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M. S.

RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BANGALORE


(Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU)
SCHEME OF TEACHING FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2010 – 2011

V SEMESTER B. E. ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SI. Subject Credits*


Subject Teaching Dept
No. Code L T P Total
1. EC501 Analog Communication Electronics and Communication 3 0 1 4
Engineering
2. EC502 Digital Signal Electronics and Communication 3 0 1 4
Processing Engineering
3. EC503 VLSI Design and Electronics and Communication 4 0 1 5
Circuits Engineering
4. EC504 Microcontrollers Electronics and Communication 4 0 1 5
Engineering
5. ECPExx Professional Elective I Electronics and Communication x x x 4
Engineering
6. Open Elective I Other departments x x x 3
Total 14+x x 4+x 25

*L: Lecture T: Tutorial P: Practical

VI SEMESTER B. E. ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SI. Subject Credits*


Subject Teaching Dept
No. Code L T P Total
1. EC601 Digital Communication Electronics and Communication 4 0 1 5
Engineering
2. EC602 Microwave Electronics and Communication 3 1 0 4
Components & Circuits Engineering
3. EC603 DSP Architecture and Electronics and Communication 4 0 1 5
Applications Engineering
4. EC604 Analog and Mixed Electronics and Communication 4 0 1 5
Mode VLSI Design Engineering
5. ECPExx Professional Elective II Electronics and Communication x x x 4
Engineering
6. ECPExx Professional Elective III Electronics and Communication x x x 4
Engineering
Total 15+x 1+x 3+x 27

*L: Lecture T: Tutorial P: Practical

1
LIST OF ELECTIVES:

The student has to earn a maximum of 20 credits as professional (departmental) electives.

The student has to earn a maximum of 09 credits as open electives (other departments).

Subject Subject Title L T P C


Code
ECPE01 Power Electronics PS-E 3 0 1 4
ECPE02 Modeling and Synthesis using VHDL PS-E 3 0 1 4
ECPE03 Digital Electronic Measurements PS-E 3 1 0 4
ECPE04 Adaptive Signal Processing PS-E 3 1 0 4
ECPE05 Speech Processing PS-E 3 1 0 4
ECPE06 Wavelet Transforms PS-E 3 1 0 4
ECPE07 Neural Networks and Fuzzy Logic PS-E 3 1 0 4
ECPE08 Information Theory and Coding PS-E 3 1 0 4
ECPE09 Communication Switching Systems PS-E 3 1 0 4
ECPE10 Micro and Smart Systems Technology PS-E 3 1 0 4
ECPE11 PIC Microcontrollers PS-E 3 0 1 4
ECPE12 Global Positioning Systems (GPS) PS-E 3 1 0 4
ECPE13 Real Time Operating Systems PS-E 3 0 1 4
ECPE14 Image Processing PS-E 3 0 1 4
ECPE15 Fiber Optics Communication PS-E 3 1 0 4
ECPE16 Data Compression PS-E 3 1 0 4
ECPE17 Embedded System Design and software PS-E 3 0 1 4
ECPE18 Spread Spectrum Communication PS-E 3 1 0 4
ECPE19 Wireless Communications PS-E 3 1 0 4
ECPE20 ARM Processor PS-E 3 0 1 4
ECPE21 Low Power VLSI Design PS-E 3 1 0 4
ECPE22 Satellite Communication PS-E 3 1 0 4
ECPE23 Cryptography and Network Security PS-E 3 1 0 4
ECPE24 High Performance Communication Networks PS-E 3 1 0 4
ECPE25 RF ICs PS-E 3 1 0 4

2
ANALOG COMMUNICATION

Subject Code: EC501 Credits: 3:0:1


Prerequisites: Nil
UNIT – I

Noise basics and Noise in Continuous wave modulation systems: Introduction, shot noise, thermal
noise, white noise, Noise equivalent bandwidth, Noise Figure, Equivalent noise temperature, cascade
connection of two-port networks, Receiver model, Noise in DSB-SC receivers, Noise in SSB receivers,
Noise in AM receivers, Threshold effect, Noise in FM receivers, FM threshold effect, Pre-emphasis and
De-emphasis in FM

UNIT – II

Amplitude Modulation and Double side band suppressed carrier modulation: AM: Time domain
description, Frequency domain description. Generation of AM wave: square law modulator, switching
modulator. Detection of AM waves: square law detector, envelope detector, Time domain description of
DSBSC, Frequency domain representation, Generation of DSBSC waves, balanced modulator, ring
modulator, Coherent detection of DSBSC modulated waves, Costas loop

UNIT – III

Single Side-Band Modulation (SSB): Quadrature carrier multiplexing, Hilbert transform, properties of
Hilbert transform, Pre-envelope, Canonical representation of band pass signals, Single side-band
modulation, Frequency domain description of SSB wave, Time domain description, Frequency
discrimination method for generating an SSB modulated wave, Time domain description, Phase
discrimination method for generating an SSB modulated wave, Demodulation of SSB waves.

