UNIT 7

Taking a Holiday
Motto:
“If all the year were playing holidays,
To sport would be as tedious as to work;
But when they seldom come, they wished for come,
And nothing pleaseth but rare accidents.”
William Shakespeare (1564–1616), British dramatist

Discussion
What kind of holidays do people have in your own country?
Do they have any problems?
Do you take a lot of luggage with you when you go on holiday?
Think of five useful things to take with you.
Why do people go on holiday?
If you were going to visit a city/capital, what kinds of places would you expect to see?
What else would you do while you were there?

Read the text and find this information about the city of Dublin.

DUBLIN QUIZ
1. Where can you find
the following?
a. Dublin’s oldest pub?
b. The cultural centre
c. Antiques
d. The best shops to buy
gifts
e. Bob Geldof

2. How can you get to the

city from the airport?
3. Where can you inquire
about buses?
4. What are the official
opening hours for pubs in
Dublin?

WELCOME TO DUBLIN

A unique place steeped in history
and buzzing with youthful energy. Medieval,
Georgian and modern architecture provide a
backdrop to a friendly bustling port where
the cosmopolitan and charming converge in
delightful diversity. Stroll through the streets
of this wonderful city and you may still hear
echoes of the generations of famous
personalities that called Dublin home. The
Dublin welcome is legendary and who
knows, maybe you will meet the ghosts of
some of our most famous residents along the
busy streets or in the historic buildings of
this fair city.
Now over 1000 years old, Dublin
serves as Ireland’s political, economic and
cultural nerve-centre. Situated on the East
Coast, with the mountains and sea as
constant companions, Dubliners enjoy a
range of amenities that make them the envy
of people everywhere. Within half an hour of
the city centre, you can be relaxing in the
heart of beautiful countryside, or strolling
along magnificent coastal shores. The
Dublin countryside will relax and charm
even the most seasoned traveller with the wit
of its people and the splendour of its
scenery. Restaurants in coastal villages
exemplify the best of Irish cooking and the
Dublin Bay Prawns alone are a delicacy not
to be missed during your stay here. And if
there is a golfer amongst your party you may
see very little of them for the duration of
your visit. Dublin’s golf courses are justly
famous for their quality and scenic
surroundings and are ever popular amongst
visitors and locals alike.
Dublin has a great sense of festivity
and welcomes any opportunity to celebrate.
If you need further information on
any aspect of your trip, why not call into one
of Dublin Tourism’s Information and
Reservation Centres, where you can pick up
one of the many free leaflets on display or
browse among the wide range of gifts
available in our shops.
Population – The population of
Dublin City and County at the time of the
last census (1996) was 1,058,264.
Air access – Dublin International
Airport is located 12 km from the city
centre. Visitors can travel by Airlink bus
which serves the airport and Busáras, the
central bust station in the city centre.
Alternatively, Aircoach is a privately run
service which operates between the airport
and a number of city locations.
Sea access – There are two ferry
terminals in Dublin. Dun Laoghaire Port,
south of the city, is easily reached by a 15
minute train journey on the DART (Dublin
Area Rapid Transport). Dublin Port is
located in the city and is served by a bus
running from Busáras (central bus station).
Dublin Bus – operates the city’s bus
routes running from 7am to 11.30pm. There is
also a limited late night ‘Nitelink’ but
service on Thursdays, Fridays and
Saturdays. Also enquire in the Dublin
Tourism Centre, local newsagents or directly
from Dublin Bus, about special value tickets
that are available for travelling around the
Dublin region.
Pubs – Official opening hours for
pubs are Sun-Wed 10.30am to 11.30pm.
Thursday, Friday and Saturday from 10.30am
to 12.30a.m. Many pubs in the city centre are
granted later licenses at weekends.
Accommodation – Dublin provides
visitors with a wide range of accommodation
types, from hotels, guesthouses, Irish homes
and self-catering campus, specialist
accommodation, caravan and camping and
backpacker hotels.
Dublin with its bustling city centre
and lively suburbs provides the ideal setting
for shopping, offering the visitor a
wonderful array of products from traditional
Irish handmade crafts to international
designer labels. The central shopping area,
which runs from O’Connell Street to Grafton
Street, is one of the best places in Ireland for
concentrated general and speciality
shopping, at prices competitive with most
other European cities. Antiques have long fruit and vegetables is a quintessential
been a speciality on Francis Street in Dublin experience which must not be
Dublin’s historic Liberties area, while a trip missed.
down to the colourful vendors on Moore
Street to pick up the best in fresh flowers,
When it comes to entertainment,
Dubliners with their naturally friendly and
fun-loving attitude certainly know how to
enjoy themselves. Theatres, artists’ studios,
small galleries, shops, restaurants, cafés and Vocabulary
pubs crowd around the maze of streets, lanes Try to guess these words from the
and squares that is Temple Bar, otherwise text in A by matching each one with a
known as Dublin’s Cultural Quarter or Left suitable equivalent from B.
Bank. There are countless fascinating ways
for you to while away many an hour here, A
any time of the day. But don’t be afraid to to steep
explore, all over Dublin you will find that buzz(ing)
unique atmosphere that makes this region so converge?
special. vendor?
The charm of Dublin’s older pubs array
derives from the fact that they are simple leaflet?
nonsense places, many relatively unchanged stroll
for decade, where you can get some lively resident
chat and a good pint of Guinness or “the amenity?
black stuff”. Located on the site of an maze
original Viking Inn and now over 800 years showcase?
old, The Brazen Head is Dublin’s oldest pub. backdrop?
The choice on offer is overwhelming and if bustling
you find one that is not to your liking, why
not try the next one down the road? B
Music and song play a large part in display
the artistic make-up of Dubliners and Dublin murmur
provides a showcase for all facets of talent. active
Traditional Irish folk musicians such as The labyrinth
Dubliners and The Chieftains have found inhabitant
inspiration and worldwide popularity and walk
recent contemporary success stories such as to infuse
Boyzone and Westlife have joined bands like
U2 and Sinead O’Connor on the
international scene. Follow the ‘Rock n
Stroll’ music trail to uncover the city’s main
contemporary musical connections, such as
Bewleys Café on Grafton Street where Bob
Geldof hung out with the Boomtown Rats.

Which of these places would you like to visit in Dublin and why?
 Read the advertisement for a bus tour around Dublin.

The ORIGINAL Open-Top Sightseeing Tour of Dublin

Designed to introduce you to the highlights of Ireland’s capital, this
tour will take you on a fascinating journey through 1,000 years of
history. Over the centuries, Viking, Norman and English conquerors
have settled here and have played their part in the development of a city
noted for its rich architectural heritage, unique literary tradition and
friendly, talkative citizens. One of them – your eloquent and
entertaining tour guide – will show you the city as only a native can –
from Trinity College and the famous Guinness Brewery to St. Patrick’s
and Christ Church Cathedrals, elegant Georgian Squares and the
historic Phoenix Park. Recognised as the most popular way for visitors
to explore Dublin City, the tour is also a photographer’s delight.

On rainy days a covered Double Deck Bus will be used.

Tour duration: 2 hrs 45 mins (approx).

 Imagine that you are thinking of going on this tour. Use the cues given and the words in the
list to make sentences about the trip.

might could must can can’t might not

expensive/be
It can’t be very expensive to see Dublin this way.

1. interesting/be 7. crowded/be
2. bus/break down 8. foreign tourists/like
3. people/friendly/be 9. tired/get
4. drive/fast 10. places/see/properly
5. tour/well-organised/be 11. sick/feel
6. ticket/cheap/be

 This list contains words connected with three different kinds of holidays: camping,
seaside and sight-seeing. Divide the list into three groups of words.

compass map tent coach guide

sun bathing tour sand museum sleeping bag
boots beach queue sun tan sandals

 What kind of holiday is each person describing?

Alan Bates – We always come here to relax. I don’t have to worry about my work, and it’s a real
break. We usually spend about two weeks in different places so that the children can see
something interesting and keep busy!

Vanessa Moss – I’m a student so this kind of holiday suits me best, it’s not too expensive and
most of my friends enjoy this kind of thing. We usually bring our guitars so that we can do some
singing and dancing. It’s great as long as it doesn’t rain!

What kind of holiday is best for these people? Give reasons for each person.
A family with four children
A single person
A group of school friends who don’t have much money
A very busy business man or woman

 Role play
A – You want some information and advice about holidays in B’s country. Ask about:
- how to get there
- where to go, places of interest
- where to stay, what to eat
- money and prices, what to avoid
B – Give as much information as possible. Give information about:
- a place you know well
- recommend the best places to visit
- give some advice about what to take with you, what to avoid.

 Pack your bags and go on your travels before it’s too late. There are still
vast tracts of the world which beg to be visited; and travel will give you a
wealth of experience and pleasure which can be drawn on for the rest of your
life, a wealth furthermore, which no government can ever take away. If the
very worst happens, and you are miserable on your travels (unlikely), at least
you will have learnt to appreciate your own country. I have never regretted
visiting a single country, and I have rarely met anyone who regretted going
on their travels. Our greatest disappointment is nearly always for what we
haven’t done, not for what we have done. And don’t let the feeble excuse of
work to keep you back; remember the Haitian proverb: if work is such a good
thing, how come the rich haven’t grabbed it all for themselves?
From The Tropical Traveller by John Hatt

Write a composition with the title, A Holiday Which Went Wrong. Choose some of the
points below to include in your composition:

deciding where to go the weather

who you went with an accident
how you travelled getting lost
describing the journey there losing something
where you stayed solving the problems
places you visited travelling home
LANGUAGE STUDY

Modals
A 1. CAN
- ability (be able to, be capable of);
e.g. He can speak English but he can’t write it very well.
- permission (be allowed to, be permitted to); can is less formal in this sense;
e.g. Can I smoke in here?
- possibility (it is possible that/to);
e.g. Anybody can make mistakes.
2. COULD
It is the past form of CAN.
– ability: I could never play the banjo.
– permission: Could I smoke in here?
– possibility: That could be my train.
2. MAY/MIGHT
- permission (be allowed to, be permitted to): You may borrow my car if you like.
Might I smoke in here?
In this sense may is more formal than can.
- possibility (it is possible that/to): He may never succeed.
What you say might be true.
3. MUST
- obligation or compulsion in the present tense (be obliged to, have to); except in reported speech,
only had to (not must) is used in the past;
e.g. You must be back by 10 o’clock.
Yesterday you had to be back by 10 o’clock.
- logical necessity: There must be a mistake.
4. SHOULD
- obligation and logical necessity (ought to): You should do as he says.
They should be home by now.
5. WILL/WOULD
- willingness: Will you have another cup of coffee?
Would you excuse me?
- intention: I will write as soon as I can.
- insistence: He will do it, whatever you say.
It’s your own fault; you would take the baby with you.
WOULD – characteristic activity: Every morning he would go for a long walk.
- hypothetical meaning in main clauses: He would smoke too much if I didn’t stop him.
- probability: That would be his mother.

B 1. COULD + HAVE+ PAST PARTICIPLE

We use it to refer to past possibility or uncertainty.
e.g. They could have rung. (perhaps they rang)

2. MAY/MIGHT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

We use it to talk about past possibility or uncertainty.
e.g. They might have gone. (perhaps they went)
To refer to a past possibility that did not happen we use might or could have.
e.g. You could/might have told me. (But you didn’t)
To say that something was possible but we chose not to do it, we must use could.
e.g. I could have cried. (But I didn’t)
3. SHOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Should have (past participle) is the past of should. We use it when criticising a past action.
e.g. You shouldn’t have said that.
Also, we use it to refer to something that was supposed to happen.
e.g. They should have rung by now. (But they haven’t rung)

! Remember
Modals are always followed by short infinitives.
Only some of them have past forms.
None of the modals have future forms.
They do not need auxiliary verbs (to do, to be) to form negatives and questions.

Grammar consolidation
Choose the correct alternative:
1. The classes are over, you …………… go home.
a. might b. shouldn’t c. may d. must
2. Next year they will …………… to drive that car.
a. may b. be seen c. be allowed d. can
3. My little son …………… be very naughty sometimes.
a. will b. can c. might d. should
4. …………….. you see the lights?
a. May b. Couldn’t c. Can’t d. Shouldn’t
5. You really………… help me!
a. may b. will c. might d. must
6. Why …………….. he be different from other men?
a. should b. could c. might d. needed
7. I wonder what that …………… meant.
a. may b. could have c. should have d. would
8. Critics say that no writer ……………… written it better.
a. could have b. would c. must have d. need have
9. He is the kind of person who ………………. do something like that.
a. must b. should c. would d. may
10. The doctor …………… possibly leave the wounded lying on the pavement.
a. wouldn’t b. mustn’t c. needn’t d. couldn’t

Use the most appropriate modal verb to fit the meaning of the following sentences:
1. Can’t you see that light in the sky? You ……… be blind!
2. I really can’t be sure but I ………… be late tonight.
3. If you feel so bad, I think you ……….. see a doctor.
4. Excuse me, but …………… I ask you a very personal question? (2var)
5. Listen! You really ………….. give this to Susan; it’s very important.
6. OK, if I se Jerry tomorrow, I …………. give him your message.
7. You ……………. go there if you don’t feel like.
8. Excuse me, …………….. you take this to the post office for me, please?

Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same.
1. Tommy’s friend is extremely funny.
Tommy’s friend……………………….
2. Her explaining how to do that exercise was pointless.
 She ……………………………………
3. Water has probably got into the tent.
Water………………………………….
4. I’m pretty sure she isn’t going out with Jenkins any more.
She ……………………………………
5. It’s against the law to drive on the right in England.
You …………………………………..
6. Students don’t have to wear uniform in certain colleges.
a) It ……………………………………
b) Students …………………………….
1. It isn’t advisable for you to bask in the sun for too long a time. It can damage your skin.
You …………………………………….
2. It’s possible that Tom did not hear when you called him.
Tom …………………………………….
3. It wasn’t necessary for him to have called his boss.
He ………………………………………
4. I’m irritated that she didn’t keep her word.
She …………………………………….

Match each sentence with a suitable comment which explains what is said. More than
one answer may be possible.

a. There’s no smoking on
the bus. 2. This notice says it’s not
b. It’s not necessary to give allowed.
a tip. 3. Guests don’t have to do
c. Stop being so rude to this.
everybody! 4. You’re not allowed to.
d. Don’t throw rubbish out
the window! 5. You really mustn’t do
e. The rule says KEEP TO things like that.
THE PATH. 6. … so you have to do this.
f. Go and see Bram Stoker’s 7. You really mustn’t!
house.
g. The maid will make the
beds. 8. It says that we don’t have
h. Don’t miss the Phoenix to.
Park.
1. I think you really should!

Modal Final Test

Modals and Related Expressions

1. Ted’s flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He ________________ be exhausted
after such a long flight.
a. must b. can c. had better
2. The book is optional. My professor said we could read it if we needed extra credit. But we
________________ read it if we don't want to.
a. cannot b. must not c. don’t have to
3. Susan ________________ hear the speaker because the crowd was cheering so loudly.
a. couldn’t b. can’t c. might not
4. The television isn't working. It ________________ damaged during the move.
a. must have been b. must c. must be
5. A: ________________ hold your breath for more than a minute?
B: No, I can't
a. Are you able b. Might you c. Can you
6. You ________________ be rich to be a success. Some of the most successful people I know
haven't got a penny to their name.
a. can’t b. don’t have to c. shouldn’t
7. I've redone this math problem at least twenty times, but my answer is wrong according to the
answer key. The answer in the book ________________ be wrong!
a. have to b. must c. should
8. You ________________ do the job if you didn't speak Japanese fluently.
a. can’t b. won’t be able to c. couldn’t
9. You ________________ worry so much. It doesn't do you any good. Either you get the job,
or you don't. If you don't, just apply for another one. Eventually, you will find work.
a. shouldn’t b. don’t have to c. can’t
10. You ________________ be kidding! That can't be true.
a. should b. have to c. ought to
11. You ________________ leave the table once you have finished your meal and politely
excused yourself.
a. would b. might c. may
12. Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It ________________ a fortune.
a. must cost b. must be costing c. must have cost
13. ________________ we move into the living room? It's more comfortable in there and there's
a beautiful view of the lake.
a. Shall b. Must c. Will
14. If I had gone white water rafting with my friends, I ________________ down the Colorado
River right now.
a. would have float b. would be floating c. would float
15. At first, my boss didn't want to hire Sam. But, because I had previously worked with Sam, I
told my boss that he____ take another look at his resume and reconsider him for the position.
a. must b. ought to c. has to
16. You ________________ take along some cash. The restaurant may not accept credit cards.
a. had better b. has to c. can
17. The machine ________________ on by flipping this switch.
a. may turn b. could be turning c. can be turned
18. . I can’t stand these people - I ________________ get out of here. I'm going to take off for a
while while you get rid of them.
a. might b. have got to c. had better
19. You ________________ forget to pay the rent tomorrow. The landlord is very strict about
paying on time.
a. mustn’t b. don’t have to c. couldn’t
20. Do you always have to say the first thing that pops into your head. ________________ you
think once in a while before you speak?
a. Can not b. Can’t c. Don’t can
  Complete the dialogue with the correct form (simple or continuous) of the modals in
the past:

PETER: Hi, Louise! I’ve been trying to get in touch with you all week.
LOUISE: Really?
PETER: Yes, first I tried to phone you on Monday evening. I suppose it was about
7.30.
LOUISE: Oh, I ……..must have already left… (must/ already/ leave) for the cinema.
PETER: Then on Tuesday evening I phoned at about six o’clock.
LOUISE: I ……………………………………...(might/ work late). I usually do on a
Tuesday.
PETER: Then I tried again on Wednesday, at about ten o’clock in the evening.
LOUISE: Really? I suppose I …………………………………………(might/
already/ go to bed). I had an early night, I think, on Wednesday.
PETER: On Thursday evening at about eight o’clock?
LOUISE: I ………………………………………(must/ shop). It’s late night
shopping on Thursday.
PETER: Then last night I tried again several times but still no luck!
LOUISE: I think I …………………………..(might/ have) a shower.
PETER: What! For four hours! You ………………………………..(can’t/ be) in
the shower all evening! I get the feeling you are trying to avoid me,
Louise.
LOUISE: Whatever gave you that idea?

