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The doctor started the lecture talking about how important is the previous
lecture ( oral muscosa) and said that there 's going to be 20% of the final
exams questions on that topic .And here we start the lecture entitled
Salivary glands , please read it carefully as many slides are not required .

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Salivary glands are: 


,which means more than one tubule entering the main duct
(it's not simple that consists of one duct )


  we have tubules and acini (singular :acinus ) ; these are
the areas where saliva is synthesized (saliva is synthesized in acinus and
secreted into ducts )

 , because only the secretion of the cells is released (y3ne we

don¶t have any material from blood that comes into saliva , that¶s why we
call saliva as marocrine secretion )

 secretion into a free surface (opposite to endocrine ;secretion

into blood )




we will not mention it as we are going to discuss it in details in oral
physiology .



 

 



we classify salivary glands due to

 into :  and  glands .

_ 

 

: Parotid ,Submandibular ,Sublingual . (we
already learnt about that in anatomy )
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** just to remember quickly : the parasympathetic

activity of the parotid gland from glossopharyngeal nerve .

but the parasympathetic activity of both Submandibular and

Sublingual glands is from facial nerve through chorda

tympanie . (that¶s not important )



 


They are scattered throughout oral mucosa .

Labial, buccal, palatoglossal, palatal, and lingual mucosae ; all have

salivary glands ,

Itspresent in in the gingival (important note ) , and also its not

present in the mid palatine propria ( middle area in the hard palate ) .
(Important information for fifth year mshan ma erasebna sani khamse :P )

Acoording to secretion we classify glands to : mucous , serous and mixed

.

If the secretion was mucoid( ϲσΎΨϣ) then its mucous .

If there secretion was watery (Ϟ΋Ύγ)then its serous .

If mixed (Ϟ΋Ύγ ϭ ϲσΎΨϣ) then its mixed . (serous and mucous at the same
time )

à
  

 
We will not discuss saliva as we are going to dicuss it in physio .

      
   
 

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The mai ti e element in the sali ary gland : any sali ary gland has
t main elements : glandular secret ry tissue ( the gland itsel ) & the
surrounding connecti e tissue .

The glandular connecti e tissue is called parenchyma , and it s ectodermal

in origin (y3ne da2eman el gland aselha invagination mn el epithelium el
5areje )

*** Remember : All major and minor salivary glands originate from oral
mucosa ::

Invagination duct form the gland .

And also the supporting connective tissue here in this picture we see the
parenchyma ( the yellow color with blue , this is the glandular part , but
the whole structure is surrounded by a connective tissue ( the supporting
connective tissue )

The supporting is called 

 and this is mesodermal in origin (not
ectodermal ).



 







  :

 divided into a number of

 each lobe is a
number of


 each lobule we find a number of secretory
units called (singular :acinus ) .




  



These are A grape-li e cluster of parenchymal cells around a lumen
(ΔΣΎδϤΑ ΔτϴΤϣ ΎϳϼΨϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΔϋϮϤΠϣ) .
         
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There are three types of acini : serous , mucous and mi ed (mucous

covered with serous ) .

So when we have mi ed acini , the cells that are related to lumen are :
mucous ; and from outside :serous ( we call it serous semiluned ( Δϴϟϼϫ ϪΒη
ϞϜθϟ΍) .

In addition to that we have cells that are called myoepithelial cells that
are located around acini . these cells function in squeezing the contents (
here saliva is formed and it s collected in lumen so we need a big cell to
contract and squeeze saliva and get it inside ) .7these are contractile cells
with several processes ,,, also called basket cells .

  

We have : - 
 : the place where cells secrete directly and a
number of lumens empty in an  

  and a number of
intercalated ducts empty in Striated duct .


  

 Striated

duct .

These are called intra-lobular (located within the lobule ) .

The 


    are located between lobules that s why collecting
ducts are usually surrounded by connective tissue .

*The inter-lobular system is inert, the composition of saliva doesn't

change as soon as it arrives in the collecting duct .
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As long as saliva is in the lumen , in the intercalated duct , in the striated

duct ; the composition of saliva can change ,we can have addition or
absorbtion of electrolytes , proteins «««. Etc .

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Is a connective tissue that surround the salivary gland , it's mesenchymal
in origin .

