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Chapter 39
Wave Nature of Particles
39.11 Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of a 4.90-g bullet that is moving
at 344 m/s. Will the bullet exhibit wavelike properties?
1
(a) Energy conservation: e∆V = mv 2 λ = h mv → v = h m λ
2
2
mv 2
m h h 2
∆V = = =
2e 2e mλ 2emλ2
∆V =
(6.626 ⋅10 ) − 34 2
= 41.7V
(
2 1.60 ⋅10 −19
)(9.11⋅10 )(0.19 ⋅10 )
−31 −9 2
(b)
E photon = hf = =
(
hc 6.626 ⋅10 −34 3 ⋅108
= 1
)(
. 05 ⋅ 10
)
−15
J
−9
λ 0.19 ⋅10
e∆V = K = Ephoton
h h mh
d sinθ = mλ . λ = = , so θ = arcsin . constructive interference
p Mv dMv
(a) m = 1
θ = sin −1 (
(1) 6.626 ⋅10 −34 )
= 2.00o
( −6
)( )(
−31
1.6 ⋅10 9.11⋅10 1.3 ⋅10
4
)
(b) m = 2
θ = sin −1 (
(2) 6.626 ⋅10 −34 )
= 4.01o
( −6
)( )(
− 31
1.6 ⋅10 9.11 ⋅10 1.3 ⋅10
4
)
(c) ( )
y1 = L tan θ1 = (55) tan 2.00o = 1.92cm
y 2 = L tan θ 2 = (55) tan (4.01 ) = 3.86cm
o
∆v ≥
h
=
(
6.626 ⋅10 −34 )
= 6.03 ⋅10 −33 m / s
(b) ∆x ∆p ≥ ћ
m∆x 2π(0.01)(1.75)
(c) t = d/v = 1.75/(6.03 x 10-33) = 2.9 x 1032 sec = 9.2 x 1024 yrs
(d) 9.2 x 1024 yrs / 14 x 109 yrs = 6.6 x 1014 times longer than the life of our universe
39.31 Consider a particle moving in one dimension, which we shall call the x-axis.
(a) What does it mean for the wave function of this particle to be normalized?
(b) Is the wave function Ψ = eax, where a is a positive real number, normalized?
(c) Could this be a valid wave function?
(d) If the particle described by the wave function Ψ = Ae-bx, where A and b are positive
real numbers, is confined to the range x ≥ 0, determine A so that the wave function
is normalized.
(e) Determine the units of A if x is in meters.
∞
(a)
∫ −∞
|ψ ( x) |2 dx = 1 It means the total probability to find the particle
somewhere along the x-axis is 1.
2 ax ∞
∞
ax 2
∞ e
(b) ∫ ( e ) dx = ∫
−∞ −∞
e2 ax dx =
2a
=∞ Since the integral diverge,
it cannot be normalized.
−∞
∞ 2 −2 bx ∞
A2
1 = ∫ |ψ | dx
(d) 2 ∞
− bx 2
∞ Ae
∫ ( Ae ) dx = ∫
2 −2 bx
= Ae dx = = =1
−∞ 0 0 −2b 0
2b
(e) A = 2b
2
39.32 A particle is described by a wave function Ψ = Ae-αx , where A and α are
real, positive constants.
(a) If the value of α is increased, the particle's uncertainty in position must
increase or decrease?
(b) If the value of α is increased, the particle's uncertainty in momentum must
increase or decrease?
(a) Larger α means Ψ decays faster away from x = 0, i.e. more localized, In
other words, the uncertainty in position decreases.
∫xe
2 −2α x 2
dx
1 ∂ −2α x2 1 ∂ 1 1
∞ ∞
∫ ∫−∞
−u 2
〈x 〉 =
2 −∞
= − ln e dx = − ln e du = ,
∞
2 ∂α −∞ 2 ∂α 2α 4α
∫
2
−2α x
e dx
−∞
hc
(a) Same diffraction pattern → same λ E photon = hf =
λ
2 2
p2 1 h 1 E photon
K electron = = =
2m e 2m e λ 2m e c
E photon = c 2m e K electron
(b) E 2 photon
= 2m e c 2 v << c ⇒ γ ≈ 1
K electron
2
E photon 2m e c 2 K electron << m e c 2
=
2
K electron K electron E photon
>> 1
K electron = (γ − 1)m e c 2 K electron
39.51 The radii of atomic nuclei are of the order of 5.5×10−15 m.
(a) Estimate the minimum uncertainty in the momentum of an electron if it is confined
within a nucleus.
(b) Take this uncertainty in momentum to be an estimate of the magnitude of the
momentum. Use the relativistic relationship between energy and momentum,
equation E2 = (pc)2 + (mc2)2, to obtain an estimate of the kinetic energy of an
electron confined within a nucleus.
(c) Calculate the magnitude of the Coulomb potential energy of a proton and an electron
separated by 5.5×10−15 m.
(d) Compare the energies calculated in parts (b) and (c).
(e) On the basis of the result of part (d), could there be electrons within the nucleus?
h h 6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s
(a) λ = , so v = = = 1.1× 10−35 m/s
mv mλ (60.0 kg)(1.0 m)
distance 0.80 m 34 7 27
(b) t= = −35
= 7.3 × 10 s(1 y/3.156 × 10 s) = 2.3 × 10 y
velocity 1.1 × 10 m/s
(c) No, the λ is too small for any wavelike behavior to be observable .
39.56 A certain atom has an energy level 2.58 eV above the ground level. Once excited
to this level, the atom remains in this level for 1.64 x 10-7 s (on average) before
emitting a photon and returning to the ground level.
(a) What is the energy of the photon (in electron volts)?
(b) What is its wavelength (in nanometers)?
(c) What is the smallest possible uncertainty in energy of the photon? Give your answer
in electron volts.
(d) Show that |∆E/E| = |∆λ/λ| if |∆λ/λ| << 1.
(e) Use |∆E/E| = |∆λ/λ| if |∆λ/λ| << 1 to calculate the magnitude of the smallest possible
uncertainty in the wavelength of the photon. Give your answer in nanometers.
(a) E of photon = 2.58 eV
(c) ∆E∆t ≥ћ, ∆E ≥ ћc /c∆t = (0.2 eV-µm)/(3 x 108 m/s)(1.64 x 10-7 s) = 4.1 neV
(d) E = hc/λ, ∆E/E = − ∆λ/λ. This comes from taking derivative on both sides. Lim ∆λ→0
(e) |∆λ|≈ λ(∆E/E) = (480 nm) (4.1 neV)/(2.58 eV) = 7.6 x 10-7 nm.
i.e. The visible spectrum has a finite linewidth !!
p2 1 2
E= + kx (c) KE = PE at that position as
2m 2
2
evidenced in the Eo equation.
1 h 1 2
E= + kx
2m x 2
2
Note: the problem uses h instead of ћ
dE h but it really is more consistence
=− 3
+ kx = 0
dx mx with the notation used here. This
also works well with Planck’s
4 h2 idea that radiation was in a form
x =
mk of oscillation in quantum each
h with energy = hf.
(b) x2 =
mk
h 2 mk 1 h k
(a) Eo = + k = h = hω = hf
2m h 2 mk m