Translate into English:

1. Se mătură străzile pentru că a plouat mult timp.

2. Romanul lui a fost vândut foarte bine anul trecut.
3. A fost aşeptat două ore aseară.
4. I-ai spus că este urmărit?
5. De ce era bănuit?
6. Judecătorul a presupus că asasinul va fi condamnat pe viaţă.
7. Pasărea a fost văzută zburând trei zile şi trei nopţi.
8. Se gătea gâsca şi mirosul ei umplea casa.

UNIT 8

Food & Cooking

Motto:
"One cannot think well, love well, sleep well, if one has not dined well."
Virginia Woolf, English writer

 Discussion
Talk about differences between these places:
– open-air restaurant
 – tea-shop
– McDonald’s
– fashionable restaurant
What can people in each of these places enjoy besides food?
What do you know about English and American eating habits?
Which of these places would you go to? What are your favourite dishes?

 Read the following text and find the main idea.

Dining Out

Dining out has become, for Dubliners at least, part of

everyday life instead of a special occasion. The fantastic
and variety of restaurants in Dublin today, comparable
with any other European capital, offer the very best in
international cuisine ensuring that there is something to
suit everyone regardless of palate preferences or purse.
If you want superb ethnic cuisine in atmospheric
surroundings Dublin can provide and handsomely. There
has been a notable surge in recent times in the number of
European, Eastern and Far Eastern restaurants, French,
Italian and Mediterranean fare, Scandinavian specialities,
Russian, Indian, Japanese and Oriental dishes – the choice
of cuisine from around the globe is endless.
If you want to eat well but within a budget, again
Dublin will not let you down. There are plenty of cheaper,
livelier restaurants to be found in which you can eat very
well and inexpensively. Dublin is famous for the quality of
its pub lunches, particularly good for those who want to
fill up on a limited budget and suitable for those who want
to savour a good ol’ pint of Guinness with their meal!
There is also a surprisingly good choice of vegetarian
establishments on offer around Dublin now – try South
Great George’s Street for a couple of good spots. In
response to the growing demand for healthier diet, most
restaurants will now also offer a couple of good
vegetarian options on their menu.
 Dublin has a maritime heritage which has yielded an
abundance of local culinary delights, renowned by many
as the ultimate in seafood gastronomy. Easy access to
fresh fish from all around the coast has supplied the Irish
with a wonderful choice of seafood – not only the
traditional cockles and mussels but also the world-
renowned Dublin Bay Prawns, wild salmon, oysters, crabs
and deep-sea fish trawled off the west coast of Ireland.
Don’t be surprised to discover that Dublin is home to
literally thousands of restaurants and cafés, and that
some of the not-to-be-missed ones have to be sought
amount the back streets and in the suburbs.
Vocabulary
to suit – to correspond cuisine – mâncare tradiţionalã
dish – recipe seafood – fructe de mare
pint – 0,57 l (aprox. halbã) salmon - somon
heritage – inheritance, tradition oysters - stridii
establishment – place prawns - crevete
to trawl - a pescui cu plasa

 How much do you know about healthy eating? Put down your choice.
1. What does healthy eating refer to?
a) a permanent diet to loose weight
b) a varied and balanced food programme
c) eating only what we like

1. What foods do you think are important for healthy eating?

a) foods rich in vitamins
b) foods containing lots of sugar
c) foods rich in starch and fibre

1. What foods would you eliminate from a healthy programme?

a) dairy products
b) sweets
c) foods rich in fats

 Look at the menus below.

 *

DUBLIN
COOKHOUSE and BAR
noodle bar ~ dublin
Grafton Street, Dublin
fast~ fresh ~ good value
Appetisers – from 2.45 Euro
Soup of the Day juices all 2.75 Euro
French Onion Soup raw juice ~
Corn on the Cob a mixture of carrot, cucumber, tomato, orange
Cheesy Garlic Bread and apple, an all-round high-nutrient and high
Tsing Spring Rolls energy drink
Mozzarella Cubes fruit juice ~
Loaded Potato Skins a mixture of apple, orange and passion fruit,
Breaded Mushrooms good for general cleansing and digestion
Chicken Goujons
Captain’s Nachos ramen from 5.95 Euro
Caesar Salad the way of the noodle is to make slurping noises
while eating. the extra oxygen adds to the taste all
Salads the ramen served with a seasoned chicken and pork
Caesar Salad stock. they may be served with a vegetarian stock
Captain America House Salad as an option.

Steaks chicken ramen

5oz. Steak Sandwich soup noodles with slices of grilled chicken
14oz. T-Bone Steak breast, seasonal greens, menma and spring onions
9oz. Fillet Steak
seafood ramen
Specialities – from 6.45 Euro soup noodles topped with fresh seafood
Chicken & Cheese Enchiladas including prawns, crabstick and squid, garnished
Beef Tacos with wakame, narutó, menma, seasonal greens and
Chilli Con Carne spring onions.
Home Made Lasagne
Creole Chicken rice from 4.95 Euro
Barbeque Chicken cha han
Grilled Chicken Breast Sandwich fried rice with egg, chicken, prawns, snow peas,
sweet corn, mushroom and spring onion,
From the Ocean – from 5.20 Euro accompanied by a bowl of vegetable based miso
Deep Fried Cod Fillet soup and pickles.
Salmon Steak
Pacific Scambi teppan-fried noodles from 5.75 Euro
yaki soba
teppan fried noodles with egg, chicken, shrimps,
onions, green and red peppers, beansprouts and
spring onions, garnished with sesame seeds, fried
shallots and red ginger

Pretend you are in one of these two restaurants and you are ordering some food. Look at
the sample dialogue below.

Waitress: Good morning, Sir. What can I get you?

Customer: Good morning. I shall have grapefruit juice.
Waitress: Grapefruit juice. And then would you like cereal, fruit or yoghurt?
Customer: Cereal, please. And scrambled eggs.
Waitress: What would you like your eggs served with, Sir? With ham?
Customer: Bacon, please.
Waitress: Scrambled eggs with bacon. And what would you like to drink?
Customer: Tea, please.

 Vocabulary

to steam – a fierbe în abur

to fry – a prăji
to blanch – a opări
to grill – a frige la grătar
to boil – a fierbe
to heat – a încălzi
to slice – a tăia felii

 Match the food the right with the actions on the left.
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
cook beef

boil bread

fry sauce

stir cake

bake eggs

toast potatoes

roast food

LANGUAGE STUDY
Nouns and their plurals
1. Usually the plural is formed by adding –s to the singular form.
e.g. car-cars
flower - flowers
! Remember
a) When the noun ends in a sibilant consonant (-s, -ss, -x, -ch, -sh, -zz), the letter e is added after
it, before the inflection –s
e.g. bus – buses kiss – kisses
 quiz – quizzes fox – foxes
bush – bushes beach – beaches
b) When the noun ends in –y preceded by a vowel, the plural is formed by adding –s in the
ordinary way
e.g. day – days boy – boys
c) When the noun ends in –y preceded by a consonant, it changes into i, and the plural will be
–ies.
e.g. story – stories study – studies
Irregular plurals
e.g. man – men
woman – women
goose – geese
foot – feet
tooth - teeth
mouse – mice
- three nouns get –en in the plural
e.g. child – children ox – oxen brother – brethren (brother has regular plural, too)

1. Nouns can be countable (many) or uncountable (much). Uncountable nouns do not take the
indefinite article (a) and have no plural. Nouns which refer to general things, such as qualities,
substances, topics and processes, are uncountable.
e.g. Humans need oxygen.
I bought some flour.
Humour is a great gift.
Here is a list of nouns that are often countable in other languages but are uncountable in English:
furniture, information, knowledge, money, news, baggage, luggage, homework, traffic, advice,
hair, progress, research, machinery.

2. Some countable nouns have the same form for both singular and plural. Many of these refer to
animals and fish: sheep, deer, fish, cod, salmon, means, series, crossroads, offspring.
There is a small group of nouns that only have plural forms. These are often clothes and tools,
which have two similar parts: clothes, pyjamas, glasses, scissors, binoculars, wages, premises.
Collective nouns refer to a group of people or things. They are followed by either a singular (you
think of the group as a single unit) or a plural verb (you think of the group as a number of
individuals).
e.g. The government has changed.
The government are planning dramatic changes.
The following are collective nouns: army, jury, staff, council, company, committee, audience,
data, media, press, public, community, family, group.

Grammar consolidation
Choose the correct alternative.
1. The police…………..caught the burglars.
a. has b. was c. have
2. A few ……………… were seen grazing in the field.
a. sheep b. sheeps c. sheepes
3. She’s got the most beautiful ……………….. I’ve ever seen.
a. tooths b. teeths c, teeth
4. Can you lend me that …………….?
a. scissors b. scissor c. pair of scissors
5. How ………….. knowledge do you need to pass the exam?
a. much b. many c. few
6. I hate travelling by this …………….. of transport.
a. mean b. means c. meanses
7. The programme includes visiting several ………….
a. cities b. citys c. cityes
8. My family ……………. made up of 3 persons.
a. are b. is c. were
9. I can see three ……………… working on this site.
a. man b. men c. mans
10. We have been learning French for eight ………………
a. month b. months c. monthes

Write down the nouns in the text below. Form three columns: one for nouns in the
singular, one for nouns in the plural, and one for uncountable nouns.

1. The waitress was carrying a tray with food when she fell down and sprained her ankle. 2. Cars
must drive slow when children are crossing the street. 3. The women of this region are good-
looking. 4. Greengrocers are very busy early in the morning. 5. Apples are very good for health;
an apple a day does you good. 6. When there is some blockage in the traffic all the buses stop
running. 7. This library is well supplied. You can find all kind of books in it. 8. That city-dweller
could not enjoy sleeping late because of the noisy ducks and geese on the farm. 9. John went
fishing yesterday, but because of the wind, he did not catch much fish. 10. Take those glasses
away and wash them up. When you have done it, bring me a glass of fresh water, please.

singular plural uncountable

……….. …………………… ……………………….
……….. …………………… ……………………….
……….. . …………………. ...…………………….
……….. …………………… ……………………….

Correct these sentences where they are wrong.

1. The informations that you provided about the whereabouts of the animals are invaluable.
2. Politics was a subject that held no fascination for Beryl.
3. The airport staff was delighted to show her round the building.
4. The police was taken aback to see the burglar turning down.
5. A series of programmes is being planned about that actor’s life.
6. We went to two horses race last week but were mildly disappointed by them.
7. She raised the binocular to her eyes in order to view the race more clearly.
8. Wolfs, deers, calfs, zebras are among the names of animals that have unusual plural forms.
9. The government was persuaded to grant the lady her racehorse trainer’s licence.
10. If a person is adventurous, it doesn’t always follow that they are fearless.

Complete each sentence with a word from the list. Use a plural form if necessary.
animal car
food house
free time money
traffic work

1. There won’t be enough …………….. for some people.

2. There will probably be too much ………….. in large cities.
3. I think there will be too few …………….. left in the world.
4. I expect there will be too many …………… everywhere.
5. Most of the time there won’t be enough ……………… for everyone.
6. The police will have too little …………… to do.

 Here is a jumbled recipe. Try to put it in the right order.

1. Add the tomato juice or paste and continue cooking for another thirty
minutes.13
2. Re-heat the following day and serve with hot polenta, if desired.15
3. Allow to cool and place in the refrigerator.14
4. Soak the cabbage leaves in warm water, then cut them in half length-ways,
discarding the mid-ribs.1
5. Place this filling on the cabbage leaves and roll up.3
6. Mix all the ingredients for the stuffing together, beating well.2
7. Fold the ends inwards.4
8. Place a thick layer of shredded cabbage rolls in the bottom of a deep
casserole dish.5
9. Continue layering until all the cabbage rolls are used.8
10. Add a layer of cabbage rolls.7
11. Sprinkle with chopped bacon.6
12. Add the seasoning and cover with water.10
13. Fill only ¾ of the casserole to avoid boiling over.11
14. Place a lid on the casserole, bring to the boil, then simmer over low heat
fro approximately 2 ½ hours (on the stove or in the oven).12
15. Top with shredded cabbage.9
You will obtain one of the Romanian traditional dishes – ‘sarmale’ (stuffed cabbage).

Draw up a menu including some specifically Romanian dishes.

B&B
Ireland, just like Britain is famous for the form of
holiday accommodation called “Bed and Breakfast”
or “B&B”.
Travellers are given the opportunity to stay in
private houses in one of the spare bedrooms or in a
small guest house. The owner who usually lives on
the premises will welcome her guests in a warm
and friendly way. Thus they are given the chance
to make friends but if they wish, their privacy will
be respected and they can have all their meals in a
separate dining-room. It’s just like having a home
 away from home. In addition to a comfortable bed
the hostess will prepare her guests a traditional
Irish breakfast of bacon and eggs.
Prices range from 10Euro to 20Euro per night and
you may find this to be the cheapest way to see
some of the most attractive and well-known parts
of the country.

Patron: "Do you serve fish here?"

Waiter: "Certainly, sir. We cater to everyone."

Waitress: "We have everything on the menu today, sir."

Customer: "So I see. How about a clean one?"

 Put each of the following words into its correct place:

afternoon bacon breakfast juice
chocolate continental English morning
lunch meals menu syrup
rolls second supper

MEALS

Most people eat three ...meals...... a day - breakfast, ..lunch....... and dinner. Some eat a fourth
meal, ..dinner......., late at night. supper.........tradition provides an extra light meal served in the
late......English... . Its basic .....afternoon.... usually included tea and special tea cakes or
cucumbers sandwiches.

Menu meals vary in different countries. .Breakfast in the United States may include fruit or
fruit .juice........ , coffee, toast, and a choice of cereals or …bacon…… and eggs. Many persons
like pancakes with maple syrup………. for breakfast. …Continental…… Europeans sometimes
have an early breakfast of …rolls…… and coffee or hot chocolate………, and eat a …
second…… breakfast later on in the …morning…… .

Answers: meals, lunch, supper, English, afternoon, breakfast, juice, bacon, syrup, continental,
rolls, chocolate, second.

 Choose the right answer:

1. The food they serve here is excellent because they have a fine ……… .
a. chef b. cooker c. headwaiter d. cook
2. Game pie is the ……… of the restaurant.
a. originality b. particularity c. singularity d. speciality
3. Two ……… beers, please.
a. cold b. freezing c. frozen d. icy
4. Waiter, can I see the ………, please?
a. card of wines b. list of wines c. wine list d. wine menu
5. All the food in this restaurant is ……… .
a. handmade b. home-based c. home-made d. self-made
6. What would you like for your first ………?
a. course b. dish c. meal d. plate
7. I really don’t like the way meals are ……… here.
a. dished b. eaten c. helped d. served
8. A new restaurant has opened here which specialises in French ……… .
a. cook b. cuisine c. feeding d. kitchen

Cross out the word in each group which cannot follow the verb.
1. FRY onion potato water fish
2. BAKE potato bread cake milk
3. GRILL sausage egg bacon hamburger
4. BOIL steak egg milk potatoes
5. GRIND coffee salt pepper cheese
6. GRATE cabbage carrot potato salt
7. SLICE flour onion bread courgettes
8. STEAM rice fish biscuits vegetables
9. ROAST beef tomato lamb potato
10.CHOP onion parsley nuts milk_

RECIPE FOR SUCCESS

To be a success in life you need:
20 kilos of luck
15 kilos of help from your family
5 years of education
10 mouthfuls of conversation
1 pinch of talent
1 new idea
3 kilos of energy
2 rich friends
 Mix all the ingredients together and
leave for several years.

