Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
F. Wald
AB TEKNILLINEN KORKEAKOULU
TEKNISKA HÖGSKOLAN
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT HELSINKI
UNIVERSITE DE TECHNOLOGIE D’HELSINKI
List of Lessons at Seminar
1. Introduction
Introduction 2. Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
3. Welded connections
4. Bolted connections
Lessons Connection Design according to EN 1993-1-8 5. Basics of structural joints
6. Design of simple connections
Prof. František Wald 7. Column bases
Czech Technical University in Prague 8. Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
9. Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1
1 2
National Annexes
in Window Help Format
with PP Presentations 3. Connections made with bolts, rivets or pins
CeStruCo CeStruCo 4. Welded connections
Access STEEL 5. Analysis, classification and modelling
Summary 6. Structural joints connecting H or I sections
7. Hollow section joints
3 4
UK 12/2007; France 12/2006; Poland 2010; Czech Rep. 8/2006 National Annexes with PP Presentations
CeStruCo CeStruCo
Eurocodes be adopted for government construction
UK unknown; France Not; Poland 2010; Czech Rep. 2008 Access STEEL
Conclusions
Eurocodes be adopted for non-government construction
UK unknown; France Not; Poland 2010; Czech Rep. 2008
CeStruCo =
Summary Civil enginnering Structural Connections
List of content Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Timing Bouwen met Staall, Netherlands
Building Research Establishment Ltd., United Kingdom
National Annexes Lessons
in Window Help Format
with PP Presentations Czech Technical University (contractor), Czech Republic
CeStruCo Luleå University of Technology, Sweden
Access STEEL CeStruCo University of Coimbra, Portugal
Summary Politechnica University of Timisoara, Romania
Review
KREKON Design office, Rotterdam, Netherlands Czech
EXCON a.s., Prague, Czech Republic
15
Constructional Steelwork Association Ostrava, CR 16
23 24
Access STEEL – Informational tool
Summary at www.access-steel.com
List of content
Timing Lessons
in Window Help Format
CeStruCo CeStruCo
Access STEEL
Summary
25 26
29 30
Example - Flow Charts Example - Non-Conflicting Complementary Information
31 32
33 34
35 36
List of Lessons at Seminar
Bases of Design 1. Introduction
2. Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
according to EN 1993-1-8 3. Welded connections
4. Bolted connections
Lessons Connection Design according to EN 1993-1-8 5. Basics of structural joints
6. Design of simple connections
Prof. František Wald
7. Column bases
8. Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
9. Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1
1 2
3 4
5 6
Resistance of Joints Topics
On the basis of the resistances of its basic components
Bases of Design
Eccentricity at Intersections
Linear-elastic or elastic-plastic analysis
Connection Modelling in Global Analyses
Fasteners with different stiffnesses Global Analysis of Lattice Girders
With the highest stiffness should be designed to carry the load. Classification of Joints
(An exception bolts and slip resistant bolts).
Modelling of Beam-to-Column Joints
Summary
7 8
Reduction of Resistance
Eccentricity at Intersections of Angles Connected by One Leg
The joints and members should be designed for the resulting (and other unsymmetrically connected members in tension)
moments and forces 2,0(e2 −0,5d0 )t fu
With 1 bolt: Nu,Rd =
Except in the case of particular types of structures - lattice girders γ M2
In the case of joints of angles or tees attached by either a single β2 Anet fu
line of bolts or two lines of bolts With 2 bolts: Nu,Rd =
γ M2
Centroidal axes
β3 Anet fu
With 3 or more bolts: Nu,Rd =
γ M2
Fasteners Reduction factors
Pitch p1 < 2,5 do > 5,0 do
2 bolts β2 0,4 0,7
Fasteners 3 bolts or more β3 0,5 0,7
11 12
Elastic analysis at the Serviceability Limit State Elastic analysis at the Ultimate Limit State
Design joint properties based on the type of global analysis Modified stiffness Sj,ini and resistance Mj,Rd
Initial stiffness Sj,ini and resistance Mj.Rd
M
M Sj,ini
M j,Rd
2
3 M j,Rd
Mj,Sd Sj,ini / η
M j,Sd Sj,ini
φ
φ
η is stiffness modification coefficient
13 14
Mj,Sd Sj,ini / η
Resistance Mj,Rd and deformation capacity φCd
φ
M
Other types of joints
M j,Rd
(beam-to-beam joints,
Type of connection Beam-to-column joints
beam splices, column
base joints)
Welded 2 3
Bolted end-plates 2 3
Bolted flange cleats 2 3,5 φCd φ
Base plates - 3
15 16
17 18
Topics Global Analysis of Lattice Girders
Hollow sections
Bases of Design
Assumption the members connected by pinned joints
Eccentricity at Intersections (for the distribution of axial forces)
Connection Modelling in Global Analyses Secondary moments (due to rigidity of joints)
Moments resulting from transverse loads
Global Analysis of Lattice Girders Moments resulting from eccentricities
25 26
φa
Ma
Mb
Ma Mb T
φb
Forces and moments acting on the joint
t3.Rd
Connection Modelling in Global Analyses
z1 t3.Rd
z2
z3
≤ F c.Rd ≤F c.Rd
≤ F c.Rd Global Analysis of Lattice Girders
Plastic distribution Elastic distribution Classification of Joints
Elastic-plastic distribution
Modelling of Beam-to-Column Joints
