Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

"2010 NEH Great War Summer Seminar." 2010 NEH Great War Summer Seminar. N.p., n.d.
Web. 12 Feb. 2011. <http://www.greatwar.ku.edu/myssi/aboutwwiindex.shtml>.

The photograph of soldiers and commanders of the army march down during the World War I is

shown in the World War I tab of the timeline. It also shows a person holding a flag in the front of

the line of soldiers, which we can infer that they are going on a battle to contribute to a

successful victory for their country.

"2b. German Unification: The Age of Bismarck [Beyond Books - Modern European History]."
Beyond Books. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2011.
<http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/2b.asp>.

We used this picture for the tab German Unification in the timeline. We thought it represented

the German unification well because it is a painting of the announcement of the German Empire

at Versailles.

" A Century of War - Part 1 (1848-1875) - EdgeGamers Organization." EdgeGamers

Organization . N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2011.
<http://www.edgegamers.org/forums/showthread.php?t=158148>.

The provided picture of Bismarck controlling the emperors of Austria-Hungary, Russia and

Germany with strings figuratively show his manipulation of the alliance to Germany’s benefits.

This well represents his tactic of realpolitik.

"Amended Version of The Triple Alliance." World War I Document Archive. N.p., n.d. Web. 15
Feb. 2011.
<http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Amended_Version_of_The_Triple_Alliance>.
This is the treaty of the Triplice that includes constitutions and basic rules for the alliance.

"Avalon Project - The Dual Alliance Between Austria-Hungary and Germany - October 7,
1879." Avalon Project - Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy. N.p., n.d. Web. 14
Feb. 2011. <http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/dualalli.asp>.
This link gives the actual constitution of the Dual Alliance between Austria-Hungary and

Germany. It includes 5 articles that contain the fundamental agreements of the Duplice alliance.

"Bealey's Blog | The Bealey Archive Project." Bealey's Blog | The Bealey Archive Project. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2011. <http://bealey.wordpress.com/>.
The photograph is a line of soldiers walking towards a direction while the commanders watch

their military act. This was used to show a common scene during World War I.

Bismarck, Otto Von. Interview by Hermann Wagener. Encyclopaedia Britannica . N.p., n.d.
Web. 21 Nov. 2010. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/66989/Otto-von-
Bismarck/9610/ Early-career?anchor=ref150166>.

In the interview, Bismarck reveals his strong patriotism to Prussia, not Germany. From

Bismarck’s point-of-view, we learn that Bismarck’s priority was Prussia and its power to be not

overshadowed by Germany’s identity.

Bismarck, Otto von. New Chapters of Bismarck's Autobiography. London: Hodder And
Stoughton, 1920.
In the primary document New Chapters of Bismarck’s Autobiography by Otto von Bismarck, he

provides information about his political career. All of the information comes from his own point

of view, and it helped us understand where Bismarck was coming from.

"Bismarck's Strength and Weakness." The New York Times 11 Mar. 1881: 1.

The New York Times newspaper article provides a laconic view on Bismarck’s successes and

failures. It comes from a London spectator, which then was published by The New York Times

in 1881. The author sounds very intelligent and well-educated in his analysis of Bismarck, and
we found other sources supporting the author. The New York Times, a credible newspaper, gives

us a perspective of an anonymous observer of Bismarck.

"Bismarck." Website of Author LInda Hines | Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2011.
<http://www.lindahines.net/blog/?cat=37>.

This picture is a photograph of Bismarck with Minister of War Albrecht von Roon and Helmuth

Karl von Moltke, Chief of the Prussian General Staff. We put this under the diplomacy section of

the background tab because it shows Bismarck interacting with other political figures to pursue

diplomacy.

"Blood and Iron." Worldbook Advanced. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2011.
<www.worldbookonline.com/advanced/document?id=dc103447&st=bismarck>.

This is a primary document of the translation of Bismarck’s “Blood and Iron” Speech. It isn’t the

whole speech itself, but it provides the general idea of Bismarck’s politics.

Francke, Kuno, William Guild Howard, and Isidore Singer. The German classics of the
nineteenth and twentieth centuries: masterpieces of German literature, tr. into English..
Patrons ed. New York: The German Publication Society, 1913. Print.

This is another primary source written by Bismarck’s contemporaries. We found a quote by

Kuno Francke that we thought was important to understand Bismarck’s background: “No man

since Luther has been a more complete embodiment of German Nationality than Otto von

Bismarck. None has been closer to the German heart. None has stood more conspicuously for

racial aspirations, passions, ideals.” We use this quote in our website.