UNIT 9
Shops & Shopping
Motto:

"Shopping is my cardio."
Carrie Bradshaw, Sex & The City
Discussion
Do you do a lot of shopping?
Name four kinds of shops.
Where can you buy the following: iron, jacket, books, milk, cheese, CDs, shampoo,
breakfast cereal, picture cards, glasses, gifts, comb, petrol, washing powder?

CONFESSIONS OF A SHOPAHOLIC
By SOPHIE KINSELLA

Do you want to know about my secret dream? It's based on a

story I once read in The Daily World about a mix-up at a bank.
I loved this story so much, I cut it out and stuck it onto my
wardrobe door. Two credit card bills were sent to the wrong
people, and — get this — each person paid the wrong bill
without realizing. They paid off each other's bills without even
checking them.

And ever since I read that story, my secret fantasy has been
that the same thing will happen to me. I mean, I know it
sounds unlikely — but if it happened once, it can happen
again, can't it? Some dotty old woman in Cornwall will be sent
my humongous bill and will pay it without even looking at it.
And I'll be sent her bill for three tins of cat food at fifty-nine
pence each. Which, naturally, I'll pay without question. Fair's
fair, after all.

A smile is plastered over my face as I gaze out of the window.

I'm convinced that this month it'll happen — my secret dream
is about to come true. But when I eventually pull the bill out of
the envelope — goaded by Clare's curious gaze — my smile
falters, then disappears. Something hot is blocking my throat.
I think it could be panic.

The page is black with type. A series of familiar names rushes

past my eyes like a mini shopping mall. I try to take them in,
but they're moving too fast. Thorntons, I manage to glimpse.
Thorntons Chocolates? What was I doing in Thorntons
Chocolates? I'm supposed to be on a diet. This bill can't be
right. This can't be me. I can't possibly have spent all this
money.

Don't panic! I yell internally. The key is not to panic. Just read
each entry slowly, one by one. I take a deep breath and force
myself to focus calmly, starting at the top.

WHSmith (well, that's OK. Everyone needs stationery.)

Boots (everyone needs shampoo)

Specsavers (essential)
Oddbins (bottle of wine — essential)

Our Price (Our Price? Oh yes. The new Charlatans album. Well,
I had to have that, didn't I?)

Bella Pasta (supper with Caitlin)

Oddbins (bottle of wine — essential)

Esso (petrol doesn't count)

Quaglinos (expensive — but it was a one-off)

Pret à Manger (that time I ran out of cash)

Oddbins (bottle of wine — essential)

Rugs to Riches (what? Oh yes. Stupid rug.)

La Senza (sexy underwear for date with James)

Agent Provocateur (even sexier underwear for date with

James. Like I needed it.)

Body Shop (that skin brusher thing which I must use)

Next (fairly boring white shirt — but it was in the sale)

Millets...
 I stop in my tracks. Millets? I never go into Millets. What would
I be doing in Millets? I stare at the statement in puzzlement,
wrinkling my brow and trying to think — and then suddenly,
the truth dawns on me. It's obvious. Someone else has been
using my card.

Oh my God. I, Rebecca Bloomwood, have been the victim of a

crime.

Now it all makes sense. Some criminal's pinched my credit

card and forged my signature. Who knows where else they've
used it? No wonder my statement's so black with figures!
Someone's gone on a spending spree round London with my
card — and they thought they would just get away with it.

But how? I scrabble in my bag for my purse, open it — and

there's my VISA card, staring up at me. I take it out and run
my fingers over the glossy surface. Someone must have
pinched it from my purse, used it — and then put it back. It
must be someone I know. Oh my God. Who?

Use the questionnaire to ask and answer questions about shopping habits.

HOW DO YOU SHOP?

1. When you go into a shop:
a. you usually know exactly
what you want
b. you only want to look
c. you always look carefully
and come back later to buy
4. You usually go shopping:
a. alone
b. with family
c. with friends
2. You prefer to go shopping:
a. in small local shops where
you know people
b. large stores in the city
centre
c. anywhere which is cheap
5. You think first about
a. the price
b. the quality
c. the name
3. You mainly go shopping
for:
a. food or drink
b. clothes or shoes
c. records or books
6. You take advice from:
a. shop assistants
b. friends or family
c. nobody

Compare answers and decide which description first you best.

Fun Shopper Practical Shopper Reluctant Shopper

You enjoy it! You get the best and the You hate doing it!
And it’s more interesting for cheapest! You’re happier when someone
you if you go with a friend! tells you what to buy!
 LANGUAGE STUDY
Adjectives
Degrees of Comparison
Adjectives have the following degrees of comparison: positive, comparative and
superlative.
REGULAR FORMS OF COMPARISON

Adjective The Positive The Comparative The Superlative

0 -er the -est

Monosyllabic and rich richer the richest

disyllabic adjectives poor poorer the poorest
weak weaker the weakest
young younger the youngest

Monosyllabic sad sadder the saddest

adjectives ending in a hot hotter the hottest
consonant preceded big bigger the biggest
by a short vowel
Disyllabic adjectives happy happier the happiest
ending in final –y>-i- healthy healthier the healthiest
easy easier the easiest

Monosyllabic blue bluer the bluest

adjectives ending in – free freer the freest
e drop the -e large larger the largest

0 more the most

Plurisyllabic beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful
adjectives valuable more valuable the most valuable
dangerous more dangerous the most dangerous

Some disyllabic careful more careful the most careful

adjectives common more common the most common
pleasant more pleasant the most pleasant

IRREGULAR FORMS OF COMPARISON

The Positive Degree The Comparative Degree The Superlative Degree

 good better the best
bad worse the worst
little less the least
much more the most
many more the most
near nearer the nearest, the next
far farther the farthest
further the furthest
old older the oldest
elder* the eldest*

* elder brother/ sister; the eldest brother/sister

THE COMPARATIVE DEGREE

Subject Verb
copulative Adjective predicative

The second book is better than the first.

OF more valuable than the first.
SUPERIORITY John is taller than Tom.
more handsome than Tom.
OF The third book is as good as the first one.
EQUALITY as valuable as the first.
Harry is as tall as Tom.
as handsome as Tom.

OF The first book is less good than the second.

INFERIORITY less valuable than the second.
not so good as the second.
worse than the second.
not so valuable as the second.
Charles is less tall than Tom.
less handsome than Tom.
not so tall as Tom.
not so handsome as Tom.

Grammar Consolidation
 Fill in the blanks with the correct word:
1. He’s the most … man I’ve ever met.
a) generously; b) generous; c) generousest
2. David is … than Mike.
a) intelligenter; b) more intelligenter; c) more intelligent
3. John’s care is not … big … Tom’s.
a) as…as; b) so…as: c) more…than
4. The young bride didn’t look very… .
a) happier; b) happy; c) happily
5. She is the youngest in their family. Her sister is 4 years …. than her.
a) older; b) elder; c) oldest
6. Luke is … of our family.
a) the fatter; b) the fatest; c) the fattest
7. Which of the two roses do you like …?
a) the best; b) better; c) the better
8. “How far is the drug-store?” “It’s … than you think.”
a) further; b) farther; c) farer
9. We need some… information to write the report.
a) farther; b) far; c) further
10. Her … brother is 2 years older than she is.
a) elder; b) older; c) oldest

Complete the sentences with the appropriate comparative or superlative form of the
adjective and the appropriate form of the verb in brackets:
1. This is …the strangest (strange) story I have ever …heard (to hear).
2. Two weeks ago I heard… (to hear) something …more definite (definite) about the affair.
3. When I …am the richest (to be) (rich) man in the world, I will remember you.
4. January … is the hottest (to be) (hot) month in South Africa.
5. We have been observing… (to observe) you for the last… (late) few days.
6. After those matters were settled… (to settle), there remained three …further (far) important
points for consideration.
7. My …elder (old) brother …will be (to be) twenty-six next week.
8. He eats less… (to eat) (little) chocolate than he used to.
9. I think I … will not buy (not to buy) that house because …the nearest/the next (near) town to it
is twenty miles away.
10. Cold is… (to be) one … of the most common/the commonest (common) illnesses.

 What is the comparative form of these adverbs and adjectives?

Top of Form 1
big
a)biger b)bigger c)more big
expensive
a)expensiver b)expensiveer c)more expensive
blue
a)bluer b)blueer c)more blue
red
a)reder b)redder c) more red
tall
a)taller b)taler c)more tall
pretty
a)prettyer b)prettier c)more pretty
silly
a)sillyer b)sillier c)more silly
intelligent
a)intelligenter b)intelligentier c)more intelligent
stupid
a)stupider b)stupidder c)more stupid
lazy
 a)lazyer b)lazier c)more lazy
good
a)gooder b)better c)more good
bad
a)badder b)worse c)more bad
slow
a)slower b)slowwer c)more slow
slowly
a)slowlyer b)slowlier c)more slowly
little
a)littler b)less c)more little
fast(adjective)
a)faster b)fastlier c)more fast
fast (adverb)
a)faster b)fastlier c)more fast
short
a)shorter b)shortier c)more short
happy
a)happyer b)happier c)more happy
beautiful
a)beautifuler b)beautifuller c)more beautiful
Bottom of Form 1
Top of Form 2
Bottom of Form 3

 Match the items on the right with the items on the left.
Top of Form 1

1. English wine is good but French wine is _better_____ .

2. English cooking is bad but Scottish cooking is _____worse_ .
3. It’s a long way from London to Moscow but London to Sydney is even __longer____ .
4. I’ve got two daughters. Sophie is the younger one and Kathryn is the __elder____ one.
5. My job is getting harder and ___harder___ . I cannot cope.
6. The earlier we leave, the ___sooner___ we’ll arrive.
7. It’s becoming more and ____more__ difficult to find time to play golf.
8. Do it when you can but the sooner it’s done, the __better____ .
9. I like visiting Switzerland but it is getting __more____ and more expensive.
10. The older I get, the ___more___ I forget!
11. I’m so happy. I must be the _____happiest_ man in the world!
12. The __more____ I think about it, the less happy I feel.
Bottom of Form 1

 Rewrite the following sentences, correcting the errors.

1. The truth is that Ann is much less young than she looks.
2. John is very lazy, and so does Tom.
3. Is Mary as intelligent like Jane, for instance?
4. John’s older brother is four years elder.
5. Their knowledge was superior than ours.
6. Jane lives more nearer to Helen than Tom.
7. Both Jane and Mary are very beautiful women, but I think Mary is the more beautiful of the
two.
8. I’m not very rich and neither isn’t my friend.
9. Jerry is less shorter than George.
10. No, you cannot give up now, you’ve got to move far.

 In the following sentences, fill in the gaps with one of the following quantifiers:
much, many, lots of, a lot of, little, most, a little, little, a few, few
When you've gotten all the answers right, see if you can substitute other quantifiers from
the list.
Top of Form

1. It seems to me that we’ve had ………………assignments in English this term.

2. How …………….material can we be expected to read in one week?
3. …………….books are not in the library.
4. I've had ……………..headaches already because of stress.
5. …………………..depression can be attributed to being overworked.
6. Our yard looks awful this summer. There are too ………………weeds.
7. I didn’t use …………….fertilizer last spring, and that has made a difference.
8. Also, I’ve paid …………..attention to how ……………..rain we’ve had.
9. I'm afraid it’s rained …………..times this summer, and the grass is turning brown and
dying.
10. …………….experts say you should fertilize your lawn in the fall.
11. It didn’t seem to do my lawn ……………..good.
12. ………………advice you get from experts doesn’t seem to help.
13. ………………..of my neighbors ignore their grass, and they have better lawns this year.
14. They say …………………knowledge is a bad thing.
15. I know ……………….instances where that proves true.
16. ……………….people know as much about computers as Tomas does.
17. But it does him ……………….good when the whole system goes down.
Bottom of Form

 Compound adjectives: change each sentence to include a compound adjective.

1. He wore a shirt that had been made by hand.
He wore a …..hand-made shirt…
2. The sun had tanned her skin.
She had……………………
3. The dog had long hair.
It was a ……………..
4. The man’s hair was red.
He was…………..
5. The man dressed well.
The man was…………
6. She bought a blouse that had long sleeves
 She bought……………………………….
7. He had long hair reaching to his shoulders.
He had…………………………………….

 Complete the table with the suitable related nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Noun Adjective Adverb
Accident accidental accidentally
energie energetic energetically
Music Musical musically
emotion emotional emotionally
intellect intellectual intelectually
nature natural naturally
Criticism,crisis critical critically
fortune fortunate fortunatelly
Physique pshysical phsycally

 Use words from the table above to complete the sentences:

1. She found the literature course …..intellectually… stimulating.
2. After her operation she was in a …………critical…..condition for several days.
3. Good music gives me the ………energie………to dance all night.
4. All new theatres have special access and seating for ………phsycally……..disabled people.
5. It was a violent storm, but ………fortunatelly………..no one was hurt.
6. The country is in the middle of a serious economic ………crisis………… .
7. Unfortunately, Gary didn’t have the ……natural………..strength to be a danger.
8. He broke the glass ………accidentally……….while he was washing up.

 Translate into English:

1. Fratele meu mai mare e mai mare ca mine.
2. E mult mai simplu să pleci acum.
3. E mult mai dificil să înveţi tot.
4. Bluza mea e la fel de scumpă ca pantofii tăi.
5. Cu cât citeşti mai mult, cu atât ştii mai mult.
6. Cei mai în vârstă decât tine ştiu mai bine.
7. Nu merg mai departe.
8. Cu cât vom fi mai mulţi, cu atât ne vom distra mai bine.
9. E din ce in ce mai întuneric aici.
10. Am doi prieteni: cel dintâi e reprezentant de vânzări, cel de-al doilea lucrează în publicitate.

1.My elder brother is bigger than me.

2.Is more easy to leave now.
3.Is more difficult to learn everything.
4.My shirt is as expensive as your shoes.
5.As much you read more,as much you know better.
6.The older ones know better than you.
7.I don’t go farther.
8.As more we gone be,as much we gone have more fun.
9.Is more and more darkness here.
10.I have two friends:the first one is a sales man,the second one is working in advertising.
UNIT 10
The Telephone
 Read the following article:
Little Bit of History
A standard dictionary defines the telephone as
"an apparatus for reproducing sound, especially
that of the voice, at a great distance, by means of
electricity; consisting of transmitting and
receiving instruments connected by a line or
wire which conveys the electric current."
Electrical current 1) operates the telephone and
2) your voice varies that current to communicate.
With those two important points established, let's
look at telephone history.
Probably no means of communication has
revolutionized the daily lives of ordinary people
more than the telephone. A practical telephone
was actually invented independently by two men
working in the United States, Elisha Gray (1835-
1910) and Scottish-born Alexander Graham Bell
(1847-1922). Incredibly, both men filed for a
patent on their designs at the New York patent
office on February 14, 1876, with Bell beating
Gray by only two hours! According to the
famous story, the first fully intelligible telephone
call occurred on March 6, 1876, when Bell, in
one room, called to his assistant in another room.
"Come here, Watson, I want you." And what
followed after that is a history of the founding of
the Bell Telephone Company (later AT&T),
which grew to be the largest telephone company
in the world.
The coin operated pay telephone was patented in
1889. The first rotary dial telephone was
developed in 1923 in France. The mobile
telephone was invented by Bell Telephone
Motto:
“We picture inventors as heroes with the
genius to recognize and solve a society's problems. In
reality, the greatest inventors have been tinkerers
who loved tinkering for its own sake and who then
had to figure out what, if anything, their devices
might be good for." Jared Diamond
Company and introduced into New York City
police cars in 1924. Although the first
commercial mobile telephone service became
available in the U.S.A. in 1946, the mobile
telephone would not become common for
another four decades. In 1978, American
Telephone and Telegraph’s (AT&T) Bell
Laboratories began testing a mobile telephone
system based on hexagonal geographical regions
called cells. As the caller’s vehicle passed from
one cell to another, an automatic switching
system would transfer the telephone call to
another cell without interruption. The cellular
telephone system began nationwide usage in the
United States in 1981.
Nowadays the telephone is part of us. What
would we do without it? As much a part of our
lives as learning to walk and talk and perhaps
that is why we, at most times, give it little
thought. Nonetheless, we do think about it, when
we have had the experience of being treated
rudely or abruptly while using this mode of
communication. We bristle at the idea of
someone's brusqueness to us, and most probably
never take thought of the times we have shown
our bad manners while speaking on the
telephone.
Golden Rule of the Telephone
The proper way to answer the telephone is
"hello". On the other hand, simply answering
"yes" is an inappropriate response. The person
making the call draws a very quick conclusion,
and that is, to think of that person as cold and wrong number. To avoid disturbing another
aloof, and hesitate to communicate readily. person unnecessarily dial carefully and make
sure you can see the dial pad.
When making telephone calls: ⇒When speaking, think of the way you
⇒ Think about what time it is, when sound. Make sure you enunciate you words
placing a call. You would not want to call when clearly and precisely. It is embarrassing to be
there is the possibility that person may be asleep. asked to repeat what you are saying. Your voice
For example on a work morning before 7:00 a.m. reflects your courtesy, since that person on the
would not be a good time. After 9:00 to 10:00 other end of the line cannot see your facial
p.m. in the evening is not a good time, and expressions your "tone of voice" will need to
remember to avoid calls around the usual period express this.
most people will be eating. Courtesy is expected
when using the telephone just as if you are
talking in person.
⇒Give your name when the telephone is
answered, before asking for the person you are
requesting.
⇒Dialing too quickly, or in inadequate
lighting may be the cause of dialing a "wrong
number," never just hang-up. Express your
apology, letting them know you have dialed a


Basic Good Manners

* Let the telephone ring a reasonable length of time. It is frustrating to just get to the telephone
and hear a dial tone.
* If you dial a number that is wrong, apologize, promptly and hang-up.
* Calling a business at or very near closing time is to say the least un-thoughtful. When it is time
to go home, after a long day, do not delay them.
* State your name when placing a call. The game of "guess who this is" may not play very well to
a busy friend.
* When speaking to anyone who is working and time is of the essence, make your call
informative and short.
*Dial carefully and in proper lighting to avoid calling a wrong number and in-conveniencing
others

 Put each of the following words or phrases into its correct place in the text below:
charges reversed connection dial
direct directory inquiries engaged
international code number lift long-distance
message number operator
person-to-person receiver telephone directory
wrong number

When making a telephone call you ………. the receiver. Then you ……… the number. If
you don’t know the ……….you can look it up in the ……….. . if you can’t find it there you can
call ……… .
Making a call to a place far away is called a ……….. call. For most countries in Europe
you can phone ………; first dial the ……… .
 If you don’t have enough money you can ask for a ……… call and have the ……… . this
means that the ……… of the call has to pay for it.
When there is a difficulty with the ……… the ……… may tell you to hold the line. If the
person we want to call is already speaking to someone, the number is ……… .
When you call a friend and somebody else answers the phone, you can leave a ……… , or
it may mean that you have dialed a ……… .

