XO (XJHQ GH
2UúRYD 2UDYL D 9DOHD $OP MXOXL /XJRMXO &DUDQVHEHúXO úL clisura
'XQ ULL
5 ]ERLXOSXUWDWFX VXFFHV GH $XVWULD vPSRWULYD 7XUFLHL
YLFWRULDSULQ XOXL(XJHQOD3HWURYDUDGLQúLFXFHULUHD7LPLúRDUHLOD
RFWRPEULHLDXREOLJDWSHWXUFLV S U VHDVF %DQDWXO
În ceea cH SULYHúWH VRVLUHD HWQLFLORU QHP L vQ %DQDW SXWHP
GHOLPLWDúLDLFLWUHLHWDSH3ULPDHWDS DvQFHSXWRGDW FX3DFHDGHOD
3DVVDURZLW] VXE vPS UDWXO &DURO DO 9,OHD úL VD vQFKHLDW
RGDW FXU ]ERLXOGLQWUHDQLLSXUWDWvPSRWULYDWXUFLORU&HD
GHDGRXDHWDS GHEXWHD] SULQvQFRURQDUHDvPS U WHVHL Maria Tereza
úL D OXDW VIkUúLW SULQ DOLSLUHD %DQDWXOXL OD 5HJDWXO XQJDU vQ $
WUHLD SHULRDG PDL LPSRUWDQW D FRORQL] ULL D DYXW ORF VXE vPS UDWXO
,RVLI DO ,,OHD vQWUH DQLL &RORQL]DUHD QX VD GHVI úXUDW
I U JUHXW L GHRDUHFH QRLL FRORQLúWL HUDX OD RULJLQH UDQL LDU Viena
HUD PDL LQWHUHVDW vQ PLQHULW GHRDUHFH YURLD V DWDFH VXSUHPD LD
LQGXVWULDO D $QJOLHL )UDQ HL úL 2ODQGHL 7RWXúL vQ GHFXUVXO XQXL
YHQL LDQWHULRUSHWHULWRULXO5RPkQLHL
,Q DIDUD GH JHUPDQL vQ %DQDW DX YHQLW úL FHKL LWDOLHQL IUDQFH]L
YDORQL úL VSDQLROL (UDX FX WR LL LQ PDMRULWDWH FDWROLFL FULWHULX
SULQFLSDO DO DFFHSW ULL ORU GH F WUH &DVD LPSHULDO KDEVEXUJLF (L V
DXDG XJDWHWQLLORUH[LVWHQWHvQUHJLXQH
'H]YROWDUHD LQGXVWULDO D vQFHSXW LQL LDO vQ ]RQHOH ERJDWH vQ
UHVXUVH $VWIHO DSDU RGDW FX X]LQHOH DSDU ORFDOLW LOH %RFúD $QLQD
5HúL D
6H GLVWLQJ FkWHYD SHULRDGH vQ HYROX LD LQGXVWULHL GLQ DFHDVW
regiune: secolul XVIII úL SULPD MXPWDWH D VHFROXOXL ;,; SHULRDGD
6W(*SHULRDGD8'5SHULRDGDGHGXS
$FHVW VWXGLX YL]HD] GRDU SULPHOH WUHL SHULRDGH QX GLQ OLSVD
SURJUHVXOXLLQGXVWULDOGHGXS DQLLSURJUHVFDUHDH[LVWDúLFDUH
ULGLFDWSHQWUXSHULRDGDGHSkQ ODQD LRQDOL]DUHD U.D.R.-ului.
ÌQ DQXO OD GHFHPEULH ÌPS UDWXO Karol al VI-lea
LVF OHúWH 3DWHQWXO GH FRORQL]DUH DO %DQDWXOXL 0RQWDQ vQ VFRSXO
UHRUJDQL] ULL LQGXVWULHL PLQLHUH GH DLFL 3H GDWD RFWRPEULH VH
RUJDQL]HD] OD 7LPLúRDUD &RPLVLD GH UHRUJDQL]DUH úL vQ]HVWUDUH D
Viena.