Shear forces Summary
A bolt row in shear only
Rest of shear resistance of each bolt row
Supplement of shear resistance of each bolt row 35 36
List of Lessons at Seminar
1. Introduction
2. Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
Welded Connections 3. Welded connections
4. Bolted connections
Lessons Connection Design according to EN 1993-1-8 5. Basics of structural joints
6. Design of simple connections
Prof. František Wald
7. Column bases
8. Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
9. Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1
1 2
Fillet welds –
Definition of Effective Throat Thickness a Topics
The effective throat thickness of a fillet weld should not be less than 3 mm
Bases of design
Fillet weld
Design model
Design of independent of the direction of loading
Very long welds
Example - Modelling the resistance
Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection
Weld design for full resistance of connecting members
Welding in cold-formed zones
Design of Partially Penetrated Butt Weld
Design throat thickness of flare groove welds in rectangular structural hollow section
5 Summary 6
Design Model of Fillet Welds Plane Stresses
Huber –Misses- Henckey condition of plasticity (HMH)
Triaxial state of stress (needed exceptionally only)
Plane state of stress (needed very often)
σz
σx2 + σz2 - σx2 σz2 + 3τ2 ≤ (fy / γM) 2
σx
τ// τ//
Long welds Topics
Lw Bases of design
Reduction of design strength Fillet weld
β Lw = 1,2 − 0,2 (Lw 150 a ) ≤ 1,0 Design model
Design of independent of the direction of loading
βLw
1 Very long welds
0,8 Design examples
0,6
Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection
0,4
Weld design for full resistance of connecting members
0,2
L/a Welding in cold-formed zones
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Design of Partially Penetrated Butt Weld
15 Summary 16
F 2a l ≤ fu (β γ
w Mw 3 ) Has to be satisfied
σ2⊥ + 3 τ2⊥ ≤ f u (β w γ Mw )
After substitution
(σ R
) (
2
2 +3 σ R 2 )=
2
2 σ2R ≤ f u (β w γ Mw )
17
(
σR ≤ f u β w γ Mw 2 ) 18
Vl
t fb fyb
beff = twc + 2 s + 7 t fc Ft ,fc ,Rd = (twc + 2 s + 7 k t fc )
γ M0
⎛t 2 ⎞⎛f ⎞
beff = twc + 2 s + 7 ⎜ fc ⎟ ⎜ yc ⎟ ⎛f t ⎞
⎜ t ⎟⎜f ⎟ rc k = min ⎜ yc fc ; 1⎟
⎝ fb ⎠ ⎝ yb ⎠ beff ⎜f t ⎟
t wc
⎝ yb fb ⎠
σ
t fc
twc thickness of column web
tfc thickness of column flange twc is thickness of column web
tfb thickness of beam flange tfc thickness of column flange
s equal to fillet radius rc for hot rolled column sections tfb thickness of beam flange
23 s is equal to fillet radius rc for hot rolled column sections 24
Weld Design for Full Resistance
Topics of Connecting Members - Loading by Normal Force
Bases of design Not directly in code
Fillet weld σt τ⊥
a > 0,7 σw
Design model fu / γ Mw σ
FSd
σ⊥
Design of independent of the direction of loading σ = FSd / (t h) t
Very long welds FSd the acting design force
Example - Modelling the resistance fu plate design strength
Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection t the thinness of connecting plate
Weld design for full resistance of connecting members b width of connecting plate
Throat thickness of a fillet weld used in a hollow section joints full capacity of a plate the thickness S235:
(f / γ ) t ( 235 / 1,10 ) t
Design of Partially Penetrated Butt Weld a > 0,7 y M 0 = 0,7 = 0,52 t ≈ 0,5 t
fu / γ Mw 360 / 1,25
Summary 25 26
27 28
t
anom
a nom.1
Topics Summary
Bases of design Chapter 4 Welded connections
Fillet weld
+
Design model
Design of independent of the direction of loading Rules for connection of open sections
Very long welds Component method
Example - Modelling the resistance Rules for connection of hollow sections
Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection
Welded
Weld design for full resistance of connecting members
Welding in cold-formed zones
Design of partially penetrated butt weld
Summary 35 36
List of Lessons at Seminar
1. Introduction
Bolted Connections 2. Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
(Connections made with bolts, rivets or pins)
3. Welded connections
4. Bolted connections
Lessons Connection Design according to EN 1993-1-8 5. Basics of structural joints
6. Design of simple connections
Prof. František Wald
7. Column bases
8. Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
9. Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1
1 2
B
Fv,Ed.ser ≤ Fs,Rd,ser
8.8 or 10.9 +2 mm for M 16 up M 24
Fv,Ed ≤ Fv,Rd
Slip-resistant at serviceability +3 mm for M 27 and bigger
Fv,Ed ≤ Fb,Rd
C
Fv,Ed ≤ Fs,Rd Extra large With loose 3 mm (M12) up 8 mm (M27)
Fv,Ed ≤ Fb,Rd 8.8 or 10.9
Slip-resistant at ultimate
Fv,Ed ≤ Nnet,Rd Slotted (elongated)
Tension connections
Accurate – flushed bolts
D Ft,Ed ≤ Ft,Rd
Non-preloaded Ft,Ed ≤ Bp,Rd
from 4.6 to 10.9 for bolt M20 must be the clearance Δd < 0,3 mm
E Ft,Ed ≤ Ft,Rd
8.8 or 10.9
Preloaded Ft,Ed ≤ Bp,Rd 5 6
Positioning of Holes for Bolts and Rivets Maximum Values for Spacings
p1 e1
Edge and end distances are unlimited, except :
Minimum values for spacings e2
for compression members in order to avoid local buckling
p2
and to prevent corrosion in exposed members and;
End distance e1 1,2 d0
for exposed tension members to prevent corrosion.