 Choose the right answer;

1. If you don’t know the number, you can look it up in the telephone ………
a) dictionary b)index c)directory
2. Mr. Suspicious concluded that his telephone has been ………
a) connected b)encoded c)tapped
3. Can you ……… a pound? I need some money for the phone box.
a) change b) exchange c)spend
4. His telephone must be out of order. I have been unable to ……… him.
a) arrive at b) reach c) transmit
5. Would you ………a minute, please. I’ll try to connect you.
a) hold on b) keep on c) stay on
6. Can I ………London directly from here or must I ask the operator to get the number for me?
a) choose b) dial c) select
7. The telephone operator said she would put the caller ……… when the line was free.
a) forward b) up c) through
8. I phoned him this morning but when I said who I was he ……… .
a) hung up b) rang up c)shut down
9. I ……… his telephone number while he was still talking.
a) dashed off b) jotted down c) set down
10. Hello! The University? May I speak to Prof. Black on ………233, please?
a) branch b)exchange c)extension

 Professional Telephone Manners

Professional telephone manner is an important skill to master for your current job search as well
as for future jobs you may hold. Knowing how to professionally use the telephone is a basic
function of any job in any field. A telephone call is often the first contact you will have with an
employer. It is important to make a good first impression. Poor telephone skills may give the
person you are calling a bad impression of you and may reduce your chances of getting the help
or information you are looking for. The following tips will be helpful whether you are looking for
a job or have a job that involves using the telephone.

Telephone Tips for the Job Search

The telephone is an important resource for the job search process. Please be mindful of
proper telephone etiquette. The following reminders may be of assistance.
Always plan your calls. Know whom you are calling and the correct pronunciation of the
name.
Be courteous to all those with whom you talk. Receptionists and telephone operators
often talk with the person who will make the employment decision. Remember to say
 thank you to everyone with whom you come in contact.
Be concise, positive, upbeat and optimistic. Your personality, attitude and demeanor are
reflected in your voice. No one likes to talk to someone with a bad attitude, let alone hire
that person. The telephone conversation may be your first contact with that employer. Be
certain to make a positive impression. Never keep a person on the telephone longer than
necessary.
Be professional. Always conduct yourself in a highly professional, ethical and honest
manner. Never misrepresent yourself or any facts.
Be persistent. It is often difficult to make contacts over the telephone. If your contact
person is not available, leave a message. Include your name, time and date of your call,
your telephone number and a short message. If you say that you will call again at another
time or date, do so. Follow-up is extremely important.
Don't become discouraged. If you are making prospecting calls (cold calls), be prepared
for many rejections. Remember that this is a numbers game. The more contacts you make,
the more positive results you will receive.
If you are unable to get past the secretary or receptionist, try calling before or after the
secretary's regular office hours. Frequently the manager will work longer hours than his or
her staff and will answer the phone during those hours. If that fails, contact someone you
know within the organization and ask that person to transfer your call directly to the
desired person.
Special note on answering machines: Make certain that your outgoing message is
professional. During a job search is not the time to use your rap, duet, or presidential
impersonation.

 Put each of the following words or phrases into its correct place:
answer call caller come through directory
hang up identify message mouthpiece number
operator reach receiver replaced ring
save telephone tone

Telephone Etiquette

1. Know the right number before making a ……… . When in doubt, consult a ………, your
personal number list, or the information ……… .
2. Allow time to ……… . Give the person you are calling enough time to ……… his telephone.
A little patience may ……… you a second call.
3. Speak distinctly and in a normal ……… of voice. Your lips should be about an inch away
from the ……… .
4. Answer promptly. Try to answer your telephone on the first ……… . Otherwise the ………
may hang up and you might miss an important message.
5. ……….. yourself when you answer the ……… . Do not merely say ‘hello’, give your name,
your telephone ………, or the name of your firm.
6. Take messages for people who are not there. Write down the name and telephone number of
the person calling. Place the ……… where it can be seen.
7. ……… gently. Slamming the ……… down is discourteous. Be sure the receiver is always
……… properly. Otherwise no calls can ……….. to you.

LANGUAGE STUDY
Conditional sentences
There are three main types of conditional. These are usually referred to as the First, Second and Third Conditionals.

The First Conditional

FORM

if + present simple future

If you drop it,
If you come later
If he phones me
or
future
It’ll break
You will miss the concert
He’ll find out the truth
it’ll break.
you will miss the concert.
he’ll find out the truth.
if + present simple
if you drop it.
if you come later.
if he phones me.

• The first conditional refers to the future. It is used when there is a possibility that the if- event
might happen.
If it rains, we’ll go to the cinema. (it might rain, it might not)
If they buy the house, they will regret it. (they might buy the house, they might not)
If the sun shines, we’ll go to the beach. (the sun might shine, it might not)

The Second Conditional

FORM
if + past simple would/ could/ might + infinitive
If I lived by the sea, I would do a lot of walking.
If they asked me to work for them, I might accept.

or
would/ could/ might +infinitive if + past simple
I would do a lot of walking if I lived by the sea.
I might accept if they asked me to work for them.

• The ‘past’ here is actually the subjunctive, which is the same as the past simple except for two
forms – I and he/ she + were:
If I were in your shoes, I’d change my job.
If Peter were there, he would be very unhappy.
• In colloquial English, these two forms can be replaced by the past:
If I was in your shoes, I’d change my job.
If Peter was there, he would be very unhappy.
• would is always shortened to ‘d.
• The second conditional refers to the present or future.
The if – event is either a) hypothetical:
If I spoke Spanish, my job would be a lot easier. (but I
don’t speak Spanish)
b) unlikely:
 If he left the country, he might be happier. (but I don’t
think
He is going to leave the country)

The Third Conditional

FORM
if + past perfect would/ could/ might + perfect infinitive
If I had met you earlier, I wouldn’t have married Jack.
If I’d worked harder, I would earn more.

or
would/ could/ might +perfect infinitive if + past perfect
I wouldn’t have married Jack if I had met you earlier.
I would earn more if I’d worked harder.

• The third conditional refers to the past (it is also called the past conditional):
She would have arrived if she had caught the plane. (but she didn’t arrive, so she didn’t catch
the plane)
I’d have warned you if I’d seen you last week. (but I didn’t see you, so I didn’t warn you)
If I’d passed my exams, I would have gone to Art College. (but I didn’t pass my exams, so I
didn’t go to Art College)
• We use this conditional to speculate about what might have happened in the past.

Zero Conditional
There is another conditional often called zero conditional.

FORM

if + present simple present simple

If you press the button, the machine keeps working.
If you keep a diet you lose weight.

or
present simple if + present simple
The machine keeps working if you press the button.
You lose weight if you keep a diet.

• If has the same meaning as when here.

• The zero conditional is used: a)for instructions:
If the camera is on, a red light appears.
b) for general truths:
If it’s autumn leaves turn yellow.
Notes:
1. As well as if, conditional clauses can be introduced by:
as long as, unless(=if not), provided that, on condition (that), so long as, (just) suppose, what
if, imagine:
 e.g.
I won’t come unless you pay my fare.
Provided that you pay my fare, I will come.
Suppose it didn’t rain for two months, would we have enough water?

The words are not always interchangeable. Their use depends on the context of the sentence.

2. When the if clause is in second position, no comma is needed to separate the two clauses.

Mixed conditional sentences

In mixed conditional sentences, each clause refers to a different time.

Sarah would be here (now) if she had caught the train on time. (past)
I would have told you
(past) if I knew the answer. (I don’t know now and I didn’t before)

Grammar Consolidation
 Rephrase the following sentences using IF so as the meaning stays the same:
1. I think you are wrong not to trust him.
If I …..
2. He didn’t drown because that brave fellow reached him and saved him.
If the fellow….
3. You had only to ask me to find out the real fact.
If you…..
4. Since Peter doesn’t like tennis, he never watches it.
If Peter……
5. He didn’t find a taxi and so he missed the train.
If ……..
6. With a lot of hard work, you may win the prize.
If you…….
7. I wish I had taken her advice.
If……
8. Unless the driver had seen us, he wouldn’t have stopped the car.
If……

 Choose the correct word or words in italics in these sentences:

1. ‘If all the hotels were full, where would we stay?’ (provided that, as long as, suppose )
2. ‘I’ll complain to the manager if you don’t give me another room.’(as long as, imagine, unless)
3. ‘If your company went bankrupt, what would you do?’(just suppose, on condition, as long as)
4. ‘If you had to live in another country, where would you go?’(on condition, unless, imagine)
5. ‘We’ll let him out of prison if he reports to the police station every day.’(supposing, as long
as)

 Put the verbs into the correct tense:

1. If the temperature falls below zero, water (freeze).
If the temperature falls below zero, water freezes.
2. If he’s angry, his face always (go) red.
3. His car would be a lot safer if he (buy) some new tyres.
4. If you drove more carefully, you (not have) so many accidents.
5. Will you phone me if there (be) any problems?
6. If he (see) me here, he will be very surprised.
7. If he (not have) any money, I’d give him some.
8. If I (have) to, I will complain to the manager.
9. I would have visited you in hospital if I (know) you were there.
10. What would you have done if I (not lend) you the money?

 Write these sentences in full, using the words given. Put the verbs into the correct tense:
1. If / you/ asked/ me for tickets/ I / could/ get/ you / some.
If you had asked me for tickets, I could have got you some.
2. I / not/ marry/ him/ if/ I / know/ what he was like.
3. I / not hire/ a car/ if/ I / know/ how expensive it was.
4. If / I / be born/ a year earlier/ I / have to do/ military service.
5. If / we/ got/ to the cinema on time/ we/ not miss/ the start of the film.
6. I / wouldn’t/ go out/ yesterday/ if/ you asked/ me not to.
7. I / could/ give you/ a lift/ if/ my car/ not broke down.
8. I / would/ stay/ longer/ if/ she/ wanted me to.

 Rewrite the sentences using if:

1. Give me back the money or I’ll call the police.
If you don’t give me back the money, I’ll call the police.
2. I must go now or I’ll miss the train.
3. They’d better come soon or they’ll miss the start of the concert.
4. Stop shouting or you’ll wake the whole house up.
5. I must fill in this form or I won’t get a refund.
6. She’d better turn up on time or she won’t create a good impression.

 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets:
1. If you can lend me $10, I …‘ll pay… (pay) you back tomorrow.
2. John would probably have to borrow the money from the bank if his parents……………….
(not/give) him extra money every month.
3. Don’t worry. My parents ……………. (not/ mind) if you stay the night.
4. …………………..(you/ buy) the shoes if they were in the sale?
5. I …………………(definitely/ have) a party if I pass all my exams.
6. I’d come with you to the film if it …………………(not/ finish) so late.
7. If I didn’t have extra English lessons, I …………………(not/ be able to) stay in the class.
8. How …………………….(you/ get) home if you miss the last train?

 Complete the following sentences by choosing one of the two words or phrases given in
brackets:
1. If I (would see/ see) you next week, I will tell you what happened.
2. I would not have come if I (knew/ had known).
3. If you wrote to me sometimes, you (would get/ would have got) an answer.
4. The man would have been saved if the ambulance (had arrived/ arrived) sooner.
5. The kids would go on that trip if the weather (were/ will be) fine.
6. They will drive well if they (will practice/ practice) more.

 Supply the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1. We will stay home if it (rain). -rains
2. I would have been able to come if you (let) me know in time.
3. If I (be) in your position I would tell him exactly what happened.
4. If the teacher (explain) more carefully they would have understood.
5. We will get there if the train (not be) too late.
6. Did you ask him if he (want) to see me?
7. I could have finished yesterday if you (ring) me up.
8. This exercise would be less difficult if we (know) the rules.
9. If you (look after) the car, it wouldn’t break down so much.

 Write these sentences putting the verbs into the correct tense:
1. He (be) tired when we see him tomorrow if he’s been working all night.
2. The children always (get) frightened if they watch horror films.
3. The engine starts if you (turn) this key.
4. Can I take the typewriter if you (finish) with it.
5. Shout if you (see) anything unusual.
6. If you (look after) the car, it will never break down.
7. If you (look after) the car, it wouldn’t break down so much.
8. If you (look after) the car, it we’d be able to sell it now.
9. What (you/ say) if I offered you a job?
10. It’s a pity John didn’t come to the football. He (like) it.

 Match the two halves of the sentences and write them down:
1. If he was happy
2. If you hadn’t lost your job
3. If she didn’t lose her temper so quickly
4. If she doesn’t do her work
5. Can I borrow your pen
6. If the machine stopped,
7. You wouldn’t be so angry
8. Whistle
9. If I study here for another month
10. If it’s raining

a. we stopped.
b. she wouldn’t have got into that flat.
c. I wouldn’t go out for a walk.
d. I’ll have been here for a year.
e. I was happy.
f. send her home.
g. if you’d eaten a proper breakfast.
h. we wouldn’t be living here.
i. if you see the police coming.
j. if you’ve finished using it?
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Bottom of Form

 An English language school have asked students their opinion about some proposed
improvements. Here are some answers. Choose the correct conditional expressions to complete
them.
COMPUTERS Yes, I would the computers after school, (as long as, even if)
there were a teacher there to help.
TRIPS No, I would not want to take part in school trips, (provided
that/ unless) they took place at the weekend.
VIDEO Yes, I would like to have a video lesson once a week (unless/
provided that) it were related to the course work.
TESTS Yes, I would find it helpful to have regular tests (unless/ as long
as) the teacher gave us time to prepare for them
END-OF-TERM PARTY Yes, I would come along to a party at the end of term (provided
that/ unless) I could bring a friend.
CANTEEN PRICES I always bring a packed lunch, so I would not eat in the canteen
(even if/ as long as) it were much cheaper.

 Laura is talking to Mrs. White, a career adviser, about the possibility of training
as a nurse. Complete the dialogue using the correct form of the verb in brackets.

LAURA: I’m thinking of training as a nurse. What do you think?

MRS W: It depends. Would you mind working long hours?
LAURA: No, I ………….……. (not/ mind) as long as I ………………..
(enjoy) the work.
MRS W: Could you work at weekends?
LAURA: Yes, I …………………… (can), provided that) I
…………………..(have) some time off during the week.
MRS W: How would you feel about working overtime?
LAURA: That would be O.K. as long as I ………………(be) paid for it.
MRS W: Could you work at nights?
LAURA: Probably not, unless I …………………(be able to) get someone to
baby-sit.