ÌQF GLQ LDQXDULH &RPLVLD GH UHRUJDQL]DUH D
ORFDOLW L ERJDWH vQ PLQHUHXUL GLQ %DQDWXO 0RQWDQ &X DFHVW RUGLQ
H[SORDW ULLPLQLHUHGLQ2UDYL D
ÌQ DQXO VH RUJDQL]HD] SHQWUX PXQFLWRULL vQWUHSULQGHULORU
OXFU UL PHWDOLFH QHFHVDU PLQHULWXOXL 7RW vQ DFHVW DQ PDL YLQ XQ
QXP UGHGHWLUROH]L
ÌQ2UDYL DDUH'RJQHFHDVL%RFúDGHORFXLWRUL
ÌQ DQXO VH ]LGHVF FHOH GRX ODFXUL GH DFXPXODUH /DFXO 0LF úL
0DUHúLWRWvQDFHVWDQPDLVRVHVFE UED LIHPHLúLFRSLL
ÌQWXUFLLLQYDGHD] GLQQRX%DQDWXO
'XS DQXODXUPDWRSHULRDG GHUHFRQVWUXF LHúLRSDUWHGLQ
H[SORDW ULDXIRVWGDWHvQDUHQG
În 1760 la propunerea Contelui Stampfel sunt reparate ambele
EDUDMHúL]LGXULILLQGvQWULWHFXFRQWUDIRUWXULGegenpfeiler).
ÌQOD2UDYL DVHKRW U úWHFRQVWUXLUHDX]LQHORUGHSUHOXFUDUH
DILHUXOXLGLQ5HúL D
ÌQ GLQ 2UGLQXO vPS U WHVHL Maria Tereza, întreg Banatul
LQFOXVLY 2UDYL D HVWH YL]LWDW GH FRQVLOLHUXO vQ GRPHQLXO PLQHULWXOXL
SRSXOD LHLDXWRKWRQH
'LQ QHYRLD FUHVFkQG D F UEXQHOXL GLQ OHPQ PDQJDQXOXL
ÌQ SULP YDUD DQXOXL D vQFHSXW FRQVWUXLUHD X]LQHORU GLQ
5HúL D
QRDVWUHFDUHSULQYHFKLPHDúLFRQWLQXLWDWHDVDGHYDQVHD]IDEULFLGH
F UEXQLORU GH OHPQ GDWHD] GLQ SURFHGHX JHQHUDOL]DW SkQ vQ
1845.
7RW vQ %DQDWXO GH PXQWH VH vQWkPSO R VHULH GH DOWH HYHQLPHQWH
FX FDUDFWHU GH SUHPLHU vQ DFHDVW ]RQ D (XURSHL FRQVWUXLUHD FHOXL
GLQWkL DWHOLHU PHFDQLF OD X]LQHOH GLQ 5HúL D vQ DQXO vQ FDUH OD
VFXUW WLPS VD UHDOL]DW FHD GLQWkL PDúLQ FX DEXUL IDEULFDW SH
teritoriul României (1846).
/D OD 5HúL D VD FRQVWUXLW vQWUH WRSLWRULH úL ODPLQRDUH R
OLQLH IHUDW FX WUDF LXQH DQLPDO vQ OXQJLPH GH P FX úLQ
PHWDOLF FHDGLQWkLGHDFHVWIHOGLQ DU
/D VH IDEULF FHOH GLQWkL úLQH GH FDOH IHUDW SURGXVH SH
WHULWRULXO5RPkQLHLúLQHGHVWLQDWHOLQLHLIHUDWH2UDYL D±%D]LDú
ÌQ QRLHPEULH VH G vQ IRORVLQ OLQLD IHUDW 2UDYL D ±
%D]LDú FRQVWUXLW vQWUH GH $HUDWXO 0RQWDQLVW % Q HDQ
ILLQG SUHOXDW SH GDWD GH LDQXDULH GH FWUH 6RFLHWDWHD
$XVWULDF D &LORU )HUDWH DSDU LQkQG VRFLHW LL 67(* (D HVWH FHD
PDLYHFKHFDOHIHUDWD%DQDWXOXLILLQGvQDFHODúLWLPSFHDPDLYHFKH
GLQ 5RPkQLD *DUD GLQ 2UDYL D HVWH FHD PDL YHFKH GLQ DU
FH vQYLQJH R GLIHUHQ GH QLYHO GH P FX XQ WUDVHX H[WUHP GH
spectaculos, care cuprinde 10 viaducte însumând 843 m, 14 tunele cu
R OXQJLPH WRWDO GH P NP ]LGXUL GH VSULMLQ úL NP GH
W LHWXU vQPXQWHILLQGFRPSDUDELO FXFHOHEUDÄ Semmering-Bahn”.