"German Unification.net | A history in images, maps, and captions! ." Webs - Make a free
website, get free hosting. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2011.
<http://www.freewebs.com/uojyotiggt/thethirdphase.htm>.
We used this picture in the timeline because it was the actual Ems telegram that Bismarck had

published before the Franco-Prussian War. We thought it was a nice primary document picture to
insert.

" Greater Germany | Austro-Prussian War | Event view." xtimeline - Explore and Create Free
Timelines. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2011. <http://www.xtimeline.com/evt/view.aspx?
id=68479>.

Listed under the Austro-Prussian War of the timeline, the painting shows what the Austro-

Prussian war looked like in 1866 with soldiers and overseers on horses and citizens in carriages.

"History Rhymes." History Rhymes. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2011.

<http://www.historyrhymes.info/>.

This portrait in the Prussian Foreign Minister section of the timeline was used for showing what

Otto von Bismarck looked like during his political career as a foreign minister.

"HistoryWiz Images: The Triple Alliance." HistoryWiz: for students, teachers and lovers of
history. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2011.
<http://www.historywiz.org/galleries/triplealliance_html>.

We used the picture under the Triplice Alliance in the timeline because it showed Germany,

Italy and Austria-Hungary, members of the alliance toasting to the middle. It symbolizes the

three nations coming together in the middle, to compromise and help each other out during

conflicts in Europe of the time.

Iowa. "First War Of Schleswig." World News. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2011.
<http://wn.com/First_war_of_Schleswig>.

We used the picture for portraying the Schleswig-Holstein War listed in the timeline. It shows a

group of soldiers going against opponents with guns and horses, which perfectly depicts a war.

"kaiserzeit.com - Imperial German Colonial Forces - Schutztruppen." Kaiserzeit.com - Militaria,

Pickelhauben Parts / Zubehör.. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2011.
<http://www.kaiserzeit.com/3-ref/schutztruppen.htm>.
The picture portrays German soldiers under commands of Wilhelm II in Africa. We used the

picture as an illustration for the imperialism section.

Kalin, Ibrahim. "Turkish Foreign Policy between Ideology and Realpolitik." Middle East
Institute . N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2011. <http://www.mei.edu/TurkishCenter.aspx>.

The podcast of Dr. Ibrahim Kalin, the chief advisor to Turkey’s prime minister, discusses

Turkey’s future foreign diplomacy. He discusses the differences between ideology and

realpolitik, and Turkey’s plan of diplomacy between those two methods. He explains that Turkey

has been inclined to ideology but has also been taking realpolitik approaches to benefit its

necessities.

"Modern History Sourcebook: Documents of German Unification, 1848-1871."

FORDHAM.EDU. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2011.
<http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/germanunification.html#Droysen>.
This source gave us an intake of what Prussians sought under German unification. All the

documents support the desire for Prussia’s dominance over the region, excluding Austria in the

unified German state. It also gave us the quote we used under the “German Question” section on

our website by Johann Gustav Droysen explaining how Prussia is the best-suited country to lead

Germany.

"Otto von Bismarck." Multiple Intelligences Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2011.
<multipleintelligencesproject.wikispaces.com/Otto+von+Bismarck>.

The picture is a painting of the Congress of Berlin in 1878. In the picture, Bismarck is seen

between Gyula Andrassy, the prime minister of Hungary, and Pyotr Andreyevich Shuvalov, a

Russian statesman. The congress convened to settle the issues with the Balkans. We put this

picture under successes because it shows him interacting with other politicians in using

diplomacy throughout his career.

"Otto von Bismarck." Mystic Games. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2011.
<http://www.mysticgames.com/famouspeople/OttovonBismarck.htm>

This photograph of Bismarck signing documents in his office was put under the conclusion tab

of our website. We felt like it was a nice picture that represented him summing up his political

life. He is depicted as old yet still very powerful.

"Otto Von Bismarck [Oil color painting on cotton canvas] - $167.00." Art of Legend India -
Internet's Biggest Indian Art Store. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2011.
<http://www.artoflegendindia.com/otto-bismarck-p-18755.html>.

A fairly young Otto Von Bismarck is shown with papers in his hand, which we thought could be

used to show that Bismarck preparing for his “Blood and Iron” Speech. He, himself, looks very

bold and stern which represent his characteristics very well.

"Otto von Bismarck Resigning to Emperor William II ." Corbis Images. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb.
2011. <http://www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/E3599.html>.

The cartoon representing Bismarck’s abdication shows power-hungry Wilhelm II looking at

Bismarck while he bitterly leaves. We thought this was a humorous touch to add to the website.