 Write what would you say in these situations, using the third conditional.
You have made some soup. Your brother comes back with three friends. He didn’t tell you he was going
to do this and you don’t have enough soup for everyone. What do you say to your brother?
If you’d told me you were going to invite three friends, I’d have made some more soup.
You were in the shower when the telephone rang so you couldn’t answer. Your friend told you
later that it was she on the phone and worried why you hadn’t answered it. What do you say
to her?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…..
A friend has just reminded you that there is a party on Saturday night. You nearly forgot about it.
What do you say to your friend?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
….
Your younger sister took a photo of her best friend but unfortunately she stood too close so the
photo was unclear. What do you say to her?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…..
A company offered you a job but the salary was very low. You didn’t take the job. Your father
wonders why. What do you say to him?
 …………………………………………………………………………………………………
…..

UNIT 11
THE MAIL
Motto:
“E-mail is far more convenient than the telephone, as far
as I'm concerned.
I would throw my phone away if I could get away with
it.”
Tom Hanks, American actor

Electronic mail is rapidly becoming the dominant form of written communication, and
effective e-mail writing skills are essential for everyone in both professional and personal
settings. Electronic mail is a natural use of networked communication technology that developed
right along with the evolution of the Internet.

A SHORT HISTORY OF COMPUTER

In The Beginning...
The history of computers starts out about 2000 years ago, at the birth of the abacus, a wooden
rack holding two horizontal wires with beads strung on them. When these beads are moved
around, according to programming rules memorized by the user, all regular arithmetic problems
can be done. Another important invention around the same time was the Astrolabe, used for
navigation.
Blaise Pascal is usually credited for building the first digital computer in 1642. It added numbers
entered with dials and was made to help his father, a tax collector. In 1671, Gottfried Wilhelm
von Leibniz invented a computer that was built in 1694. It could add, and, after changing some
things around, multiply. Leibniz invented a special stepped gear mechanism for introducing the
addend digits, and this is still being used.
The prototypes made by Pascal and Leibniz were not used in many places, and considered weird
until a little more than a century later, when Thomas of Colmar (A.K.A. Charles Xavier Thomas)
created the first successful mechanical calculator that could add, subtract, multiply, and divide.
A lot of improved desktop calculators by many inventors followed, so that by about 1890, the
range of improvements included:
• Accumulation of partial results
• Storage and automatic reentry of past results (A memory function)
• Printing of the results
Each of these required manual installation. These improvements were mainly made for
commercial users, and not for the needs of science.

Charles Babbage designed the first computer,

starting in 1823. Though not completed until 1990, his Difference Engine worked. Ada King,
Countess of Lovelace and daughter of Lord Byron, wrote programs for the Difference Engine,
thus becoming the world's first programmer.
Babbage's computers were never finished. Various reasons are used for his failure. Most used is
the lack of precision machining techniques at the time. Another speculation is that
Babbage was working on a solution of a problem that few people in 1840 really needed
to solve. After Babbage, there was a temporary loss of interest in automatic digital
computers.
Between 1850 and 1900 great advances were made in mathematical physics, and it came
to be known that most observable dynamic phenomena can be identified by differential
equations (which meant that most events occurring in nature can be measured or
described in one equation or another), so that easy means for their calculation would be
helpful.
Moreover, from a practical view, the availability of steam power caused manufacturing
(boilers), transportation (steam engines and boats), and commerce to prosper and led to a
period of a lot of engineering achievements. The designing of railroads, and the making
of steamships, textile mills, and bridges required differential calculus to determine such
things as:
• center of gravity
• center of buoyancy
• moment of inertia
• stress distributions

The ENIAC was the first successful electronic digital

computer.
The start of World War II produced a large need for computer capacity, especially for the
military. New weapons were made for which trajectory tables and other essential data were
needed. In 1942, John P. Eckert, John W. Mauchly, and their associates at the Moore school of
Electrical Engineering of University of Pennsylvania decided to build a high - speed electronic
computer to do the job. This machine became known as ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator
And Calculator)
The size of ENIAC’s numerical "word" was 10 decimal digits, and it could multiply two of these
numbers at a rate of 300 per second, by finding the value of each product from a multiplication
table stored in its memory. ENIAC was therefore about 1,000 times faster then the previous
generation of relay computers.

The PDP-8 was the world's first minicomputer. It was priced at the amazingly low
price of $20,000.00.
In the 1960’s, efforts to design and develop the fastest possible computer with the greatest
capacity reached a turning point with the LARC machine, built for the Livermore Radiation
Laboratories of the University of California by the Sperry - Rand Corporation, and the Stretch
computer by IBM. The LARC had a base memory of 98,000 words and multiplied in 10 Greek
MU seconds. Stretch was made with several degrees of memory having slower access for the
ranks of greater capacity, the fastest access time being less then 1 Greek MU Second and the total
capacity in the vicinity of 100,000,000 words.
During this period, the major computer manufacturers began to offer a range of capabilities and
prices, as well as accessories such as:
• Consoles
• Card Feeders
• Page Printers
• Cathode - ray - tube displays
• Graphing devices
These were widely used in businesses for such things as:
• Accounting
• Payroll
• Inventory control
• Ordering Supplies
• Billing

Latest technology
In the 1980’s, very large scale integration (VLSI), in which hundreds of thousands of
transistors were placed on a single chip, became more and more common. Many companies,
some new to the computer field, introduced in the 1970s programmable minicomputers supplied
with software packages. The "shrinking" trend continued with the introduction of personal
computers (PC’s), which are programmable machines small enough and inexpensive enough to
be purchased and used by individuals.
Many companies, such as Apple Computer and Radio Shack, introduced very successful PC’s
in the 1970s, encouraged in part by a fad in computer (video) games. In the 1980s some friction
occurred in the crowded PC field, with Apple and IBM keeping strong. In the manufacturing of
semiconductor chips, the Intel and Motorola Corporations were very competitive into the 1980s,
although Japanese firms were making strong economic advances, especially in the area of
memory chips. By the late 1980s, some personal computers were run by microprocessors that,
handling 32 bits of data at a time, could process about 4,000,000 instructions per second.
Microprocessors equipped with read-only memory (ROM), which stores constantly used,
unchanging programs, now performed an increased number of process-control, testing,
monitoring, and diagnosing functions, like automobile ignition systems, automobile-engine
diagnosis, and production-line inspection duties.
Cray Research and Control Data Inc. dominated the field of supercomputers, or the most
powerful computer systems, through the 1970s and 1980s. In the early 1980s, however, the
Japanese government announced a gigantic plan to design and build a new generation of
supercomputers. This new generation, the so-called "fifth" generation, is using new technologies
in very large integration, along with new programming languages, and will be capable of
amazing feats in the area of artificial intelligence, such as voice recognition.
Progress in the area of software has not matched the great advances in hardware. Software has
become the major cost of many systems because programming productivity has not increased
very quickly. New programming techniques, such as object-oriented programming, have been
developed to help relieve this problem. Despite difficulties with software, however, the cost per
calculation of computers is rapidly lessening, and their convenience and efficiency are expected
to increase in the early future.
The computer field continues to experience huge growth. Computer networking, computer mail,
and electronic publishing are just a few of the applications that have grown in recent years.
Advances in technologies continue to produce cheaper and more powerful computers offering the
promise that in the near future, computers or terminals will reside in most, if not all homes,
offices, and schools.

! EMAIL FACTS
• Computer engineer, Ray Tomlinson invented Internet based email in late 1971. Message
exchange in one form or another has existed from the early days of timesharing computers.
• ARPAnet (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network ) was the first Internet.
• The first email was sent between two computers that were actually sitting besides each other.
However, the ARPANET network was used as the connection between the two. The first
email message was "QWERTYUIOP".
• Ray Tomlinson chose the @ symbol to tell which user was "at" what computer. The @ goes
in between the user's login name and the name of his/her host computer.
• Internet users are sending 5 billions of email per day and 1.4 trillion email messages per
year!
• The email of the future brings with it high-speed connections enabling quick download of
video email or v-mail.

☺ FUNNY EMAIL FACTS

• After receiving spam, a Florida man tried to remove himself from the mailing list and was
told he "didn't have permission"!
• A man in New York, after having received 27 emails from a woman, politely replied that he
was not the J. Miller she wanted and was sorry her affair had just ended!
• Hormel's Spam remains a favorite with the Japanese where it is held in high esteem. Spam is
eaten for breakfast, lunch, and even a romantic candlelight dinner! The email of the future
brings with it high-speed connections enabling quick download of video email or v-mail.
• A woman in Holland began receiving email for her dog!

►PROS
• A very quick (timesaving) way of
communicating with others.
• Email is cheaper and faster than a letter
(cost-effective)
• Less intrusive than a phone call, less hassle
than a FAX.
• Using email, differences in location and time
zone are less of an obstacle to
communication. Because of these
advantages, email use is exploding.
• You can include attachments (documents,
photographs, graphics, etc.) to your e-mail
and the person receiving it can easily just
view, print or save it on the other side.
• Disseminate information to a large audience
quickly.
• Stay attuned to issues, concerns, and
changes in your field of interest.
►CONS
• Encourages poor writing habits. People tend
to type in a few sentences, click the "Send"
button and ignore proper writing styles.
• If your message is extremely confidential it
is better not to send it via e-mail, as e-
communication is not totally secure.
• Often contains spam messages (junk mail).
• Your e-mail address can be overloaded with
too many messages coming through,
especially when you are away for a few days
and/or were unable to read your e-mail every
day.

EMAIL ETIQUETTE
Electronic communication, because of its speed and broadcasting ability, is fundamentally
different from paper-based communication. Because the turnaround time can be so fast, email is
more conversational than traditional paper-based media. Thus your email compositions should
be different from both your paper compositions and your speech.

It is amazing to find that in this day and age, some companies have still not realized how
important their email communications are. Many companies send email replies late or not at all,
or send replies that do not actually answer the questions asked. If your company is able to deal
professionally with email, this will provide your company with that all-important competitive
edge.

Why do you need email etiquette?

A company needs to implement etiquette rules for the following three reasons:
Professionalism: by using proper email language your company will convey a
professional image.
 Efficiency: emails that get to the point are much more effective than poorly worded
emails.
 Protection from liability: employee awareness of email risks will protect your
company from costly law suits.
There are many etiquette guides and many different etiquette rules. Some rules will differ
according to the nature of your business and the corporate culture. Below we list what we
consider as the most important email etiquette rules that apply to nearly all companies:
1. Be concise and to the point
2. Answer all questions, and pre-empt further questions
3. Use proper spelling, grammar & punctuation
4. Make it personal
5. Do not attach unnecessary files
6. Use proper structure & layout
7. Do not write in CAPITALS
8. Read the email before you send it
9. Take care with abbreviations and emoticons
10. Do not forward chain letters
11. Do not copy a message or attachment without permission
12. Do not use email to discuss confidential information
13. Use active instead of passive
14. Avoid long sentences
15. Keep your language gender neutral

In summary, keep everything short. Keep your lines short, keep your paragraphs short, and keep
the message short.

Every new medium develops its own protocols for opening and closing.
Telephone conversations start with "Hello" and end with "Goodbye". Letters open with "Dear"
and end with "Sincerely". Because email is so new, there aren't firm customs on how to open and
close.
Many people do not give either a salutation or a signature. After all, while a letter can get
separated from its envelope easily, it is difficult to separate an email message's body from its
addressing information. The email message itself says who it is to and from.

ACRONYMS & JARGON IN EMAILS

Every group that spends any time together develops its own shorthand notation; it is not
surprising that people forced to use the unnatural action of typing would be inclined towards
acronyms. Some of these come from Usenet newsgroups, some of the more "gestural" ones come
from Internet Relay Chat (IRC).
Obviously it would be nice of seasoned users to not pepper novices with an enormous amount of
jargon, but on the Internet, nobody knows you are a newcomer.
Here are some of the most common acronyms and expressions:

* BRB - Be right back

*BTW - By the way
*CUL - See you later
* F2F - Face to Face
* FWIW - For what its worth
* FYA - For your amusement
* FYI - For Your Information
* HHOK - Ha ha only kidding
* IMHO - In My Humble/Honest Opinion
* IOW - In other words
* LOL - Laughing out loud
* RTFM - Read The Manual ("Manual" here refers to any documentation)
* LOL - [I] Laughed Out Loud [at what you wrote]
* ROTFL - [I am] Rolling On The Floor Laughing [at what you wrote]
* <hug> - hug
These are less common, but show up occasionally:
* TTFN - Ta-Ta For Now
*TIA - Thanks In Advance
* TNX - Thanks
* WB - Welcome back
* WRT - With respect to
* WTG - Way to go
*spam - unsolicited email sent to many people simultaneously, usually commercial, but
occasionally political.
* bounce - A message that was returned to the sender, either because the email address was
incorrect or because there was a configuration problem on the receiver's end. Can also be a verb:
"I tried sending email to my Aunt Mabel, but it bounced. I guess she doesn't work there any
more."
* flame - An electronic message that is particularly hostile. Can also be a verb: "Whooeee! I
posted a rude cat joke to my company's cat-lovers mailing list, and wow, did I get flamed!"
* lurk - To read messages anonymously (in either a mailing list or Usenet newsgroup) without
posting.
* ping - Test to see if the other person is there/awake/available. "Lunch tomorrow? I may be busy
with a client. Ping me at eleven thirty or so."

LANGUAGE STUDY
Indirect/Reported Speech

Indirect or reported speech refers to using a finite that clause or a non-finite clause to report
what someone has said. The reported clause is introduced by a reporting verb, such as admit,
answer, apologise, ask, assure, beg, cry, deny, exclaim, explain, implore, inform, inquire,
promise, remember, remind, reply, request, say, suggest, tell, wonder etc.
When quoted or direct speech is converted into indirect or reported speech, several changes
take place, which affect the tense of the verb in the reported clause, some of the pronouns, and
the adverbial modifiers of place and time.

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

this that/the
these those/the
here there
now then
today that day
yesterday the day before
the day before yesterday two days before

tomorrow the next/the following day

 last week the previous week/ the
week before
a year ago a year before/the previous
year

 If the reporting verb in the main clause is in the present, Present Perfect, or future, the verb in
the reported clause remains unchanged:
e.g. She says, “I watch TV news every evening.”
She says she watches TV news every evening.
 If the reporting verb in the main clause is in the past, the verb in the reported clause will
usually be in a past tense form, as follows:

TENSE CHANGES
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
1. Present Simple Past Simple
She said, “I walk there every day”. She said she walked there every day.
Mary asked, “What do you want?” Mary asked me what I wanted.
He said, “I don’t like this cake.” He told me that he didn’t like that cake.
2. Present Continuous Past Continuous
He said, “You are talking too much.” He said that I was talking too much.
3. Present Perfect Past Perfect
The child said, “I have finished my The child said that he had finished his homework.
homework.”
4. Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
“He’s been washing the car.” Father said he had been washing the car.
5. Past Simple Past Perfect
She said, “They broke the house last night.” She said that they had broken the house the previous
night.
6. Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
He said, “I was trying to fix the TV.” He said that he had been trying to fix the TV.
7. Future Simple Future-in-the-past
He said, “I’ll keep in touch.” He said that he would keep in touch.
8. Future Continuous Future-in-the-past Continuous
She said, “He will be sleeping at that hour.” He said that he would be sleeping at that hour.
9. Past Perfect Past Perfect
Father had left for work. They told the manager that father had left for work.

 In indirect speech, an interrogative sentence has the word order of a statement

e.g. “Do you like sweets?”  She wanted to know whether1 I liked sweets.
 Imperatives or direct orders become infinitive clauses in reported speech.
e.g. “Marry me!”  He asked her to marry him.
 Reported exclamations are either object clauses or simply paraphrases of direct exclamations:
e.g. “Thank, you dear.”  She thanked me.
“ How awful the weather is!”  He complained about the weather.
“Good morning!”  She greeted me./ She wished me a good morning.
“Merry Christmas!?  They wished us Merry Christmas.