Edge distance e2 1,2 d0
Distance in slotted holes e3 1,5 d0
Distance in slotted holes e4 1,5 d0
Spacing p1 2,2 d0
Spacing p2 2,4 d0
7 8
9 10
Fv , Rd = (0,6 f ub A ) γ M2
where α is minimum from formulas
e1 3 d 0 ; p1 3 d 0 - 1 4 ; f ub f u ; 1,0
A Full area of cross section of bolt
fub Ultimate strength of bolt t minimum thickness in one direction
Fb.Sd
γ M2 Partial safety factor of bolt d diameter of bolt
d0 diameter of hole
f ub strength of bolt
13 f u strength of material (0,8 in oversized holes) 14
Outer bolt
30
e1 40 IPE 200
p 1 60 L 140 P 10 - 140 x 100
VSd = 110 kN
e1 40 M 20 - 5.6
tw tp 4
4
5,6 10 10 50
10
15 16
F v,S Ft,S
tp plate thickness F v,R
+
1 ,4 F t,R
≤1
0,5
dm the mean of the across points and across
flats dimensions of the bolt head or the nut,
Experimental shear resistance
whichever is smaller predicted tensile resistance
0 F v,exp
d1 + d 2 d1 d w dm 0 0,5 1,0 Ft
dm =
2 d2 19 Owens G.W., Cheal D.B.: Structural Steelwork Connections, Butterworths, 1989.20
Shear and Bearing pass through Packing Bearing Resistance in Slotted Holes
60% of resistance in circular holes
Reduction of bolt shear resistance
(force perpendicular to the long direction of the slot)
9d
βp = 22 18
18
200
Force, F, kN
8 d + 3 tp 40 40 8 16 8
180
Circular holes, (test 1c-16-1-d+2)
40 40 8 16 8 160
β p ≤ 1,0 M 16 M 16
140
120
β p
100
1,0 tp
10 10 Slotted holes, (test 5c-16-1-d+2,5)
80
35 35
50 50 60
25 25
40
0,5 110 110 20
Displacement , mm
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
0 t p
0,3 d 1,0 d 1,5 d
23 24
Long Connection Scope of the Lecture
General
Reduction of shear resistance L j − 15d Design resistance of individual fasteners
β Lf = 1 − Non-preloading bolts
200 d
Single lap joints
β Lt β Lt ≤ 1,0 Bearing through packing
1
Slotted holes
β Lt ≥ 0,75
0,8
0,75
Long connections
0,6 Rivets
Lj
Anchor bolts
Slip-resistant connections using 8.8 or 10.9 bolts
0,4
0,2 Design for block tearing
0 Lug angles
Lj
0 15d 65d
Pin connections
Injection bolts
25
Summary 26
Lug angles
Pin connections
Injection bolts
Summary 35
N Ed
36
N Ed
Test FE Model
Rupture
240
L - 100 x 100 10 70
materiál 1.4401
30 + 7 x 30 +30
8 x M16; 70
60
Ant net area subjected to tension 240
1,5 fu d t p1
Reduction of bearing resistance Fb ,Rd ≤ β 2 Anet fu p1
γ M2 Nu .Rd =
γM2
( )
2 ,0 e 2 − 0 ,5 d 0 t f u ≥
≤ 52,5
d 0 d0
e2 N u .Rd =
γ M2 p1 p1 p1 p1
β 3 Anet fu
Nu .Rd =
γM2
Reduction factors
Pitch p1
2 bolts β2 0,4 0,7
3 and more bolts β3 0,5 0,7
41 42
Worked Example – Fin Plate Worked Example – Fin Plate, Shear Resistance
3 x M20, 8.8
P10 - 230 x 110
meteriál S235 HEA 200
10 S235
35 80 45
70 70
IPE 300 45 230
S235 70 70
70
230 45
70 50
50
VSd = 100 kN 45
5
50 50 In beam web
60 0 ,5 fu,b1 Ant 1 A 0 ,5 × 360 × 276 ,9 1 1171,5
VRd,11 = + fy,b1 nv = + × 235 × = 199 kN
γ M2 3 γ M0 1,25 3 1,0
43 44
d = 30 Given geometry
F Sd
d3 = t1 t2 t1
20
c c
t 1 = 10 t 1 = 10
c =1 c =1 FEd γ M 0
t2 = 18 M Sd t ≥ 0,7 : d 0 ≤ 2,5 t
49
fy 50
F Sd applied force
F Sd applied force
f yp yield point of pin
f up strength of pin
γMp = 1,45 partial safety material factor t1 t2 t1
γMp = 1,45 partial safety material factor c c
A cross sectional area of pin
A Cross sectional area of pin W el = π d 3 32 cross sectional elastic modulus of pin M Sd
51 52
Analysis of Pin –
Combination of Bending and Shear Analysis of Pin - Bearing
Stresses due to bending and shear: Bearing stress of plate and pin
(MSd M Rd ) + (Fv ,Sd Fv , Rd ) ≤ 1
2 2
( )
Fb, Rd = 1,5 t d f y γ Mp pro f yp ≥ f y a 2 t 1 ≥ t
M Sd
53 54
Analysis of Pin - Serviceability Scope of the Lecture
Replaceable pin General
the contact bearing stress should satisfy σh,Ed ≤ fh,Rd Design resistance of individual fasteners
Non-preloading bolts
E FEd ,ser ( d 0 − d ) Single lap joints
σ h,Ed = 0,591 Bearing through packing
d2 t Slotted holes
Long joints
fh,Ed = 2,5 fy / γM6,ser Rivets
d the diameter of the pin; Anchor bolts
Slip-resistant connections using 8.8 or 10.9 bolts
d0 the diameter of the pin hole;
Design for block tearing
FEd,ser the design value of the force to be transferred in bearing, Lug angles
under the characteristic load combination Pin connections
for serviceability limit states Injection bolts
55
Summary 56
σ2 t2
σ1 σ1 σ2
ß coefficient depending of the thickness ratio 1.0 2.0 t / t 1 2
1 2
Practical Application
of the Component Method Spring Models
Parallel configuration
F
Design tables 1
Green book 2
Fu = F1.u + F2.u
Blue book 1
2
k = k1 + k2
F 1 2
1
Simplified hand calculation Fu = min (F1.u; F2.u)
2 1 / k = 1 / k1 +1 / k2
δ = δ1 + δ2 .