ÌQ DQXO D DYXW ORF OD 2UDYL D FHD PDL PDUH H[SR]L LH
LQGXVWULDO HFRQRPLF úLGHPDQXIDFWXU GLQWRDW $XVWULD
/D LDQXDULH VWDWXO DXVWULDF YLQGH H[SORDW ULOH GLQ %DQDWXO
0RQWDQ XQHL PDUL VRFLHW L FX FDSLWDO DXVWULDF úL IUDQFH] GHQXPLW
Ä6RFLHWDWHD SULYLOHJLDW LPSHULDO úL UHJDO D F LORU IHUDWH GH VWDW´
FXQRVFXW VXEDFURQLPXOSt.E.G.
Procedeul %HVVHPHUGHRE LQHUHDR HOXOXLDIRVWDSOLFDWOD5HúL D
vQF GLQ DQXO ILLQG FHD GH D WUHLD X]LQ GLQ (XURSD FDUH OD
folosit. Procedeu Martin s-a experimentat aici din anul 1876, la doar
opt ani de la brevetarea sa, contribuind într-un mod oarecum decisiv
ODvQORFXLUHDR HOXOXLpudlat.
F WUH R VRFLHWDWH FDUH DYHD FD SULQFLSDO RELHFWLY FRQVWUXLUHD úL
H[SORDWDUHDXQHLUH HOHGHF LIHUDWHDDYXWGUHSWFRQVHFLQ PXWDUHD
centrului de greutate al acestei industrii spre domenii legate de
realizarea infrastructurii feroviare.
ÌQFHSkQG FX DQXO VH IDEULF SULPHOH EDQGDMH IHURYLDUH I U
FXV WXU FD XUPDUH D DFKL]L LRQ ULL XQXL FLRFDQ GH W XWLODM FH D
GHYHQLWXQXOGLQVLPEROXULOHRUDúXOXL5HúL D
3ULPHOH SRGXUL GH FDOH IHUDW FRQVWUXLWH OD 5HúL D au fost cele de
pe linia Stadlau (Viena) – Brno, între care, cel mai important este
viaductul Ivancice, peste râul Jihlava, la acea vreme cel mai lung din
(XURSD&HQWUDOFRQVWUXLWvQDQXO1870.
VHULL IDEULFDWH OD 5HúL D D IRVW SUH]HQWDW OD H[SR]L LD PRQGLDO GH OD
Viena (1873) ILLQG WUDQVSRUWDW SH OLQLD IHUDWSkQ OD 2FQD GH )LHU
SHRSODWIRUPWUDVGHSHUHFKLGHERLSkQOD2UDYL D (neexistand
R OHJ WXUD vQWUH OLQLD IHUDW 5HúL D2FQD GH )LHU úL UH HDXD GH F L
ferate a Imperiului)GLQQRX SH OLQLD IHUDW SkQOD %D]LDú úL DSRL SH
'XQUH FX YDSRUXO SkQ OD Viena. Uzine EDQD HQH au participat
adesea OD H[SR]L LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH LQGXVWULDOH: Londra (1862), Paris
(1867, 1889, 1890), Viena (1873), Budapesta (1896) etc.
ÌQ DQXO D IRVW IDEULFDW úL FHO GLQWkL SRG UXWLHU FHO GH SHVWH
St. E. G. 123
3HQWUXDSXQHvQYDORDUHF UEXQHOHGHOD'RPDQGHRIRDUWHEXQ
FDOLWDWHSUHWDELOODFRFVLILFDUHVDvQFHUFDWúLVDUHXúLWFDvQWUH
úL V VH FRQVWUXLDVF vQWUH PLQD 'RPDQ úL SODWIRUPD X]LQHORU
GLQ5HúL DPDOXOVWkQJDO%kU]DYHLRJDOHULHIHURYLDU vQOXQJLPHGH
PFDUHU PkQHSkQ vQ]LOHOHQRDVWUHFHDGHDWUHLDFDOXQJLPH
GLQ 5RPkQLD FX PHQ LXQHD vQV F HD QX D IRVW GHVWLQDW FLUFXOD LHL
SXEOLFH úL F OLQLD IHUDW LQGXVWULDO D DYXW XQ HFDUWDPHQW vQJXVW GH
PP 'HQXPLW Ä*DOHULD Franz Joseph I”, prin ea au circulat la
vQFHSXWYDJRDQHOHWUDVHGHFDL DSRL GH ORFRPRWLYH FX DEXUL $FHDVW
JDOHULH D GHYHQLWFHDGLQWkL HOHFWULILFDW SH WHULWRULXO GH DVW ]L DO ULL
noastre.