"Otto von Bismarck." Wikimedia Commons. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2011.
<commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-
0057,_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg>.

We used this picture for the home page because it depicts Bismarck as a bold and fierce person.

His powerful, realistic, and strong appearance reflected in the picture can also be applied to his

realpolitik. We thought the portrait well suited his title as the “Iron Chancellor”.

Jacks, William. The Life of Prince Bismarck . Glasgow: J. Maclehose, 1899. Print.

William Jacks was a British member of the Parliament. In 1850s, he visited Germany and

became fascinated with Bismarck and his influence. Since then, Jacks followed Bismarck’s
career under until Bismarck’s death. Jacks provided us with a contemporary view of Bismarck,

which was mainly positive. In his book, he cites many other primary documents where

Bismarck’s contemporaries, such as a French diplomat talking to Napoleon III, comments about

Bismarck. We borrowed a quote from Jack’s conclusion: “In all diplomatic entanglements and

international complications his only question was, how can this be turned to the best advantage,

to the prosperity and welfare of my native land.” We thought the quote was representative of

Bismarck’s policies. In his book, he also includes Bismarck’s own quotes that we included on

our website.

Marriott, J. A. R., and Charles Grant Robertson. The Evolution of Prussia, the Making of an
Empire,. Oxford: Clarendon, 1915. Print.

Published a year after the World War I broke out, the authors explain from the origins of Prussia

all the way to “modern” Prussia, including Bismarck, the Iron Chancellor. It provided us with a

comprehensive view of what events led to the development of the German empire as well as

Bismarck’s role in Prussian history.

"Radio Room." Subsim. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2011.

<www.subsim.com/radioroom/showthread.php?p=1539026>.

This is a portrait of Wilhelm II we put under the description of his reign.

"The Franco Prussian-War Association." OoCities. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2011.
<www.oocities.com/fpwar1870/>.

The picture was a painting of the Franco-Prussian War, which was appropriate for the Franco-

Prussian war tab in the timeline. It displays the violent rampage during wars with soldiers

attacking each other at a battleground.

"The Revolutions of 1848. | Western Civilization II." Western Civilization II | Prof. Al-Tikriti's
History 121, Fall 2010. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2011.
<http://westernciv2.umwblogs.org/2010/12/02/the-revolutions-of-1848/>.

We used this picture in the Outbreak of Revolution section of the timeline to depict the scenes of

the 1848 revolutions in the German states. People hold up a large German flag, which shows the

Germans’ nationalistic fight for a unified Germany.

"Wilhelm II und Bismarck." Wikimedia Commons. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2011.
<commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wilhelm_II_und_Bismarck.jpg>.

We put in the picture with Otto von Bismarck and Kaiser Wilhelm II under Bismarck’s

Abdication in the timeline because it suited what we explained in the tab about how Wilhelm

pressured Bismarck into resigning.

"Wilhelm II, German Emperor." Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. N.p., n.d. Web. 12
Feb. 2011. <http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/32229>.
Under the tab of Wilhelm II’s Reign in the timeline we used a portrait of Wilhelm II to display

what he looked like and his powerful appearance.

Secondary Sources

"BBC - Higher Bitesize History - Bismarck and unification : Page 2." BBC - Homepage. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2011.
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/bitesize/higher/history/nationalistm/unification_
rev2.shtml>.
The map under the Peace of Prague in the timeline shows the territorial results after the Austro-

Prussian war, as part of the Peace of Prague.

"BBC - History - Wilhelm II." BBC - Homepage. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2011.
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/wilhelm_kaiser_ii.shtml>.
The concise biography of Otto von Bismarck was used on our home page to give people a brief
understanding of Bismarck and his political career before entering our website that contains

more depth and analyses of him and his actions.

"Bismarck and unification." BBC-Higher Bitesize History. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2011.
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/bitesize/higher/history/nationalism/unification_
rev1.shtml>.
This map shows the German Confederation of 1815, the territorial situation before the German

Unification.

"Bismarck and unification." BBC - Homepage. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2011.
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/bitesize/higher/history/nationalism/unification_
rev3.shtml>.
We used the map to go along with the German Unification section. It is a map of Germany after

the unification in 1871.

"Bremen." Germania Club of K.C. Home Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2011.
<http://www.germaniakc.org/Bremen.html>.

This is a statue of Otto von Bismarck on a horse by Bremens cathedral in Germany. It shows the

German citizens’ respect for the historical figure, Bismarck.