11 d 12
Scope of the Lecture Description of Basic Components
General
The structural properties of basic joint components are
Component method described in Chapter 6 of EN 1993-1-8.
Basic components e.g.
VEd
Summary etc.
13 14
Ft,Ed
F F
Leff ,op = α m
1,2
⇒ F F
1,0
F ϕ In EN 1993-1-8 0,8
δ
2r r=m r=n
graph only
Virtual work m
0,6
on cone deformation α
α λ2 = 2
r m+e 0,4
ϕ/2 r´
m
λ1 = 0,2
Leff ,cp = 2 π m
ϕ/2
ϕ m+e
δ ϕ/2
x 0,0
α 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 λ1
α α
21 22
Weld
w bp
e Yield lines
mx
23 24
Column Flange with Backing Plates Flange Cleat in Bending
e bp As equivalent T-stub flange
Increase of resistance Mode 1 h bp
only e bp
4M pl ,1,Rd + 2M bp ,Rd
FT,1,Rd =
m
2
M pl,1,Rd = 0,25Σl eff ,1t f fy / γ M 0
2
M bp,Rd = 0,25Σl eff ,1t bp fy ,bp / γ M 0
25 26
g ≤0,4 t a g >0,4 t a
ba
Effective length ℓeff = 0,5ba
27 28
M j ,Rd = ∑F i ti ,Rd
zi
31 32
More Bolt Rows - Firs Bolt Row (start from top) More Bolt Rows – Second Bolt Row
Limits Colum web in shear Column web in Beam flange in Colum web in shear Column web in Beam flange in
compression compression
Limit compression compression
by By shear Ft1.Rd
part
Resistance Column flange in Column web in tension End plate in bending
bending,
of
second bolt row Ft2.Rd Ft2.Rd Ft2.Rd
F
t1.Rd
Ft1.Rd F
t1.Rd
Basic components
Ft2.Rd
Ft3.Rd
Ft2.Rd
Ft3.Rd
Ft2.Rd
Ft3.Rd
Assembly
Ft2.Rd
Ft3.Rd
Ft2.Rd
Ft3.Rd
Resistance
Stiffness
Part in compression
F
t1.Rd
F
t1.Rd
Rotation capacity
Ft2.Rd Ft2.Rd
M-N interaction
Part in tension Ft3.Rd Ft3.Rd
35
Summary 36
φ
Rotational Stiffness Shape Stiffness Ratio Factor
Rotatinal stiffness Sj = M / φ From curve fitting ⎛ M
ψ
⎞
S j ,ini
μ= = ⎜ κ Sd ⎟ ≥1
Fi Sj ⎜ M ⎟
Deformation or a component
δi = M, moment, kNm ⎝ j ,Rd ⎠
ki E
j,
Joint
∑δ i resistance
M j, Rd
Initial stiffness S ini
Rotation in joint φj = i
z Elastic Design curve
Joint with more springs limit
2/3 M j, Rd Shape by stiffness ratio factor
Mj Fi z Fi z 2 E z2 E z2
S j .ini = = = = →
φj ∑δ i
Fi
∑k ∑
1 1
μ∑
1 Deformation capacity φj,Cd
z E i ki ki Rotation,φ , mrad
37 38
∑k i
eff ,i z i
39 40
F
Ductile
Boted joints
Brittle Plate failure
δ
End plate/column flange thickness t ≤ 0,36 d fub / fy
δ Cd,1
δ 43Cd,2 44
h c M j.t.N
h c
Component method F2,c
et
i Linear interaction Component method
i m Nj,c,M,Rd
N j,c,M=0,Rd F1,c
j k 47
N j,c,M,Rd
48
j k
Component Method - Resistance Stiffness
Centre of the part in tension
F t.Rd
Simplification to two springs
Bolts
Compressed part – in centre of flage
zt
N Sd M Sd Fc.t.Rd
z Ft.Rd
zc z z
MSd MSd
Neutral axis zc z
c.b
F c.Rd Fc.b.Rd
Fc.Rd Active part
Bolts and compressed part Two compressed parts
200 30
Test Test SN 1500
100 SN 1500 25
Moment, Prediction by component method
20 kNm
0 10 20
-10 0
SN 1000 15 Prediction of resistance
-100 by interaction
Interaction 10
-200 Component method
5
Rotation, rad
0
0 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04
51 52
20
Rotation, rad
0
0 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06
53 54
List of Lessons at Seminar
1. Introduction
2. Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
Design of Simple Connections (of Open Sections) 3. Welded connections
4. Bolted connections
Lessons Connection Design according to EN 1993-1-8 5. Basics of structural joints
6. Design of simple connections
Prof. František Wald
7. Column bases
8. Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
9. Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1
1 2
Engineers in Construction
Column splices for both axial load & moment
Column bases (axial load only)
Non-conflicting Complementary Information
Design model for simple end plate connections
A: Detailing guidance
B: Shear resistance
Leson 16 Design of Simple Joints
C: Tying resistance
Design model for simple fin plate connections
A: Detailing
B: Shear resistance
C: Tying resistance
5 6
Example – Fin Plate
Subject to shear
1 3 1 3 1
2 2 2
1. Fin plate
2. Supported beam
3. Column
4. Supporting beam
7 8
or gh
gv 2 2 2
2. Limit of hight and calculate required rotation e1,b
e1
1. Fin plate
hp ≤ hb − 2t f,b1 − 2r
a
p1
hp 2. Supported beam
p1
15 16
Structural Steelwork Eurocodes Simple Joints
– Rigid.
