An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond that involves a metal and a non-metal ion (or

polyatomic ions such as ammonium) through electrostatic attraction. In short, it is a bond formed
by the attraction between two oppositely charged ions. The metal donates one or more electrons,
forming a positively charged ion or cation with a stable electron configuration. These electrons
then enter the non metal, causing it to form a negatively charged ion or anion which also has a
stable electron configuration. The electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions
causes them to come together and form a bond.

For example, common table salt is Sodium Chloride. When sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) are
combined, the sodium atoms each lose an electron, forming a cation (Na+), and the chlorine
atoms each gain an electron to form an anion (Cl-). These ions are then attracted to each other in
a 1:1 ratio to form sodium chloride (NaCl).

Na + Cl → Na+ + Cl− → NaCl

Metallic bonding is the electromagnetic interaction between delocalized

electrons, called conduction electrons, and the metallic nuclei within metals.
Understood as the sharing of "free" electrons among a lattice of positively-charged
ions (cations), metallic bonding is sometimes compared with that of molten salts;
however, this simplistic view holds true for very few metals.

A covalent bond is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing

of pairs of electrons between atoms, or between atoms and other covalent bonds. In
short, attraction-to-repulsion stability that forms between atoms when they share
electrons is known as covalent bonding.

A hydrogen bond is the attractive force between one electronegative atom and a
hydrogen covalently bonded to another electronegative atom. It results from a
dipole-dipole force with a hydrogen atom bonded to nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine
(thus the name "hydrogen bond", which must not be confused with a covalent bond
to hydrogen). The energy of a hydrogen bond (typically 5 to 30 kJ/mole) is
comparable to that of weak covalent bonds (155 kJ/mol), and a typical covalent
bond is only 20 times stronger than an intermolecular hydrogen bond. These bonds
can occur between molecules (intermolecularly), or within different parts of a single
molecule (intramolecularly).[2] The hydrogen bond is a very strong fixed dipole-
dipole van der Waals-Keesom force, but weaker than covalent, or ionic bonds. The
hydrogen bond is somewhere between a covalent bond and an electrostatic
intermolecular attraction.

The van der Waal bonds occur to some extent in all materials but are particularly
important in plastics and polymers. These materials are made up of a long string
molecules consisting of carbon atoms covalently bonded with other atoms, such as
hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine. The covalent bonds within the molecules are
very strong and rupture only under extreme conditions. The bonds between the
molecules that allow sliding and rupture to occur are called van der Waal forces.