"Crossed Flag Pins Austria-Germany Flags." Crossed Flag Pins Friendship Pin Flags. N.p., n.d.
Web. 13 Feb. 2011. <http://www.crossed-flag-pins.com/Friendship-Pins/Austria/Flag-
Pins-Austria-Germany.html>.

The crossed flags of Austria and Germany were used in the timeline to represent the Austro-

German Duplice.

"GERMAN HISTORICAL SCHOOL." The New School – A New York University | College.
N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2011.
<http://www.newschool.edu/nssr/het/schools/historic.htm>.

The picture was used under Rising Prussia because it was the Prussian symbol, which well

indicates the Prussian kingdom. We talk about the advancement of Prussia as results of
Bismarck’s realpolitik so we thought it was appropriate to use the nationalistic Prussian symbol

for the section.

Hodge, Carl Cavanagh. Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1914 [Two Volumes] .
Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. Print.

The encyclopedia examined the different politics of Bismarck and Wilhelm II. It helped us

understand how the relationship between Bismarck and Wilhelm II affected all of Europe by

causing the World War I.

Holborn, Hajo. A History of Modern Germany, 1840-1945 . New York: A.A. Knopf, 1969. Print.

Hajo Holbron, Ph.D. Yale Univeristy, was a specialist in modern German history. He elaborates

on Bismarck and realpolitik and shows how Bismarck’s use of realpolitik in foreign affairs and

diplomacy was to ultimately help further Prussian interest. It relates Bismarck’s realpolitik and

how it was used in specific events in history.

"Imperial Germany." Wilson History & Research Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2011.
<http://www.militaryheadgear.com/periods/28-Imperial-Germany>.
The source talks about Wilhelm II’s imperialism. It compares Wilhelm II’s policies to

Bismarck’s. We put it as a link when we discuss imperialism as a consequence. The information

from the link is not vital but it does provide a more complete understanding.

"Kaiser Wilhelm II — History.com Articles, Video, Pictures and Facts." History.com — History
Made Every Day — American & World History. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2011.
<http://www.history.com/topics/kaiser-wilhelm-ii>.
The web source provided a concise biography on Wilhelm II. We felt that more information on

Wilhelm will be appreciated so we put a link to the article from our website. We also took a

quote from the website: “Bismarck bitterly predicted that Wilhelm [II] would lead Germany to
ruin. Wilhelm damaged his political position in a number of ways. He meddled in German

foreign policy on the basis of his emotions, resulting in incoherence and inconsistency in

German relations with other nations.” The quote is explanatory of Wilhelm II’s detrimental role.

Kitchen, Martin. The Cambridge illustrated history of Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 1996. Print.

Martin Kitchen is a professor of history from Simon Fraser University, and he provided detailed

accounts of transition of the Reich from Wilhelm I to Wilhelm II and what changed with

Wilhelm II taking the throne. It explained the struggle between Wilhelm II and Bismarck and the

result of the struggle, related to the World War I.

Lee, Stephen J.. Imperial Germany. London: Routledge, 2007. Print.

Stephen Lee gave provided us information about Wilhelm II’s imperialistic reign. It explained

Wilhelm’s desire for expansion and where he specifically conquered during his reign. He also

quoted under the resignation section talking about the differences of Bismarck and Wilhelm II’s

differences in diplomacy referencing Bismarck as a chess player while Wilhelm was a poker

player.

Lerman, Katharine Anne. Bismarck. Harlow, England: Pearson Longman, 2004. Print.

The book talked much about the wars Bismarck engaged in, including the Austro-Prussian War

and Franco-Prussian War. It explains how Bismarck’s foreign policy caused “debates,” or wars,

and how Bismarck utilized realpolitik to come out of the debates as the winner.

Lerman, Katharine. Personal interview. 22 Mar. 2007.

This radio interview conducted by Richard J Evans discusses the statesman Bismarck with

Katharine Lerman and Christopher Clark. They analyze Bismarck’s political reign including his

successes, failures and the consequences he brought, which gave us a perfect insight on the

historical examination of Bismarck’s career. We used the source for reference as well as the

audio inserted under the Successes section in the Diplomacy tab.

Moran, Jeffrey. Personal interview. 8 May 2011.

Professor Moran from the University of Kansas helped us edit and overcome our website’s lack

of interviews from historians. At first, he looked at our website and gave us constructive

criticism on our content, structure and organization of our website. We also conducted an

interview with him asking about Bismarck’s role in U.S. history, since Professor Moran teachers

U.S. History. We included him in our website in two videos under the diplomacy and debate

section. It helped us broaden our aspect of Bismarck and his Realpolitik from Germany to its

effects on the world.