1 2
Simple Joints:
– Need to be flexible
3 4
5 6
Stiffness Requirement Strength Requirement
S j,ini not greater than: 0,5 E Ib / Lb. Depends upon the members connected.
7 8
Mpbisisfully
Mpc fullyplastic
plasticmoment
momentofofresistance
resistanceofofcolumn.
beam.
Joint must not fail as a consequence of any large
rotations required.
Mpc Mpc
Mpc Mpc
φ
M Many joints currently assumed to operate as simple
joints transfer moments in excess of EC3 limits.
Contact between beam
flange and column face
Resulting designs function satisfactorily.
φ
Figure 2 : Effect of gap closure
11 12
Transfer of Forces Beam to Column Joints
Example 1
13 14
Supporting
Supported beam
beam
Figure 4:
Beam to beam
connections
Single
Double notched
notched angle
end plateconnection
connection
2.1.2 Should any tying forces need to be considered ( as is the case in the
U.K.NAD). Then the connection must also be checked for such action which
will involve consideration of the following potential failure modes, remembering
that it will often be necessary to combine the axial and the shear forces to
obtain a resultant action.
17 18
Transfer of Forces Simple Web Angle Connection
21 22
23 24
List of Lessons at Seminar
1. Introduction
Column Bases 2. Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
3. Welded connections
4. Bolted connections
Lessons Connection Design according to EN 1993-1-8
5. Basics of structural joints
Prof. František Wald 6. Design of simple connections
7. Column bases
8. Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
9. Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1
1
Major components
Scope of the Lecture Base-plate in bending
Basis of design
and anchor bolts in tension
Components
– Base plate in bending and bolt in tension
Column flange F
– Base plate in bending and concrete in compression e m
– Anchor bolt in shear
Assembly
– Resistance
– Stiffness t
– Pre-design l eff
Classification
Base plate
Worked examples
Summary
F
Contact of Edge of T stub
δb = Θp n
m n
Θp δb
Q=0 Q=0
8 ,82m 3 As <
Lb .lim = > Lb
Leff t 3
80 50 10
d 60 10
6
40 5
P10 - 95 x 95
20
Lbe ≅ 8 d
0
95 95
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6
Deformation, mm
Q Q Q Q
0,4 Mode 1*
a) Mode 3 b) Mode 1 c) Mode 2
0,2
0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
Base plate – no contact B B
4 l eff M pl.Rd / Σ B t.Rd
Resistance
300 300 W97-12
B B Simplified prediction
100 100
50 50
∗
2 Leff M´ pl .Rd W97-02
Deformation, mm Deformation, mm
= 0 0
F Rd .1
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
No prying
0 ,425 Leff t 3 As
kp = kb = 2 ,0
e m
m3 Lb
Prying accured
0 ,85 Leff t 3 A
Prying occured
l 1 = 2 α m − (4 m + 1,25 e )
No prying
l 1 = 2 α m − (4 m + 1,25 e )
kp = kb = 1,6 s l2 = 2π m l2 = 4π m
m3 Lb Leff ,1 = min(l 1 ;l 2 ) Leff ,1 = min(l 1 ;l 2 )
Leff ,2 = l 1 Leff ,2 = l 1
e w e
ex
mx
Effective Length for Hollow Sections
(not in EN 1993-1-8)
a
bp
ac
b b bc
No prying (a) m
Prying
l 1 = 4.m x+1,25 e x l 1 = 4.m x+1,25 e x m m eb ea
l 2 = 2 π mx l 2 = 4 π mx
l 3 = 0,5 bp l 3 = 0,5 bp Leff .1 = π m Leff .2 =
b
(a − a c )2 + (b − bc )2
l 4 = 0,5 w + 2 mx + 0,625 ex l 4 = 0,5 w + 2 mx + 0,625 ex m= − e a + eb
2 2
2
l 5 = e + 2 mx + 0,625 ex l 5 = e + 2 mx + 0,625 ex Leff .5 = π m Leff .4 =
a 2
l 6 = π mx + 2 e l 6 = 2 π mx + 4 e + eb
2 2
2 ea
Leff ,1 = min(l 1 ;l 2 ;l 3 ;l 4 ;l 5 ;l 6 ) Leff ,1 = min(l 1 ;l 2 ;l 3 ;l 4 ;l 5 ;l 6 ) Leff .3 = m (a − ac )2 + (b − bc )2
8 e a eb
Leff ,2 = min(l 1 ;l 3 ;l 4 ;l 5 ) Leff ,2 = min(l 1 ;l 3 ;l 4 ;l 5 )
L eff = min ( Leff .1 ; Leff .2 ; Leff .3 ; Leff .4 ; Leff .5 )
t c c
a 1 b1 t
Joint coefficient kj = h Effective width
ab b b1
1
br
Elastic resistance ensuring small deformations, to unit length M′ = t 2 fydfyd
M
⎧a + 2 a r ⎫ 6
⎪5 a ⎪ 1
⎪ ⎪ Bending moment to unit length M ′ = 1f j c 2 2
a 1 = min ⎨ ⎬ a1 ≥ a M ′ =2 f j c
Effective width ⎪ a + h ⎪ 2
1 1 f 2c 2 =1 1 2t 2 f
⎩⎪5b1 ⎭⎪
Equivalent length of cantilever c f j cj = 6t fy y