ÌQDQXOVRFLHWDWHD6W(*DDPHQDMDW OD 2UDYL D FHO GLQWkL
ODERUDWRUFKLPLFúLIL]LFFX GHVWLQD LHLQGXVWULDO GLQDFHDVW DSDUWH D
FRQWLQHQWXOXL FDUH D OXDW ORFXO YHFKLXOXL ÄRILFLX GH vQFHUF UL´ FH
H[LVWDvQF GLQSHULRDGDvQFDUHGRPHQLLOHúLH[SORDW ULOHVHJ VHDXvQ
GLUHFWD DGPLQLVWUDUH D &XU LL LPSHULDOH GH OD 9LHQD 3H PVXU FH
ODERUDWRU D IRVW PXWDW OD 5HúL D úL VD H[WLQV ILLQG redotat la
QLYHOXO WHKQRORJLLORU GH FRQWURO úL vQFHUF UL DOH YUHPLL úL SXWkQG
VDWLVIDFH QRUPHOH WHKQLFH DOH WXWXURU FOLHQ LORU úL VRFLHW LORU GH
clasificare.
0DUHDPXWD LHWHKQRORJLF ã reprezentatã de aplica LDLQGXVWULDOã a
PDúLQLORUFXDEXULVDPDQLIHVWDWúLOD5HúL DvQDQXOX]LQHOHGLQ
5HúL D GLVSXQkQG GH PDúLQL FX DEXUL vQVXPkQG R SXWHUH WRWDO ã
LQVWDODW GH&3
FRPSXVH GLQ PDúLQL FX DEXUL FXSODWH FX GLQDPXUL $FHVWHD HUDX vQVm
FRQVXPDWRDUH5HúL DúL$QLQD
GH FDSWDUH úL GH FDQDOH SUH]HQW SH YHUVDQWXO YHVWLF DO 0XQ LORU
Semenic.
A urmat apoi construirea între 1907 – 1909, a lacului de
acumulare (%UHD]RYD9OLXJDYkQGPLOLRDQHPFHOHFWULFHSHQWUX
mina Secul. Demn de relevat este faptul cã toate aceste amenajãri
produceau energie electricã cu frecven ã de 20,8Hz, ceea ce avea sã
se dovedeascã, în timp, un factor suplimentar de complica LL
Scãderea în timp a consumului energetic în zona Anina
FRQFRPLWHQW FX R FUHúWHUH D ORU OD 5HúL D D GHWHUPLQDW QHFHVLWDWHD
2. Perioada U.D.R
8QLUHD%DQDWXOXLFX5RPkQLDSURGXFHLPSRUWDQWHVFKLPE ULúLvQ
RUJDQL]DUHDLQGXVWULHLGLQDFHDVW ]RQ /DLXQLHDOXDWILLQ ã
VRFLHWDWHD Ä8]LQHOH GH )LHU úL 'RPHQLLOH 5HúL D´ FHD PDL PDUH
DEXULPDLvQWkLODIDEULFDGHSRGXULúLODFHDGHPDúLQLGLQ5HúL D
DQXDO ÌQ GHFXUVXO WLPSXOXL OD 5HúL D VDX IDEULFDW ORFRPRWLYH
$QXO UHSUH]LQW DQXO GHEXWXOXL FRQVWUXF LHL GH PRWRDUH
HOHFWULFH OD 5HúL D FkQG VD UHDOL]DW PRWRUXO GH &3 GHVWLQDW
DF LRQmULL PDúLQLL GH H[WUDF LH GH OD SX XO 3RQRU $QLQD úL FHOH
&HOH GLQWkL SRGXUL vQ FRQVWUXF LH VXGDW ã din România au fost
UHOL]DWH úL LQVWDODWH OD 5HúL D vQ UHVSHFWLY $FHVWHD DX
Bibliografie
[1] Perianu D.G.: Istoria X]LQHORU GLQ 5HúL D Editura Timpul,
5HúL D1996;