1 We use IF or WHETHER after the predicate in the main clause expressed by one of the verbs, ask, want to
know, wonder, didn’t say when it is transformed into yes/no type questions.
 MODALS
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
CAN COULD
COULD COULD
MAY MIGHT
MIGHT MIGHT
SHALL SHOULD
SHOULD SHOULD
WILL WOULD
WOULD WOULD
MUST HAVE/ CAN / COULD MUST HAVE/CAN/COULD
HAVE HAVE
MUST (obligation) HAD TO/WOULD HAVE TO

MUST MUST
NEED NEED
Grammar consolidation
Choose the best way to complete the sentences below:
1) Please tell me ………..
Top of Form
where is the bus stop
where the bus stop be
where stops the bus
where the bus stop isBottom of Form
2) I told him ……………..
Top of Form
what the homework was
what was the homework
what was to be the homework
what is the homework
Bottom of Form
3) I think ……………….
Top of Form
will be the plane on time
the plane will be on time
the plane to be on time
it will be on time the plane
Bottom of Form
4) I didn't know ………..
Top of Form
 what he mean
what did he mean
what did he meant
what he meant
Bottom of Form
5) He said ………………...
Top of Form
that the weather colder than usual
the weather be colder than usual
the weather was colder than usual
the weather it is colder than usual
Bottom of Form
6) I think ……………...
Top of Form
today it is Wednesday
that is today Wednesday
today is Wednesday
today was Wednesday
Bottom of Form
7) He said ……………….
Top of Form
that yesterday he gone downtown
he goes downtown yesterday
he go downtown yesterday
he went downtown yesterday
Bottom of Form
8) I believe ………….
Top of Form
him he is right
he is right
he be right
that he right
Bottom of Form
9) She said …………...
Top of Form
that she was hungry
she hungry
 she be hungry
her was hungry
Bottom of Form
10) He told us …………..
Top of Form
that he enjoy the movie
he enjoyed the movie
he be enjoying the movie
that enjoyed the movie
 Take the following sentences in direct speech and put them into indirect (or reported)
speech.
Top of Form
1. Tom said, "I want to visit my friends this weekend."
2. Jerry said, "I'm studying English a lot at the moment."
3. They said, "We've lived here for a long time."
4. He asked me, "Have you finished reading the newspaper?"
5. "I get up every morning at seven o'clock.", Peter said.
6. Susan reassured me, "I can come tonight."
7. She said, "I really wish I had bought that new car."
8. Jack said, "He must be guilty!"
9. Cheryl asked her, "How long have you lived here?"
10. He said, "I must get going. Otherwise, I'm going to be late."
 Use the cue in brackets to report what the people involved in a mountain rescue incident
actually said.

1. ‘I’ve come to Nepal to work in a local hospital as part of my medical studies.’(James/ explain)
…..James explained that……………………………………………….
2. ‘Why don’t we attempt a more exciting route?’ (Mary/ suggest)
………………………………………………………………………….
3. ‘Don’t worry. I’ll meet you in Kathmandu on December 25th.’(James/ promise/ Mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4. ‘Don’t worry, Dad. I’ll go out to Kathmandu and search for James.’(Joanne/ offer)
………………………………………………………………………………………
5. ‘I think the best man to hire is Carl Harrison, an experienced mountaineer.’(The president of
the Himalayan Research Association/ recommend)
………………………………………………………………………………………
6. ‘I won’t give up hope!’(Joanne/ refuse)
………………………………………………………………………………………
7. ‘You will meet your brother again.’(the man/ assured/ Joanne)
………………………………………………………………………………………
8. ‘We have spotted a person who is alive.’(Colonel Dun/ announce)
………………………………………………………………………………………
 Rephrase the following sentences using direct/ indirect speech:

1.My friend said: ‘Don’t stop the car here. The police officer is looking at us.’
My friend told…………………………………………………………
2. ‘Let’s have a taxi,’ said Martin.
Martin suggested………………………………………………………
3. ‘Never cross the street without looking at the traffic lights,’ mother advised her son.
Mother advised ………………………………………………………..
4. John said he had lost his keys three days before.
‘I……………………………………………………………………….’
5. ‘We don’t know anything about this matter!’
The girls said …………………………………………………………..
6.Pat said she would follow her mother’s advice the following week.
‘I ………………………………………………………………………’
1. ‘I can’t come tomorrow,’ she said.
She said that…………………………………………………………….
2. I recommend seeing the new musical.
‘You ……………………………………………………………………’

 Change the sentences to reported speech. Put the reporting verb in the past.
1. ‘Go to the end of the queue.’(he/ tell/ them)
He told me to go to the end of the queue.
2. ‘I’m leaving in ten minutes’ time.’ (she/ tell/ her parents)
…………………………………………………………….
3. ‘We don’t have enough money to go abroad this year.’(he/ say)
……………………………………………………………..
4. ‘Who’s going to help me?’ (she/ want to know)
………………………………………………………………
5. ‘Is the station far away?’(he/ ask)
………………………………………………………………
6. ‘We met at the sports club last Friday.’ (she/ remind/ him)
………………………………………………………………
7. ‘When will lunch be ready?’(they/ want to know)
………………………………………………………………
8. ‘Don’t wake me before eight o’clock.’(she/ tell/ me)
……………………………………………………………….

 Read about a report on women in management and complete the actual words of the
speakers.

1. Sylvia Newton, along with a third of the women questioned, has this point to make about working
with men:
‘We don’t………………………………………………………………………………’
2. Damian Rundall, who has a woman boss, makes this negative remark:
‘…………………………………………………………………………………….’
3. Katriona Philips, a married health service manager, explains why she has had no children:
‘……………………………………………………………………………………….’
4. Sally Thorpe, sales manager and mother of two, complains:
 ‘I‘ve had children but…………………………………………………………………’
5. Roger Young, director of the Institute of Management, makes the following points:
‘……………………………………………………………………………………….’

 Translate into English:

1. Robert a zis că o va întreba pe Rebeca despre incident.
2. M-a întrebat la ce mă uit.
3. Băiatul a spus că auzise deja despre nenorocire.
4. Spune că se simte foarte bine.
5. Zice că va scrie o scurta scrisoare imediat.
6. Bărbatul întrebă unde locuiesc, câţi ani am şi unde studiez.

Bottom of Form
Bottom of Form

UNIT 12
GETTING A JOB

Mind Your Own Business

Motto:
"I like work; it fascinates me. I can sit and look at it for hours.”
Jerome K. Jerome, American writer

 Discussion points
1.Think of a job that implies:
seasonal work / freelance work / shift work /
casual labour / teleworking / a 9-5
job.

2. Which of the following could be o feature of these jobs?

• working as part of a team or on your own
• a high salary and/or high status
• working in a competitive environment
• working flexible or fixed hours
• lots of variety or repetitive tasks
• travelling a lot for your job
• job security
• working under pressure to tight deadlines

Read the text below paying attention to vocabulary items connected to jobs:

The Miller
Nigel Moon, a graduate in history and archeology, always wanted to buy a windmill. When a
chance came to buy Downfield Mill, he left his job and took a variety of part-time jobs for the
five years needed to restore the building.

On milling days, he can be seen dashing frantically around the five floors, tools usually in hand
as he strives to keep all systems going. "Even when there is no wind and the sails are down, it is
hard work because I have a set of stones powered by an electric motor. Working the mill this
way is not as satisfying as when it is running on the sails, buy the two systems often run in
concert and the electric system helps to keep production going. I'm not really in the business for
the money. There must be a thousand easier ways of making a living."
Although it is exhausting, seven-day-a-week occupation, Moon says he would not do anything
else.

The Art Dealer

"It is a myth," says Anna -Mei Chadwick, "that running an art gallery is
all about opening shows and bottles of wine." She regularly works ten hours a day, seven
days a week. She regards herself as a retailer.
"The retail trade is very tough - you need stamina and a lot of help. Dealing with the general
public takes a certain strength. Anybody can walk through the door.
Initially, she approached artists she knew and found others by going to shows and competitions.
She concentrates on artists with promise who are not necessarily well-known.
Each year the gallery runs seventeen shows. Although turnover has risen steadily since the
gallery opened, it was two years before she took on a full-time assistant. She still needs to be in
the gallery much of the time. Clients and artists expect to see her. "Running an art gallery is a
very personal business - you have to be there rather than an assistant.
 Discuss this question.
Do you think there is a single, right job for each of us or could we all do a number of different
jobs equally?

 Read the text below to find out how people normally choose their jobs.
 Then read the text again and circle the word (a, b, c, d) that best fits each space.

How do you choose the right job?

A few people decide early in life what they want to do and then follow a prescribed path of
training to reach their (1)... . more often, a young person takes the best job available, and that
(2)... to a lifetime in a particular field. Of course, both who you know and what you know are
important. Frequently an individual finds a job through a friend, relative or other (3)... person.
However, with a university degree the minimum (4)...for many jobs - and advanced training and
qualifications a (5)... in most professional fields - what it can be the (6)... to a good job.

There is probably no single 'right' job for anybody. Out of the (7)... 20,000 types of occupations
available in modern society, there are probably hundreds that you could perform well and find
rewarding. Although circumstances (8)... one's choices, there are still more possibilities than most
people realise. Chance always (9)... a part in finding a job you like, but vocational counsellors
believe that a person can improve the (10)... by analysing his or her ambitions, interests and
aptitudes. One person may want to earn a lot of money. Others may place priority to helping
others, to being active, or having a low risk of becoming unemployed. Personal interests, such as
love of the (11)... or the fascination with computers, may point the (12)... to a job a person enjoys
and respects.

1. a. plan b. goal c. end d. object

2. a. leads b. directs c. conducts d. introduces
3. a. valuable b. beneficial c. helpful d. advantageous
4. a. necessity b. obligation c. offer d. requirement
5. a. need b. must c. want d. demand
6. a. ticket b. admission c. direction d. certificate
7. a. expected b. assessed c. estimated d. calculated
8. a. shorten b. press c. shrink d. narrow
9.a. takes b. gives c. puts d. plays
10. a. odds b. difference c. angles d. favour
11. a. outwards b. outside c. outdoors d. outback
12. a. course b. way c. passage d. progress

 Discussion points:
1. What has influenced you in your choice of your present or potential career?
2. What other careers have you considered?
3. To what extent has chance or good luck played a part?
4. What jobs would you recommend for people with the following combinations of qualities?
• numerate, computer-literate, meticulous
 • patient, caring, physically fit
• articulate, outgoing, persuasive

 You have asked an English friend to send you information about jobs in England during the
summer. He has sent you two advertisements, to which you have added your comments. Read the
advertisements and decide which job you would like to ally for.

STUDENT WANTED
We require a student to help out in our small,
friendly hotel during the busy summer
months. Duties include reception, serving
food and cleaning rooms. Hard work and
long hours but a friendly atmosphere. Food
and accommodation provided. Previous
experience of hotel work desirable.

Write to Mrs. Turner, Mentmore Hotel,

Castle Lane, St Ives, Cornwall.

Special Tours

INTERNATIONAL

Tour Leader

Special Tours International is looking for a tour leader

to join its committed, enthusiastic and hard-working
team during the busy summer months. It could be
you! This is a temporary post but could become
permanent. You will have to drive the initiative
necessary to help organise international study tours for
students aged 18-25. You will be able to speak two
languages as well as English. You must be able to
work under pressure, have excellent interpersonal and
organising skills, and accept to work unsociable hours.
You will spend half of your time at Head Office in
London and the other half overseas. An attractive
salary is offered.
Write and convince us that you are the person we are
looking for.

Write to Clare Clairmont, Director, STI,

Trelawny House, Byron Crscent, London
Now write:
 a). a letter of application for the job that you would like to do. Give information
about yourself and ask about any points that you are not sure of. Write about 200
words.
b). a note to your friend thanking him and saying which job you have applied for
and why. Write about 50 words

 a letter of application is your way of introducing

yourself to an employer. It represents you, and it should
represent you well. Your application letter is the first
important business letter you will write. It is a letter in
which you are trying to sell your services. It must be
attractive, persuasive, convincing, but always truthful and
straightforward
a curriculum vitae will provide your personal details
and a summary of your qualification. You will include facts
about your education, training with dates. Personal details
will include your age, your marital status, interests etc

______________________________________________________________________________
_

Concluding
I enclose a completed application form/ my
LANGUAGE BANK/ WRITING curriculum vitae with full details of…
TIPS I am available for interview at any time
convenient to you…
I am writing to apply for the I look forward to hearing from you…
post/position of… ! You have to produce two types of writing
1. For the note, use an informal register and
informal punctuation. Don’t forget to
Giving reasons mention which job you applied for and
why.
I believe that I have the necessary 2. For the letter, begin and end with a
experience and personal qualities… formal greeting. Follow this plan.
Firstly, I am used to organising …
Paragraph 1: Say who you are and why you
In addition, I have already done some part-
are writing
time work…
Paragraphs 2/3: Give reasons why you are
interested in the job and why you think you
Asking for information are suitable for the position. Say what
experience you have had and what sort of
I would like to know if/whether… person you are.
I would appreciate it if you could send me Concluding paragraph: Ask for more
further details about… information about the job
  Use these idiomatic expressions to comment on the sentences below.
the daily grind/ donkey work/ slave driver/ pull your weight/ drive yourself too hard/
work your fingers to the bone/ not do a stroke of work

1. Mr. Slater makes his staff work much too hard.

He’s a slave driver!
2. The new computer will do the repetitive, mundane work so we can concentrate on the
creative side of the business.
3. Sally was fed up with the same journey to work and doing exactly the same things
every day.
4. Jack just sits at his desk, doing nothing at all.
5. Jane’s parents worked terribly hard for years in order to send her to an expensive
school.
6. If Tony continues to work such long hours, he will make himself ill.
7. Mary doesn’t work as hard as the other members of her team.

LANGUAGE STUDY
The Passive

FORM

Noun/ pronoun + to be + past participle

It was stolen.
The televisions are made in Germany.

• The passive is used to describe actions:

a) when we don’t know who does, or did, the action:
My briefcase was stolen last night.
(I don’t know who stole it)
b) when it is not important to know who does, or did, the action:
The cars are taken to Europe every week.
(It doesn’t matter who takes them).

• Passive sentences describe what happens to people or things, often as a result of

action by other people or things.
• Passive sentences indicate that what happens is more important than who is
responsible. For example:
ACTIVE
Simon has painted the house.
The speaker is talking about Simon and the house.

PASSIVE
The house has been painted.
Only the house is being discussed and not the person who painted it.
Mary was arrested yesterday by the police.
The important news is about Mary, not about the police.
Present noun/ pronoun + is/ are + past participle
The cars are taken abroad
Past noun/ pronoun + was/ were + past participle
The cars were taken abroad.
Present Perfect noun/ pronoun + has/ have been + past participle
The cars have been taken abroad.

• The rules for choice of tense are the same in the passive as they are for active
sentences
• The passive is frequently used to describe scientific or mechanical processes, or in
formal explanations:

The passive is frequently used…

• It is not essential to repeat the auxiliary verb to be in a list of processes:
The cars are washed, cleaned, checked, and then driven to the garages.

Passive Sentences with Two Objects

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two
objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform
into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.

Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2

wrote a letter to me.

Active: Rita

Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita.

Passive: I was written a letter by Rita.

Grammar consolidation

 Rewrite these sentences in the passive:

1. We had warned him the day before not to go too near the canal.
He was warned not to go too near the canal.
2. Someone’s interviewing him at the moment.

He…………………………………………………..
3. They’re cleaning the shoes at the moment.
The shoes …………………………………………..
4. You mustn’t use this machine after 5.30 p.m.

This machine …………………………………………

5. They were watching the show when the accident happened.
The show ……………………………………………..
6. You should pay your bill before you leave the hotel.
Your bill………………………………………………….
7. Someone will drive your car tomorrow morning.
Your car………………………………………………….
8. We don’t allow smoking in this room.
Smoking……………………………………………
9. We invited two hundred people to the wedding.
Two hundred people ………………………………….
10. Someone will the whistle if there is an emergency.
The whistle………………………………………

 Rewrite the following sentences using the passive:

1. My car/ damage/ last night. (past)
2. This computer / make /in Japan. (future)
3. Cheese / make / from milk. (present)
4. The children / give/ some food. (present perfect)
5. Several people/ hurt/ in an accident/ when/ we arrived there. (past perfect)
6. The parcel/ post/ yesterday. (past)
7. The man / change / his money into dollars/ at the bank. (future)
8. The President / kill/ last night. (past)

 Transform the following active sentences into passive sentences:

1. Nobody will know the result of the election until late tonight.
The result of the election will not be known until late tonight.
2. The hotel staff clean the rooms thoroughly every day.
………………………………………………………
3. They have postponed the match until next Saturday.
……………………………………………………..
4. They were raising money during the evening charity.
………………………………………………………
5. Someone is repairing the video at this very moment.
……………………………………………………….
6. They should have posted the parcel last week.
………………………………………………………..
7. They are going to redecorate the college during the holidays.
……………………………………………………………….
8. They discovered some Roman treasure in Sussex last week
………………………………………………………………

 Complete the article with the correct form of the passive using the verbs in
brackets:
POACHING IN AFRICA

Last month more rhinos were murdered by poachers in Africa. The horns were cut off
and the bodies left where they fell.

There is no doubt now that putting a fence around suitable areas to keep out poachers is
the only way the rhinos …….can be protected..(can/ protect). A 200 km boundary has
now been cleared in Kenya and is ready for electric fences ………………(build).
Accommodation for the wardens has already been built and water powered generator is
in the process of …………………(construct).

The second phase of this fencing project is now ready to begin. The fence posts
…………………..(can/ obtain) in Kenya, but wire ………………………(have to/ buy) from
Europe. We cannot allow the project …………………….(abandon) at this stage so we
are asking for your help to raise the necessary funds.

When this project began three years ago it seemed impossibly expensive, but there is
now some hope that it …………………….(may/ achieve). Without these sanctuaries
completely ………………….(fence), there is still the danger of some rhinos wandering
out of the sanctuaries and ……………………(kill) by poachers.