22 6
fy
⎧b + 2 br ⎫ Effective width c=t
fy
⎪5 b ⎪ 3 γ Mc0 =f jt
⎪ ⎪ 3 γ M0 fj
Effective width b1 = min ⎨ ⎬ b1 ≥ b
⎪ b + h ⎪
⎪⎩5 a 1 ⎪⎭
Contact Area Comparison to FE simulation
Vertical deformation at the surface, mm Vertical deformation along the block height
c
0,0 top of the concrete block
c elastic deformation of the whole block elastic deformation
c Ap A 0,1
F
} local deformation under plate
predicted value
δ glob
deformation at the edge
δ edge
deformation at the axis
δ axis
A eq
fy 400
a eq.el = t w + 2,5 t ≈ a eq.str = t w + 2 c = t w + 2 t
3 f jγ M 0 200 Prediction based on local deformation only
cfl
0
x
E Ip
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9
δ Deformation, mm
Grout
t tg
tg Scope of the Lecture
tg Basis of design
o tg Components
h 45
– Base plate in bending and bolt in tension
o
45
– Base plate in bending and concrete in compression
– Anchor bolt in shear
Assembly
βj = 2 / 3 lower nut
– Resistance
f c.g ≥ 0,2 f c – Stiffness
– Pre-design
t g ≤ 0,2 min (a ; b) packings Classification
t g ≥ 0,2 min (a ; b) Worked examples
Summary
Components in Shear Anchor Bolt in Shear
Fh
Resistance in tension
Fh
Reduce resistance in tension
δh
Resistance in bending and shear
δh
0
4.6 5.6
0 ,375 f ub As 0 ,250 f ub As
F v .Rd = F v .Rd =
γ Mb γ Mb
Format as bolts in shear
Resistance
Scope of the Lecture
N Rd M Rd
Basis of design Aeff active part
Components
– Base plate in bending and bolt in tension rb r c
– Resistance
– Stiffness N Rd = Aeff Mf jRd- =∑
∑FFt .tRd.Rd rb + Aeff f j rc .
M Rd = ∑ F t . Rd rb + Aeff f j rc
– Pre-design
Classification
Worked examples
Plastic design – force equilibrium
Summary Complex shape of contact area
M1 , N
M
1 Scope of the Lecture
Basis of design
M 2, N 2 Components
M N=0 – Base plate in bending and bolt in tension
– Base plate and concrete in compression
N Rd = Aeff f j − ∑ Ft .Rd – Anchor bolt in shear
Assembly
– Resistance
compression
tension M Rd = ∑ Ft .Rd rb + Aeff f j rc . – Stiffness
– Pre-design
Ft.Rd 0 N N Classification
M=0
Worked examples
Interaction diagram
Summary
History of Loading MSd
NSd c c
Moment c cc c
MRd Non-proportional c
Non-proportional loading loading
Moment
Proportional loading Proportional c
loading z
Nonlinear part of the curve
Column base zT zc
Plastification of one component resistance
N φRd = Aeff fkj −⎪⎨ ∑ Ft .Rd
⎧ kp
0 Normal force t
⎪
Anchor bolts in tension and one flange in compression ⎩ kc kc kc
Ft Fc kb
M Rd = ∑ Ft .Rd⎛ rb + Aeff f j rc .
e0 NSd
S j.ini ⎞
0 Rotation ⎜ ⎟
M Rd = min ⎜ ⎟
FT .Rd z Fc .Rd z
;
⎜ zc zt ⎟
⎜1− 1+ ⎟
⎝ M Sd / N Sd M Sd / N Sd ⎠
Stiffness
MSd / NSd = konst. xc <N Sd / MSd < ∝ Moment, kNm
t = 30
120
2 25 400 kN M
M Sd / N Sd Ez 100
Rd
Sj = HE 160 B M 20 - 10.9
M Sd / N Sd − α 1
μ∑ c c
80 20 t
ki 60
z k −z k c
c cc c
α= c c t t 15
∑c F N Rd = Aeff f j − ∑10Ft .Rd
40
kc + kt N Rd = Aeff f j − t .Rd 20
μ = ( 1,5 γ )
2 ,7 0 Rotation, mrad
1+ ⎪
⎩
t
kc kc kc
M Sd / N Sd kb
γ =
r/2 Sensitivity study, base plate thickness
M Rd / N Sd +
M Sd / N Sd
Simplified contact area
Classification
Non-Sway by Resistance
λo ≤ 2
pro λ o ≤ 0,5 Sj,ini ≥ 0 Sway Frames for Serviceability
pro 0,5 < λ o < 3,93 Sj,ini ≥ 7 (2 λ o - 1) E Ic / Lc 5 kN
115 kN 115 kN
yS / yP
pro λ o ≥ 3,93 Sj,ini ≥ 48 E Ic / Lc
y
HE 200 B
1,0
HE 200 B 4m
0,8
λ o ≤ 1,36 0,6
S j,ini,pin
Sj,ini ≥ 12 E Ic / Lc. 0,4
5m
S j,ini,stif
0,2
Contact area
Worked diagram
24 m
Frame imperfections – by equivalent forces
Element imperfections – by stability check
Fy Fy Fy Fy Fy Fy
Fy Fy Fy Fy Fy Fy Fy Fy
Fy Fy Fy Fy
2 Fx 2 2 2
Fx Fx Fx
Fx Fx Fx Fx N
2 2
N
Fx = 0,38 kN
H φ
w Fy = 23,00 kN w2 Fy = 26,79 kN
1
w1 = 2,64 kN/m
w = 1,65 kN/m
2
Load combination H φ
N N
Comparison
Maximal Maximal Maximal Vertical Horizontal
Elastic design – connection stiffness, pre-design moment moment moment deformation sway
in base plate in corner in rafter of rafter of corner
kNm kNm kNm mm mm
z 0
1 2
3 4
0,88 θ 0 0,88 θ0
7 8