! 






" 


  (spaces between lobes ) 


(spaces between lobules )  
#between acini ) .

As any connective tissue it contains : collagen fibers , fibroblasts and fat

cells .

*remember that fat cells increase with age .

Ë
 in foreinsic we found only salivary gland that belongs to a

dead person and we want to know his age ; we take it and examine the
amount of fat cells , if we found many fat cells then the person is old and
if we find less he is young .

à



 
Synthesis of saliva is active (it needs energy ) , that¶s why its not a blood
ultra filtrate (saliva isn't filtrated blood , its synthesis is active process and
needs energy ) .

_




 , they actually secrete Watery proteinaceous fluid contains
Amylase . amylase is an important enzyme that digests starch into
dissacharide .

_



 , contains Proteins linked to a greater amount of
carbohyrates

_ Plasma cells ,secrete IgA immunoglobulin A for protection .

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we will not be asked about it as it is oral physiology topic .
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we need to know the difference between serous cells and mucous cells
, if we see serous cell , how can we know that this is a serous or
mucous cell ?

In light microscopy : serous cells are basophilic ( they stain dark )

Mucous cells , pale (almost white ) as they contain

carbohydrates

Second , serous cells contain round prominent nucleus .

in mucous cells ,flattened .

ONLY those thing are required to distinguish between them

 à$%&'(
)
* 

 +



"


, don¶t worry about it .

,
 we have to know one function of it : to squeeze the content of
acinus to empty the content of acinus into intercalated and striated
ducts .

 
  

.Drainage from several acini.

_ Compressed between the acini : because they are thin and small .

_contain Cuboidal epithelial cells : one single layer .

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Prominent nuclei

In Parotid, they are long, narrow, and branching .

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(important , at least one question )
_Larger and longer than ICD .

_ Simple columnar epithelium surround with one layer of cells .  ®

_Cells have large centrally-located nuclei : nuclei located in the  ®

middle of the cell .

Called striated because the basal surfaces of the cell have many
folding , the folding produce striations .

_ the luminal part also the cell membrane has folding and
microvilli to increase the surface area for secretion and absorption .

_cells are attached by desmosomes .

_at the level of striated ducts we have much of the change in the
composition of saliva .

 "

 

Collecting ducts are bilayered .

**** how can we distinguish between collecting ducts and striated

??

´
 if you don¶t see connective tissu e around the duct and if

you only see one single layer this is striated .
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if you see more than one layer and see much connective tissue
around the duct its collecting .

its bilayered epithelium , luminar part is columnar epithelium layer

and basal part is cuboidal .

the collecting ducts approach to the surface of oral

mucosa it becomes more than two layers , the bigger it
is , the more connective tissue it has .
so Terminated as stratified epithelium to merge with the oral  ®
mucosa.

  
 :
it¶s the largest gland and it contains serous acini .

Parotid gland only gives watery secretion it doesn¶t produce mucous .

* so in the exam if there are glands , and in the glands all the acini are
basophilic (purple in colour ) know that this is a paroti d gland , its
possible that it is von ±ebners gland .

*the white parts here are fat cells .

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 à  

 

We see light cells and dark cells so its mixed , if theres more mucous its
submandibular .

_Intercalated ducts are short and difficul t to locate ®

Striated ducts are long and obvious  ®

Although submandibular glands are mixed there is more mucous

than serous .

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Are mixed and have more mucous than serous (most of the cells
are light in colour )

They lacks striated ducts .

Minor salivary glands :: are primarily mucous .

As you go posteriorly there is a tendancy for the glands to become

mucous ,

In the picture orange areas glands are mucous , blue area such as
:tip of the tongue , lips , cheeks are mixed glands .

We have the only serous minor salivary gland which von ebner
gland which is associated with circumvallate papilla .
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FINALLY : WISH YOU ALL GOOD LUCK ! ! AND SORRY FOR ANY
MISTAKE!!!!,

Watch your thoughts; they become words.

Watch your words; they become actions.
Watch your actions; they become habits.
Watch your habits; they become character.
Watch your character; it becomes your destiny. ;)

Special thanks to my brother saif who helped me a lot ! , and thanks to my

friends too ! ! ! wish you all good luck in your exams !