We are appealing for your help with these important projects. The future of the rhino in
Kenya is in our hands.
WORLD ANIMAL AID

 Translate into English:

Un student bun e lăudat pentru munca lui.
Dacă va fi despărţit de prietenii lui, va studia mai mult.
E împiedicat să părăsească spitalul deoarece nu e bine încă.
Are de toate, nu e nevoie să-ţi faci griji.
Se gătea supa, iar mirosul umplea casa.
Toţi copiii mai mari de zece ani sunt trimişi la mare.
Se curăţă camera pentru că se aşteaptă musafiri.
Magazinul acesta a bine aprovizionat cu unelte.

REVISION II

 Complete the following sentences with suitable forms of must or have to.
1. "Now look here, young lady, you ………….be home before 2.00 AM. Do you
understand ?"
2. He ………..take the bus today as his car broke down yesterday.
3. In a mosque you ………….take off your shoes before entering.
4. (Sign in a park) Dogs …………be kept on lead.
5. You ……………leave now if you want to catch the 9.30.
6. In a decent kitchen the staff ……………..wash their hands frequently.
7. "You ……………..prepare this exercise for tomorrow!"
8. In third world countries people often ……………be very ingenious simply to survive.
9. Our sales people …………..be more persistent when dealing with customers.
10. I …………….go now, I'm late already.

 Complete the following sentences with suitable forms of:

can could have to must might should

Top of Form

1. Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He ……….be exhausted after
such a long flight. He ………..prefer to stay in tonight and get some rest.
2. If you want to get a better feeling for how the city is laid out, you …………walk
downtown and explore the waterfront.
3. Hiking the trail to the peak …………be dangerous if you are not well prepared for
dramatic weather changes. You …………research the route a little more before you
attempt the ascent.
4. When you have a small child in the house, you ………leave small objects lying
around. Such objects ……………..be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death.
5. A: ………….you hold your breath for more than a minute?
B: No, I can't.
6. Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It …………have cost a fortune.
7. Please make sure to water my plants while I am gone. If they don't get enough water,
they …………die.
8. I ………….speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Egypt. But after
we moved back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and forgot almost
everything I knew as a child. Now, I …………..just say a few things in the language.
9. The book is optional. My professor said we ………….read it if we needed extra credit.
But we …………..read it if we don’t want to.
10. A: Where is the spatula? It ……….be in this drawer but it’s not here.
B: I just did a load of dishes last night and they’re still in the dish washer. It …….be
in there. That’s the only other place it ……….be.
11. You ………..take your umbrella along with you today. The weatherman on the news
said there's a storm north of here and it …………..rain later on this afternoon.
12. …………..we pull over at the next rest stop? I really …………..use the bathroom and
I don't know if I ……………hold it until we get to Chicago.
13. Oh no! Frank's wallet is lying on the coffee table. He …………have left it here last
night.
14. A: …………I borrow your lighter for a minute?
B: Sure, no problem. Actually, you …………keep it if you want to. I've given up
smoking.
15. I …………..believe she said that to Megan! She ………..insult her cooking in front
of everyone at the party last night. She ………….have just said she was full or had some
salad if she didn't like the meal.
16. Do you ……………chew with your mouth open like that? Geez, it's making me sick
watching you eat that piece of pizza.
17. Mrs. Scarlett's body was found in the lounge just moments ago, and it's still warm!
Nobody has left the mansion this evening, so the killer …………be someone in this
room. It …………..be any one of us!!!
18. A: I don't know why Denise starting crying when I mentioned the wedding.
B: It …………….have been what you said about her brother. Or, perhaps she is just
nervous. After all, the big day is tomorrow.
19. …………..you always say the first thing that pops into your head? ………..you think
once in awhile before you speak?
20. I was reading the book last night before I went to bed. I never took it out of this room.
It ……………be lying around here somewhere. Where ……………it be?

 Choose the correct answer:

1. I'm not really sure where Beverly is. She __________________ in the living room, or
perhaps she's in the backyard.

might sit might be sitting might have sat

2. Doug __________________ the video we rented on his way to work. It was on the
table, but now it's gone.

must have returned must not have returned must return

3. You __________________ the air pressure in your tires. You don't want to get a flat
tire on your trip.

ought to be checking ought to check ought to checked

4. The computer isn't working. It __________________ during production.

should have been must have been

can be damaged
damaged damaged

5. The package __________________ tomorrow afternoon. It was sent by express mail

this morning.

should have been

should be delivered should be delivering
delivered

6. You __________________ the tickets for the play in advance - they sell out quickly.
 have to book has to book have to be booked

7. You can't mean that! You __________________.

must joke have to have joked have got to be joking

8. If Debbie hasn't come home yet, she __________________ for us in the coffee shop.

must still wait must still be waiting must still have waited

9. Mike decided not to join us for lunch. He __________________ at work to finish the
marketing report.

should have been

had to stay should have stayed
staying

10. If I had gone with my friends to Jamaica, I __________________ on a white sand

beach right now.

would be lying would lie would have lain

 “Don't have to” and “Mustn’t”

1. You ( don’t have to / mustn’t) smoke in a gas station.
2. You ( don’t have to / mustn’t) pass a test to ride a bicycle.
3. You ( don’t have to / mustn’t) open up the computer while it is plugged in.
4. Shops ( don’t have to / mustn’t ) sell cigarettes to children.
5. This bus is free! You ( don’t have to / mustn’t) buy a ticket.
6. You ( don’t have to / mustn’t) live in Canada to study at the University of Victoria.
You can take a course by Internet.
7. In Canada, employers ( don’t have to / mustn’t) discriminate against women or
minorities. It's against the law.
8. You ( don’t have to / mustn’t) buy the text book for this course -- you can borrow
mine.
9. Canadians ( don’t have to / mustn’t) get a visa to travel to the US.
10. You ( don’t have to / mustn’t) be late for class, or the teacher will be angry.

 Making an Omelette
"Don't have to" or "Mustn't"?
Making an omelette is easy. You ………..be a great chef to do it. Here are some
basic instructions:

1. First, break some eggs into a bowl. Break them carefully. You …………..let any
 of the shell get into the omelette!

2. Next, mix up the eggs. You …………..use a special food processor -mixing them
with a fork is fine.

3. Then, heat some oil in a pan. Olive oil is best, but you ……………….use olive
oil. You can use ordinary corn oil if you want. You ………………..let the oil get too
hot, or it will start to burn.

4. Pour the egg mixture into the pan, and mix it a little.

5. When the egg mixture gets a little hard, fold it in half. It ………………….be very
hard - just enough so that you can fold it.

6. After a couple of minutes, turn the omelette over. Be careful! You ………break
it.

7. When the omelette is cooked, serve it immediately. You ………………let it go

cold, or it will taste horrible.

 Write the phrases in brackets in their correct forms into the gaps.

Example: Yesterday I __________ (can/to watch) a film, today I can't.

Answer: Yesterday I could watch a film, today I can't.
1. Last week we ______________swimming, this week we can't. (can/to go)
2. Maybe the Smiths ______________a new house next year. (can/to build)
3. If you try hard, you ______________your examinations. (can/to pass)
4. When I was five, I_________________(not/can/to swim)
5. He was so busy, he ________________a letter to me. (not/can/to write)
6. For three weeks I _________________to him on the phone. (not/can/to speak)
7. Dennis ________________the trumpet after four months. (can/to play)
8. Next year we ________________a new car. (can/to look for)

 Fill in the correct form of the plural.

1. half - ……………..
2. kilo - …………..
3. woman - ………….
4. foot - ………….
5. mouth - ………….
6. sheep - ………….
7. penny - …………..
8. bus - …………...
9. day - …………..
10. fish - …………..
  Singular or Plural ? Are these sentences correct?
1. The police is still looking for him.
2. Athletics are my favourite sport.
3. Those is nice trousers.
4. Twenty pounds is a lot of money.
5. The news is not very good.
6. Three years are a long time.
7. My glasses is broken.
8. My scissors is not cutting properly.
9. Economics are very difficult to understand.
10. Physics is a very important subject.
11. The police have arrested him.
12. Many people is worried about this.
13. The United States are very powerful.
14. Fish and chips is nice to eat.
15. One of my friends are coming to meet us here.
16. More than one person are unhappy with this.
17. A number of us is concerned.
18. There are a couple of points to make.
19. The rest of the staff are coming later.
20. Five hundred dollars are expensive. Have you nothing cheaper?

 Irregular Plurals of Nouns. Choose the right plural form:

1 The plural of "shelf" is

a. Shelfs
b. Shelves
c. Shelvs
d. Shelfes

2 The plural of "buffalo" is

a. Buffalos
b. Buffals
c. Buffalose
d. Buffaloes

3 The plural of "child" is

a. Children
b. Childs
c. Cheeld
d. Child

4 The plural of "woman" is

a. Womans
b. Womanes
c. Women
d. Woman
5 The plural of "deer" is
a. Deers
b. Deeres
c. Door
d. Deer

6 The plural of "phenomenon" is

a. Phenomena
b. Phenomenons
c. Phenomeni
d. Phenomenon

7 The plural of "stimulus" is

a. Stimuluses
b. Stimuli
c. Stimula
d. Stimules

8 The plural of "bus" is

a. Bi
b. Buss
c. Buses
d. Busa

9 The plural of "calf" (a baby cow) is

a. Calfs
b. Calves
c. Calf
d. Celf
1
0
The plural of "thesis" is
a. Thesises
b. Thesies
C. Thesi
d. Theses

 Translate into English:

1. Pojarul e boală periculoasă, dar oreionul e şi mai grav.
2. Familia lui locuieşte aici de trei ani.
3. Am auzit căbagajele lui sunt deja aici.
4. Am trei veşti pentru tine.
5. Dă-mi un sfat!
6. Unde sunt boii, gâştele şi oile?
7. Câte specii de animale sunt pe lume?
8. Nici o veste înseamnă veşti bune.
9. Unde e cleştele şi de ce nu l-ai folosit?
 Complete the sentences using the information about televisions from the chart.
Use the modifiers much, a bit and not as … as in your sentences.

PHILIPS SONY FINLUX FERGUSON

Price (to buy) $300 $350 $450 $600
Screen size 51cm 53cm 59cm 220cm
Facilities Nicam Stereo Nicam Stereo Nicam Stereo Wide screen
sound sound sound Teletext
Teletext Teletext
On screen
graphics
Rental $18.99 a month $19.49 a month $21.49 a month $25.99 a month

1. The Ferguson is …much more expensive to buy than the Philips. (expensive to buy)
2. The Finlux is ………………………………………the Ferguson. (expensive to buy)
3. The screen on the Sony is …………………………..the screen on the Philips. (large)
4. The screen on the Ferguson is ……………………….the screen on the Philips. (large)
5. The Finlux is …………………………………………….the Sony. (sophisticated)
6. The Ferguson is ………………………………………….the Finlux. (sophisticated)
7. The Philips is ………………………………………………the Sony. (cheap to rent)
8. The Finlux is ………………………………………………the Sony. (cheap to rent)

 Make sentences to compare young people nowadays to young people fifty years
ago. When there is a plus sign (+), use more and the adjectival phrase; when there is
a minus sign (-), use less and the adjectival phrase.

Young people today compared to fifty years ago:

1. + LIKELY TO spend money on CDs
2. – INTERESTED IN buy single records
3. + WORRIED ABOUT get a job
4. – LIKELY TO suffer from ill health
5. + ABLE TO express their feelings
6. + INTERESTED IN travel abroad

1. …Young people today are more likely to spend money on CDs… .

2. ….They are less interested in……………………………………….
3. ………………………………………………………………………..
4. ………………………………………………………………………..
5. ………………………………………………………………………...
6. ………………………………………………………………………...

 Match the following adjectives with a stronger equivalent filling the chart below:
1. irritated a) passionate
2. good b) stunning
3. happy c) devastated
4. upset d) suicidal
5. affectionate e) exasperated
6. frightened f) dreary
7. bad g) ecstatic
8. boring h) petrified
9. attractive i) fantastic
10. depressed j) appalling

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
e

 Fill in with the appropriate superlative or comparative forms of the adjectives in

between brackets:

1. Joe is _____________than Ed. (short)

2. Al is the______________ (short)
3. Ed is the___________________ (thin)
4. Joe is __________________than Al. (thin)
5. Al has the _______________clothes. (colourful)
6. Al is __________________than Joe. (heavy)
7. Ed is the________________ (light)
8. Joe is _________________than Ed. (happy)
9. Ed is the__________________ (mysterious)
10. Joe is __________________than Ed. (energetic)

 In the following sentences, fill in the gaps with one of the following quantifiers:

A FEW | A GREAT DEAL | A LITTLE | A LOT | A LOT OF | A MAJORITY OF | ENOUGH | MANY | MUCH
OF | PLENTY | SEVERAL OF | SOME

Top of Form

1. I'm having ………………of trouble passing my driving exam.

2. ………………the movies were rated PG.
3. ………………information proved to be outdated.
4. We're close to the project deadline, but there is still …………….time left.
5. Although there are ………….brilliant students in this state - thousands, even,
only ……………..will choose to remain in the state after graduation.
6. We were able to destroy ………….the parasites with our antigen, but ………….of
them survived to cause trouble.
7. ………………..a student has passed through these doors.
8. Although …………..of the lawn is open to the sun, there are ……………..of shade
trees to make it comfortable.
 9. I think he drank ………………wine last night.
10. ……………….the evidence was taken from the police safe last night.

 Write the verbs in brackets in their correct forms into the gaps.
1. If they ________________(to have) enough money, they would buy a new car.
2. If it rains, I ________________(not/to play) football.
3. I ____________(to phone) you if I hadn't seen you today.
4. We would pass the exam if we _______________(to learn) more.
5. I _________________(to go) to the party if you come with me.
6. If they _______________(to buy) the cat, their children would have been happy.
7. You'll catch a cold if you ____________________(not/to wear) a pullover.
8. If I __________________(to see) the film, I wouldn't have bought
9. If I went to the cinema, I __________ (to watch) an interesting film.

 Complete the conditional sentences (type I) by putting the verbs into the correct
form.

1. If you (send) ………..this letter now, she (receive) …………it tomorrow.

2. If I (do) …………..this test, I (improve) ……………my English.
3. If I (find) ……………your ring, I (give) …………….it back to you.
4. Peggy (go) …………shopping if she (have) ……………time in the afternoon.
5. Simon (go) …………to London next week if he (get) ………….a cheap flight.
6. If her boyfriend (phone / not) …………today, she (leave) ……………him.
7. If they (study / not) ……………harder, they (pass / not) ……………..the exam.
8. If it (rain) …………tomorrow, I (have to / not) ………………water the plants.
9. You (be able/ not) ………….to sleep if you (watch) ……………..this scary film.
10. Susan (can / move / not) ………………into the new house if it (be / not) ……………
ready on time.

 Complete the conditional sentences (type III) by putting the verbs into the
correct form. Use conditional II with would in the main clause.

1. If you (study) ………..for the test, you (pass) ………….it.

2. If you (ask) ……………me, I (help) ………………you.
3. If we (go) …………..to the cinema, we (see) …………..my friend Jacob.
4. If you (speak) ……………English, she (understand)……………..
5. If they (listen) ……………to me, we (be) ………………home earlier.
6. I (write) ……………….you a postcard if I (have) ……………..your address.
7. If I (not / break) ………………my leg, I (take part) ……………in the contest.
8. If it (not/ start) ………………..to rain, we (walk) …………………to the museum
9. We (swim) …………..in the sea if there (not / be) ……….so many sharks there.
10. If she (take) …………….the bus, she (not / arrive) ……………on time.

Complete the conditional sentences (type I, II or III) by putting the verbs into
the correct form:

1. If they (have) …….time at the weekend, they will come to see us.
2. If we sneak out quietly, nobody (notice)………..
3. If we (know) ………..about your problem, we would have helped you.
4. If I (be) ……….you, I would not buy that dress.
5. We (arrive) …………earlier if we had not missed the bus.
6. If I didn't have a mobile phone, my life (not / be) ………complete.
7. Okay, I (get) ………..the popcorn if you buy the drinks.
8. If I (tell) …………you a secret, you would be sure to leak it.
9. She (go) …………..out with you if you had only asked her.
10. I would not think of reading your diary if you (not hide) ………….it in such an obvious place.