Accuracy Demonstration
on 7th Large Scale Fire Experiments on Steel Frame Fire Test January 16. 2003
A B C D E F
4
9000 9000 9000 9000 9000
Motivation
6000
q
3
s Temperatures in elements and connections
r
Internal forces in the connections
9000 o
Behaviour of the composite slab
2
n
6000
1
t p
Fire Compartment for Structural Integrity Fire Test, January 16, 2003 9 10
Fire Compartment
Instrumentation
148 thermocouples
57 low temperature strain gauges
10 high temperature strain gauges
37 deformations
10 video cameras
2 thermo-imaging cameras
Maximal temperature 1108 °C in 55 min 13 Deflections over 1000 mm; residual deflections 925 mm 14
120
15 E1/2-D1/2 16
980,0°C 980,0°C
600 600
980,0°C 980,0°C
800 800
600 600
θ, °C θ, °C
1000 400 1000 400
600 600
400,0°C 400,0°C
0 0
0 30 60 90 t,min 0 30 60 90 t,min
25 26
t = t0 +t =046
h min
46’ θcon,øTcon,ø
= 685=°C685 °C t = t0 +t =048
h min
48’ θcon,øTcon,ø
= 710=°C710 °C
980,0°C 980,0°C
800 800
600 600
θ, °C θ, °C
1000 400 1000 400
600 600
400,0°C 400,0°C
0 0
0 30 60 90 t,min 0 30 60 90 t,min
27 28
t = t0 +t =050
h min
50’ θcon,øTcon,ø
= 730=°C730 °C t = t0 +t =052
h min
52’ θcon,øTcon,ø
= 775=°C775 °C
980,0°C 980,0°C
800 800
600 600
θ, °C θ, °C
1000 400 1000 400
600 600
400,0°C 400,0°C
0 0
0 30 60 90 t,min 0 30 60 90 t,min
29 30
t = t0 +t =054
h min
54’ θcon,øTcon,ø
= 810=°C810 °C t = t0 +t =056
h min
56’ θcon,øTcon,ø
= 835=°C835 °C
980,0°C
The maximal temperature of 1088 °C 980,0°C
600 600
Gas temperature
θ, °C Cooling Gas temperature
1000 θ, °C Cooling
400 1000 400
600
600
Time
400,0°C 400,0°C
0
0 30 60 90 t,min 0 Time
0 30 60 90 t,min
31 32
t = t0 +t =058
h min
58’ θcon,øTcon,ø
= 855=°C855 °C t = t0 +t =160
h min
00’ θcon,øTcon,ø
= 880=°C880 °C
980,0°C 980,0°C
800 800
600 600
Gas temperature
Gas temperature θ, °C Cooling
θ, °C Cooling 400 1000 400
1000
600
600 400,0°C 400,0°C
Time
Time 0
0 0 30 60 90 t,min
0 30 60 90 t,min
33 34
t = t0 +t =162
h min
02’ θcon,øTcon,ø
= 900=°C900 °C t = t0 +t =164
h min
04’ θcon,øTcon,ø
= 885=°C885 °C
600 600
θ, °C θ, °C
1000 400 1000 400
600 600
400,0°C 400,0°C
0 0
0 30 60 90 t,min 0 30 60 90 t,min
35 36
t = t0 +t =178
h min
18’ θcon,øTcon,ø
= 775=°C755 °C t = t0 +t =180
h min
20’ θcon,øTcon,ø
= 745=°C745 °C
980,0°C 980,0°C
800 800
600 600
θ, °C θ, °C
1000 400 1000 400
600 600
400,0°C 400,0°C
0 0
0 30 60 90 t,min 0 30 60 90 t,min
43 44
t = t0 +t =182
h min
22’ θcon,øTcon,ø
= 740=°C740 °C t = t0 +t =184
h min
24’ θcon,øTcon,ø
= 730=°C730 °C
980,0°C 980,0°C
800 800
600 600
θ, °C θ, °C
1000 400 1000 400
600 600
400,0°C 400,0°C
0 0
0 30 60 90 t,min 0 30 60 90 t,min
45 46
t = t0 +t =176
h min
26’ θcon,øTcon,ø
= 720=°C720 °C t = t0 +t =178
h min
28’ θcon,ø = 710=°C
Tcon,ø 710 °C
980,0°C 980,0°C
800 800
600 600
θ, °C θ, °C
1000 400 1000 400
600 600
400,0°C 400,0°C
0 0
0 30 60 90 t,min 0 30 60 90 t,min
47 48
Fin plate connection after the fire test
Temperature Differences Measured by Thermocouples
Measured temperature, °C
D2 E2
Difference shown
1000 by the thermo
imaging
800 camera
600
D1 E1
400
Fin plate, by 4th bolt
200 Beam, bottom flange
0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 Time, min
Bolts and Welds Properties at Elevated Temperature Bolt Resistance at Elevated Temperature
Factors kb,θ; kw,θ are used to describe the strength reduction Marked loss of strength between 300 and 700ºC
1
Bolt
Shear resistance of bolts in fire γ
0,9 Fv ,t ,Rd = Fv ,Rd k b ,θ m
0,8 k b,θ
γ m ,fi
0,7 Bearing resistance of bolts in fire
0,6
Carbon steel γm
Fb ,t ,Rd = Fb ,Rd k b ,θ
0,5 k y,θ
Tension resistance of a bolts in fire
γ m ,fi
0,4
0,3 γm
0,2
Weld Ften ,t ,Rd = Ft ,Rd k b ,θ
k w,θ γ m ,fi
0,1
0 γΜ partial safety factor for the resistance
θ a ,°C
0 200 400 600 800 1000
71 γΜ,fi partial safety factor for fire 72
Filled Weld Resistance at Elevated Temperature Butt Weld Resistance at Elevated Temperature
Design strength per unit length of a fillet weld For full penetration butt weld up to 700ºC