"Otto von Bismarck." Historic World Leaders. Gale, 1994. Gale World History In Context. Web.
13 Feb. 2011.
In initial research about Bismarck online, through electronic databases available through our

school, we found this article about Bismarck. It was a nice little overview and we loved the

quote: “Historical estimates of Otto von Bismarck remain contradictory. The later political

failure of the state he created has led some to argue that by his own standards Bismarck was

himself a failure. He is, however, widely regarded as an extraordinarily astute statesman who

understood that to wield power successfully a leader must assess not only its strength but also the

circumstances of its application. In his analysis and management of these circumstances,

Bismarck showed himself the master of realpolitik.” We used this quote for our conclusion
Pearce, Robert. "The Austro-Prussian war: Robert Pearce examines the factors that led to
Prussia's victory in the German civil war of 1866." History Review 66 (2010): 26+. Gale
Student Resources In Context. Web. 12 Feb. 2011.
In the article, Robert Pearce talks about Bismarck’s wars and how his foreign policy worked. In

explaining factors that contributed to Bismarck’s victory, Pearce says “He prepared the

diplomatic ground brilliantly, engineering a plausible excuse to start a war, so that Prussia did

not seem the aggressor--and hence he did not attract a coalition of hostile powers.” We agreed

and thought it was important aspect of Bismarck’s foreign policy: he was very cautious and

astute.

Pflanze, Otto. Bismarck and the Development of Germany. Princeton, N. J.: Univ. Press, 1963.
Print.

In the book, the author explains Bismarck’s chief diplomatic and domestic policy in regards to

realpolitik. It talks about various strategies Bismarck used in foreign diplomacy that gets

categorized as realpolitik.

Pflanze, Otto. "Bismarck's ‘Realpolitik.’" The Review of Politics 20 (1958): 492-514. Print.

“Bismarck’s ‘Realpolitik’” by Otto Pflanze was one of the best secondary sources. It talks about

Bismarck’s influential politics and how his foreign diplomacy was superb beyond other figures

in history. The article does not go into much detail, but we didn’t need the details because we

had details from many other sources. The article talked more about big ideas without the very

detailed information, and it actually helped us put together the details under the big picture and

was useful in finding Bismarck’s place in European history.

Rauchhaus, Robert. "Realpolitik: foreign policy based on practical rather than ethical or
ideological considerations.." Department of Political Science. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Feb.
2011. <www.polsci.ucsb.edu/faculty/rauchhaus/files/other/Rauchhaus--Realpolitik.pdf >.
Professor Robert Rauchhaus of University of California, Santa Barbara explains realpolitik from
his point of views. He defines realpolitik as a practical, realistic foreign political method that

focuses on the security of the state.

Thompson, Dennis C. "A New World Order--Again?" Global Security. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov.
2010. < http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1991/TDC.htm>

The article talks about the brilliance of Bismarck’s realpolitik approach in foreign policy and

how other nations could learn from it. Written by a U.S. army major, it actually showed us how

Bismarck’s realpolitik may be applied in modern diplomacy.

Triple Entente "Triple entente Pictures, Triple entente Image, others Photo Gallery." Collection
of Pictures, Videos, Quotes, Jokes, SMS - Withfriendship.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb.
2011. <http://withfriendship.com/user/boss/triple-entente.php>.
The picture outlines the members of the Triple Entente in the map and describes how they also

encircled Germany and Austria-Hungary together in the caption box. The picture best fitted the

map for the Triple entente, because it went further than a map, and explained about the alliance.

Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics & Society.. 3. ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989. Print.

The book Western Civilization is actually a book compiled by several authors and historians. It

talked about the tensions between alliances that led up to World War I. The book expresses that

the war might have been avoided if the triplice and the triple entente alliances weren’t so hostile

against each other.

Wetzel, David. From the Berlin Museum to the Berlin Wall: essays on the cultural and political
history of modern Germany. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1996. Print.

David Wetzel describes what the German states were like under the unification of Germany.

They acted independently and we quoted him under the debate of the German Unification part

because he is still debated whether his achievement of the German unification is a true success

because he could not internally unite the nations completely.

"World War I - Which Countries Fought." Watchmojo. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2011.
<http://www.watchmojo.com/index.php?id=8381>.

The video gives an explanation of the tensions that built between alliances before the World War

I. The narrator talks about how the war was originally supposed to be a war between Austria and

Serbia, yet all the other countries started getting involved due to the complications of the Triple

Alliance and the Triple Entente. It fit well under our section of World War I explaining how

Bismarck and Germany got involved in it.