Complete the conditional sentences (type I, II and III)

“The Cat and the Mouse”

1. Once upon a time the cat bit the mouse's tail off. “Give me back my tail,” said the
mouse. And the cat said, “Well, I (give) ……….you back your tail if you fetched me
some milk. But that's impossible to do for a little mouse like you.”
2. The mouse, however, went to the cow. “The cat (give / only) …………me back my tail
if I fetch her some milk.”
3. And the cow said, “Well, I would give you milk if you (get) ………..me some hay. But
that's impossible to do for a little mouse like you.”
4. The mouse, however, went to the farmer. “The cat will only give me back my tail if the
cow (give) ………..me some milk. And the cow (only / give) ………..me milk if I get
her some hay.”
5. And the farmer said, “Well, I would give you hay if you (bring) ………me some meat.
But that's impossible to do for a little mouse like you.”
6. The mouse, however, went to the butcher. “The cat will only give me back my tail if the
cow (give) ………….me milk. And the cow will only give me milk if she (get)
………..some hay. And the farmer (only / give) ………..me hay if I get him some
meat.”
7. And the butcher said, “Well, I would give you meat if you (make) ……….the baker
bake me a bread. But that's impossible to do for a little mouse like you.”
8. The mouse, however, went to the baker. “The cat (give / only) ………..me back my
tail if I fetch her some milk. And the cow (give / not) …………me milk if I don't get her
hay. And the farmer will only give me hay if the butcher (have) …………some meat for
him. And the butcher will not give me meat if you (bake / not) ……….him a bread.”
And the baker said, “Well, I (give)………..you bread if you promise never to steal
my corn or meal.”
The mouse promised not to steal, and so the baker gave the mouse bread, the mouse
gave the butcher bread. The butcher gave the mouse meat, the mouse gave the farmer
meat. The farmer gave the mouse hay, the mouse gave the cow hay. The cow gave the
mouse milk, the mouse gave the cat milk. And the cat gave the mouse her tail back.
But imagine what would have happened otherwise:
If the mouse (promised / not) ………………never to steal corn or meal, the baker
(not/give) …………….the mouse bread.
If the baker (not / give) ………….the mouse bread, the butcher (refuse) ………..to give
her meat for the farmer.
If the butcher (refuse) ………..her any meat, the farmer (not / be) ……….willing to give
the mouse hay.
If the farmer (not / be) ………….willing to give the mouse hay, the mouse (not / receive)
………….milk from the cow.
If the mouse (not / receive) ……….milk from the cow, she (not / get) ……….back her
tail.
 Rewrite the sentences in Passive voice. Remember the punctuation.

1. They built a house.

_________________________________
2. Our uncle takes Susan to hospital.
_________________________________
3. We have cleaned the car.
_________________________________
4. They speak English.
_________________________________
5. The policemen help the children.
_________________________________
6. A robber broke the window of the shop.
_________________________________
 7. My mother sends me to the butcher.
_________________________________
8. Peter will look after my little brother.
_________________________________
 Rewrite the sentences in Passive voice. Remember the punctuation.
1. Mr Jones watches the film.
…………………………………………..
2. Somebody built the house last year.
…………………………………………..
3. They speak English in the shop.
…………………………………………..
4. The waiter brought me a big steak.
………………………………………….
5. She gave me the box.
………………………………………….
6. Max will look after him.
………………………………………….
7. We saw her in Dresden last week.
………………………………………….
8. No one has ever beaten me at chess.
…………………………………………

 Write passive sentences in Simple Past.

1. the test / write ______________________________
2. the table / set _______________________________
3. the cat / feed _______________________________
4. the lights / switch on _________________________
5. the house / build ____________________________
6. dinner / serve ______________________________
7. this computer / sell / not ______________________
8. the car / stop / not ___________________________
9. the tables / clean / not ________________________
10. the children / pick up / not _________________________

 Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.

1. She sang a song. - _____________________________

2. Somebody hit me. - ____________________________
3. We stopped the bus. - __________________________
4. A thief stole my car. - __________________________
5. They didn't let him go. - ________________________
6. She didn't win the prize. - _______________________
7. They didn't make their beds. - ____________________
8. I did not tell them. - ____________________________
9. Did you tell them? - ____________________________
10. Did he send the letter? - _________________________

 Finish the sentences using Reported speech. ALWAYS change the tense and the
time expressions.
1. Emily: "My teacher will go to Leipzig tomorrow.
Emily said that…………………………...
2. Helen: "I was writing a letter yesterday."
Helen told me that………………………..
3. Robert: "My father flew to Dallas last year."
Robert said that…………………………..
4. Michael: "I'm going to read a book this week."
Michael told me that……………………..
5. Jason: "I'll do my best in the exams tomorrow."
Jason told me that……………………......
6. Andrew: "We didn't eat fish two days ago."
Andrew said to me that…………………..
7. Alice: "I spent all my pocket money last Monday."
Alice complained that…………………….
8. David: "John had already gone at six.
David said that…………………………...
 Finish the sentences using Reported speech. ALWAYS change the tense and the
time expressions.

1. John: "Mandy is at home."

John said that……………………..

2. Max: "I often read a book."

Max told me that………………….
3. Susan: "I'm watching TV."
Susan said that…………………….
4. Simon: "David was ill."
Simon said that…………………….
5. Stephen and Claire: "We have cleaned the windows."
Stephen and Claire told me that…………………….
6. Charles: "I didn't have time to do my homework."
Charles remarked that……………………………….
 7. Mr Jones: "My mother will be 50 years old."
Mr Jones told me that……………………………...
8. Jean: "The boss must sign the letter.
Jean said that ………………………..

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

A

Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

arise arose arisen

awake awakened / awoke awakened / awoken

backslide backslid backslidden / backslid

be was, were been

bear bore born / borne

beat beat beaten / beat

become became become

begin began begun

bend bent bent

bet bet bet

bid (farewell) bid / bade bidden

bid (offer amount) bid bid

bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken

breed bred bred

bring brought brought

broadcast broadcast / broadcasted broadcast / broadcasted

browbeat browbeat browbeaten / browbeat

build built built

burn burned / burnt burned / burnt

burst burst burst

bust busted / bust busted / bust

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

cling clung clung

clothe clothed / clad clothed / clad

come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

crossbreed crossbred crossbred

cut cut cut

daydream daydreamed daydreamed

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug

disprove disproved disproved / disproven

dive (jump head-first) dove / dived dived

dive (scuba diving) dived / dove dived

do did done

draw drew drawn

dream dreamed / dreamt dreamed / dreamt

drink drank drunk

drive drove driven

dwell dwelt / dwelled dwelt / dwelled

eat ate eaten

fall fell fallen

feed fed fed

feel felt felt

fight fought fought

find found found

fit (tailor, change size) fitted / fit fitted / fit

fit (be right size) fit fit

flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown

forbid forbade forbidden

forecast forecast forecast

forego (also forgo) forewent foregone

foresee foresaw foreseen

foretell foretold foretold

forget forgot forgotten

forgive forgave forgiven

forsake forsook forsaken

freeze froze frozen

frostbite frostbit frostbitten

get got gotten / got

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown

H
hand-feed hand-fed hand-fed

handwrite handwrote handwritten

hang hung hung

have had had

hear heard heard

hew hewed hewn / hewed

hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

inbreed inbred inbred

inlay inlaid inlaid

input input / inputted input / inputted

interbreed interbred interbred

interweave interwove / interweaved interwoven /

interweaved

interwind interwound interwound

jerry-build jerry-built jerry-built

keep kept kept

kneel knelt / kneeled knelt / kneeled

knit knitted / knit knitted / knit

know knew known

lay laid laid

lead led led

lean leaned / leant leaned / leant

leap leaped / leapt leaped / leapt

learn learned / learnt learned / learnt

leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain

lie (not tell truth) REGULAR lied lied

light lit / lighted lit / lighted

lip-read lip-read lip-read

lose lost lost

make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met

miscast miscast miscast

misdeal misdealt misdealt

misdo misdid misdone

mishear misheard misheard

mislay mislaid mislaid

mislead misled misled

mislearn mislearned / mislearnt mislearned / mislearnt

misread misread misread

misset misset misset

misspeak misspoke misspoken

misspell misspelled / misspelt misspelled / misspelt

misspend misspent misspent

mistake mistook mistaken

misteach mistaught mistaught

misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood

miswrite miswrote miswritten

mow mowed mowed / mown

No irregular verbs beginning with "N."

offset offset offset

outbid outbid outbid

outbreed outbred outbred

outdo outdid outdone

outdraw outdrew outdrawn

outdrink outdrank outdrunk

outdrive outdrove outdriven

outfight outfought outfought

outfly outflew outflown

outgrow outgrew outgrown

outleap outleaped / outleapt outleaped / outleapt

outlie (not tell truth) outlied outlied

REGULAR

outride outrode outridden

outrun outran outrun

outsell outsold outsold

outshine outshined / outshone outshined / outshone

outshoot outshot outshot

outsing outsang outsung

outsit outsat outsat

outsleep outslept outslept

outsmell outsmelled / outsmelt outsmelled / outsmelt

outspeak outspoke outspoken

outspeed outsped outsped

outspend outspent outspent

outswear outswore outsworn

outswim outswam outswum

outthink outthought outthought

outthrow outthrew outthrown

outwrite outwrote outwritten

overbid overbid overbid

overbreed overbred overbred

overbuild overbuilt overbuilt

overbuy overbought overbought

overcome overcame overcome

overdo overdid overdone

overdraw overdrew overdrawn

overdrink overdrank overdrunk

overeat overate overeaten

overfeed overfed overfed

overhang overhung overhung

overhear overheard overheard

overlay overlaid overlaid

overpay overpaid overpaid

override overrode overridden

overrun overran overrun

oversee oversaw overseen

oversell oversold oversold

oversew oversewed oversewn / oversewed

overshoot overshot overshot

oversleep overslept overslept

overspeak overspoke overspoken

overspend overspent overspent

overspill overspilled / overspilt overspilled / overspilt

overtake overtook overtaken

overthink overthought overthought

overthrow overthrew overthrown

overwind overwound overwound

overwrite overwrote overwritten

partake partook partaken

pay paid paid

plead pleaded / pled pleaded / pled

prebuild prebuilt prebuilt

predo predid predone

premake premade premade

prepay prepaid prepaid

presell presold presold

preset preset preset

preshrink preshrank preshrunk

proofread proofread proofread

prove proved proven / proved

put put put

quick-freeze quick-froze quick-frozen

quit quit quit

read read (sounds like "red") read (sounds like "red")

reawake reawoke reawaken

rebid rebid rebid

rebind rebound rebound

rebroadcast rebroadcast / rebroadcast /

rebroadcasted rebroadcasted

rebuild rebuilt rebuilt

recast recast recast

recut recut recut

redeal redealt redealt

redo redid redone

redraw redrew redrawn

refit (replace parts) refit / refitted refit / refitted

refit (retailor) refitted / refit refitted / refit

regrind reground reground

regrow regrew regrown

rehang rehung rehung

rehear reheard reheard

reknit reknitted / reknit reknitted / reknit

relay (for example tiles) relaid relaid

relay (pass along) relayed relayed

REGULAR

relearn relearned / relearnt relearned / relearnt

relight relit / relighted relit / relighted

remake remade remade

repay repaid repaid

reread reread reread

rerun reran rerun

resell resold resold

resend resent resent

reset reset reset

resew resewed resewn / resewed

retake retook retaken

reteach retaught retaught

retear retore retorn

retell retold retold

rethink rethought rethought

retread retread retread

retrofit retrofitted / retrofit retrofitted / retrofit

rewake rewoke / rewaked rewaken / rewaked

rewear rewore reworn

reweave rewove / reweaved rewoven / reweaved

rewed rewed / rewedded rewed / rewedded

rewet rewet rewet

rewin rewon rewon

rewind rewound rewound

rewrite rewrote rewritten

rid rid rid

ride rode ridden

ring rang rung

rise rose risen

roughcast roughcast roughcast

run ran run

sand-cast sand-cast sand-cast

saw sawed sawed / sawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold

send sent sent

set set set

sew sewed sewn / sewed

shake shook shaken

shave shaved shaved / shaven

shear sheared sheared / shorn

shed shed shed

shine shined / shone shined / shone

shit shit / shat / shitted shit/ shat / shitted

shoot shot shot

show showed shown / showed

shrink shrank / shrunk shrunk

shut shut shut

sight-read sight-read sight-read

sing sang sung

sink sank / sunk sunk

sit sat sat

slay (kill) slew / slayed slain / slayed

slay (amuse) REGULAR slayed slayed

sleep slept slept

slide slid slid

sling slung slung

slink slinked / slunk slinked / slunk

slit slit slit

smell smelled / smelt smelled / smelt

sneak sneaked / snuck sneaked / snuck

sow sowed sown / sowed

speak spoke spoken

speed sped / speeded sped / speeded

spell spelled / spelt spelled / spelt

spend spent spent

spill spilled / spilt spilled / spilt

spin spun spun

spit spit / spat spit / spat

split split split

spoil spoiled / spoilt spoiled / spoilt

spoon-feed spoon-fed spoon-fed

spread spread spread

spring sprang / sprung sprung

stand stood stood

steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stunk / stank stunk

strew strewed strewn / strewed

stride strode stridden

strike (delete) struck stricken

strike (hit) struck struck / stricken

string strung strung

strive strove / strived striven / strived

sublet sublet sublet

sunburn sunburned / sunburnt sunburned / sunburnt

swear swore sworn

sweat sweat / sweated sweat / sweated

sweep swept swept

swell swelled swollen / swelled

swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught

tear tore torn

telecast telecast telecast

tell told told

test-drive test-drove test-driven

test-fly test-flew test-flown

think thought thought

throw threw thrown

thrust thrust thrust

tread trod trodden / trod

typecast typecast typecast

typeset typeset typeset

typewrite typewrote typewritten

unbend unbent unbent

unbind unbound unbound

unclothe unclothed / unclad unclothed / unclad

underbid underbid underbid

undercut undercut undercut

underfeed underfed underfed

undergo underwent undergone

underlie underlay underlain

undersell undersold undersold

underspend underspent underspent

understand understood understood

undertake undertook undertaken

underwrite underwrote underwritten

undo undid undone

unfreeze unfroze unfrozen

unhang unhung unhung

unhide unhid unhidden

unknit unknitted / unknit unknitted / unknit

unlearn unlearned / unlearnt unlearned / unlearnt

unsew unsewed unsewn / unsewed

unsling unslung unslung

unspin unspun unspun

unstick unstuck unstuck

unstring unstrung unstrung

unweave unwove / unweaved unwoven / unweaved

unwind unwound unwound

uphold upheld upheld

upset upset upset

No commonly used irregular verbs beginning with "V."

wake woke / waked woken / waked

waylay waylaid waylaid

wear wore worn

weave wove / weaved woven / weaved

wed wed / wedded wed / wedded

weep wept wept

wet wet wet

whet REGULAR whetted whetted

win won won

wind wound wound

withdraw withdrew withdrawn

withhold withheld withheld

withstand withstood withstood

wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Arhire, Mona, Micu, Anamaria, Limba Englezǎ, 1600 de teste
grilǎ, Editura Aula, Braşov, 2002
2. Chilǎrescu, Mihaela, Maxim, Adriana, Limba englezǎ pentru
bacalaureat şi nu numai, Editura Polirom, Iaşi, 2002
3. Chilǎrescu, Mihaela, Spiratos Roxana, BE THE BEST,
Culegere de exerciţii de limba englezǎ, Editura Polirom, Iaşi,
2004
4. Collie, Joanne, Slater, Stephen, Skills for Fluency, Cambridge
University Press, 1991
5. Comişel, Ecaterina, Miloş, Doina, Bac la englezǎ, Editura
Compania, Sibiu, 2001
6. Hodivoianu, Andreea, Tests That Teach, Editura All
Educational, Bucureşti, 1999
7. Lupuleasa Radu, English in Communication, Editura Polirom,
Iaşi, 2003
8. Mateescu, Gabriela, What Can I Get You? Limba englezǎ
pentru personalul din restaurante, THR Consulting Group,
Bucureşti, 2003
9. Nechifor, Cristina, Let’s Be the Best, Editura All Educational,
Bucureşti, 2001
10. Pârlog, Hortensia, Brînzeu, Pia, Frenţiu, Luminiţa (coord.),
Instant English, English for the Baccalaureate and Entrance
Examinations, Editura Polirom, Iaşi, 2004
11. Săcuiu, Cǎtǎlina, Exams, Editura All Educational, Bucureşti,
2000
12. Stanton, Alan, Morris Susan, Fast Track to C.A.E. Coursebook,
Longman, 1999
 13. Walker, E., Elsworth, S, Grammar Practice for Intermediate
Students With a key, Longman, 1998

Internet Sources:
1. http://www.englishpage.com/irregularverbs/irregularverbs.
html
2. http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/if1-3.htm
3. http://eslus.com/LESSONS/GRAMMAR/REPORTSP/Rs1.
htm
4. http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-
sentences/exercises
5. http://esl.lbcc.cc.ca.us/eesllessons/reported
%20speech/repmul2.htm
6. http://wwwedu.ge.ch/cptic/prospective/projets/anglais/exer
cises/reported2.htm
7. http://www.ego4u.com/en/cramup/grammar/passive/exercis
es?02
8. www.ego4u.com
9. www.better-english.com