in a fire as equal to the strength of the weaker part
γm of the joint
Fw ,t ,Rd = Fw ,Rd k w ,θ
γ m ,fi using the appropriate reduction factors for steel
γΜ partial safety factor for the resistance For temperatures higher than 700ºC
the reduction factors for fillet welds
γΜ,fi partial safety factor for fire to butt welds
73 74
75 76
500 kN 500 kN
150
4 x M24
85 125 40 45
Protected dp = 15 mm
Intumescent paint Am λ p 0 ,1
= 43 ,18 = 288 Wm - 3 K - 1
Fire resistance V dp 0 ,015
79
(exposed to nominal standard fire curve) t = 112 min 80
20 40
0
60 80 100
Time, min
-100
-200
I. II.
III.
83 84
4 x 6,0 m
Low Temperature Strain Gauges Protected Columns
PLAN D1 E1
Internal wall 5th floor
of the fire compartment
11,0 m 99 97 105
107
500
103 101 111 109
7,0 m
99, 103 97, 101 107, 111 105, 109
83 81 91 89
N
20
z
20
500
3rd floor 85 Internal External (with 1 m of beam) 86
300
Everage
Ft,5 5th floor Ft,5 BS 5950: Structural use of steelwork in buildings
c-E1 d-D1; d-E1
200
c-D1 Ft,4 4th floor Ft,4 c-D1; c-E1 EN 1991-1-7 Actions – Exceptional loading
b-D1
3rd floor
100 3rd floor a-D1
(5th foor) d-D1 d-E1
Ft,3 Column ties
0 Ft,3
0 60 120 Time, min. 2nd floor
-100 d-D1 D2 D1
d-E1
-200 4th floor Tie anchoring
Everage re-entrant corner
-300 c-D1
-400 c-E1
A
-500 Beam model Tie anchoring
free column A
95
List of Lessons at Seminar
1. Introduction
2. Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8
Seismic Design of Connections 3. Welded connections
4. Bolted connections
Lessons Connection Design according to EN 1993-1-8 5. Basics of structural joints
6. Design of simple connections
Prof. František Wald
7. Column bases
8. Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2
9. Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1
1 2
13 14
15 16
17 18
Beam-to-Column Typologies Beam-to-Column Typologies
Specific joints in Japan Specific joints in Europe
Extended end plate joint
A A
Stiffener Stiffener
.
.
.
10M20 - 10.9
A-A
19 20
3M20 - 6.6
C-C
B-B
21 22
General Rules
Scope of the Lecture for Steel Connections in Dissipative Structures
Principles Localisation of plastic strains, high residual stresses,
Design criteria and fabrication defects
By experimental evidence
Beam-to-column typologies
Design and fabrication recommendations Non dissipative connections of dissipative members
Welding technology Full penetration butt welds
Deemed to satisfy the overstrength criterion
Strain-rate loading
For fillet weld or bolted non dissipative connections
M - φ modelling
Column web panel Rd ≥ 1,35 R fy
Summary 23 24
General Rules Requirements for Moment Resistant Frame
for Steel Connections in Dissipative Structures beam-to-column connections
Bolted joints Structure dissipate energy in the beams
In shear categories B and C (slip resistant) only Connections between the beams and the columns should be
Un tension category E With controlled tightening of the bolts designed for the required degree of overstrength
Shear joints with fitted bolts are also allowed. Moment resistance Mpl.Rd and the shear force (VG, Ed + VM,Ed)
Bolted shear connection evaluated in 6.6.2 of standard EN 1998-1
The shear resistance of the bolts should be higher than 1,2 times Dissipative semi-rigid and/or partial strength connections
the bearing resistance are permitted provided all of the following conditions
The strength and ductility of members and their connections Connections have a rotation capacity consistent with global
under cyclic loading deformations
Should be supported by experimental evidence Members framing into the connections are demonstrated to be
stable at the ultimate limit state (ULS)
For all types of connections in dissipative zones
Effect of connections deformation on global drift is taken into
Available plastic rotation φ = δ /( 0 ,5 L ) account
p
25 26
27 28
33 34
400 140 s -1
Welding technology
Strain-rate loading φ φ φ
M - φ modelling
Column web panel
Summary 37 38
M - φ Modelling Parametres
φ j .i
Stable behaviour Rotational capacity β Δ .i =
φ j .el
Unstable curve Ei
βe =
Slip in connection Energy M j .el (φi − φel )
Ei φi
Rotational capacity and β E .i =
φel M j .el (φix − φel )
energy
S j .i
β S .i =
Stiffness S j .ini
M j .i
β M .i =
39 Resistance M j .ini 40
M
Sj.ini
Models Exponential Curve Ma
Sj.ini
Sj.s
M0
Curve fitting Initial stiffness Sj,ini
Initial stiffness Moment resistance M0 φa φ
Unloading - M0
Assembling ⎢1 + ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
2 M0
41 42
Scope of the Lecture Column Web Panel
Principles T joints or double T joints with unsymmetrical loads strong
influence on the behaviour of the joint
Design criteria The resistance of the joint is reduced by between 20 - 40%
Beam-to-column typologies and the ductility is increased by 150 - 200%, due to the web
Design and fabrication recommendations panel.
Welding technology Adding supplementary web plates on the column web panel
can increase the resistance of the joint.
Strain-rate loading
M - φ modelling
Column web panel
Summary 43 44