UNIT – IV

Vestigial Side-Band Modulation (VSB): Frequency domain description, Generation of VSB modulated
wave, Time domain description, Envelope detection of VSB wave plus carrier, Comparison of amplitude
modulation techniques, Frequency translation, Frequency division multiplexing, Applications: Radio
broadcasting, AM radio.

UNIT – V

Angle Modulation (FM): Basic definitions, FM, narrow band FM, wide band FM, transmission
bandwidth of FM waves, Generation of FM waves: indirect FM and direct FM, Frequency stabilization
in FM receivers, Demodulation of FM waves, Frequency discrimination method, Phase locked loop,
Nonlinear model of the phase locked loop, Linear model of the phase locked loop, Nonlinear effects in
FM systems

LABORATORY
1. Class-C amplifier: Plot of efficiency v/s load resistance (Three values of fixed load)

3
2. Generation of AM using collector modulation. Plot of modulation signal amplitude vs
modulation index
3. Demodulation of AM using envelope detector. Plot of AF output v/s modulated input signal.
4. Generation of DSBSC using Ring modulation. Observation of output waveform.
5. Generation of AM/DSBSC using IC MC 1496. Observing the output waveforms.
6. Generation of FM using IC 8038. Plot of frequency v/s input dc and estimation of ß.
7. FM demodulation using PLL IC 565.
8. Second order active low pass filter. Plot of frequency response and estimation of roll off factor.
9. Second order active high pass filter. Plot of frequency response and estimation of roll off factor.
10. Transistor mixer study of up conversion and down conversion. Estimation of Transconductance
and resonance impedance.

Text books:

1. Simon Haykin, “Communication Systems”, 3rd Edition, John Wiley, 1996.


2. Simon Haykin, “An Introduction to Analog and Digital Communication”, John Wiley, 2003.

References:

1. B. P. Lathi, “Modern Digital and Analog Communication systems”, 3rd Edition, Oxford
University Press, 2005.
2. H. Taub, D. L. Schilling, “Principles of Communication Systems”, 2 nd Edition, McGraw Hill,
1986.
3. M. Schwartz, W. R. Bennett, S. Stein, “Communication Systems and Techniques”, Wiley –
IEEE Press, 1995.

4
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
Subject Code: EC502 Credits: 3:0:1
Prerequisites: Signals and Systems
UNIT – I

Z-Transforms: Definition, Properties, Rational z-transform, Inversion, one sided z-transform, Analysis
of LTI systems in the z-domain

UNIT – II

FIR Filters: General FIR filter, LTI systems, Convolution of LTI systems, Cascaded LTI systems,
Frequency response, Steady state and transient response, properties of frequency response, graphical
representation of frequency response, cascaded LTI systems, Running average filtering, filtering
sampled continuous time signals, Realization of FIR filters

UNIT – III

Design of FIR Filters: Framework for digital filter design, FIR filter design, Window method, Optimal
method, Frequency Sampling method, Comparison of design methods, Application examples of FIR
filters

UNIT – IV

IIR Filters: General IIR difference equation, time domain response, system function, block diagram
structures, poles and zeros, frequency response, inverse z-transform and applications, steady state
response and stability, second order filters, frequency response of second order IIR filter, Realization of
IIR filters

UNIT – V

Design of IIR filters: Analog filter design, Design stages, Impulse invariant method, Matched z-
transform, Bilinear z-transform, Application examples in digital audio and telecommunication

Textbooks:

1. J. G. Proakis, D. G. Manolokis, “Digital Signal Processing: Principles, Algorithms and


Applications”, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall India, 1995.
2. J. H. Mcclellan, R. W. Schafer, M. A. Yoder, “Signal Processing: First”, Pearson Education, 2003.
3. E. C. Ifeachor, B. W. Jervis, “Digital Signal Processing: A Practical Approach”, Pearson Education,
2001.

References:

1. B. Gold, C. Rader, “Digital Processing of Signals”, McGraw Hill, 1969.


2. Rabiner, L. R, Gold, B, “Theory and Applications of DSP”, Prentice Hall, 1975.
3. C. Britton Rorabaugh,” Digital Filter Designer’s Handbook”, McGraw Hill, 1997.
4. R. E. Blahut, “Fast Algorithms for DSP”, Addison-Wesley, 1985.
5
VLSI DESIGN AND CIRCUITS
Subject Code: EC503 Credits: 4:0:1
Prerequisites: Solid State Devices and Technology

UNIT – I

Overview of VLSI: Historical perspective of MOS, circuit design examples, VLSI design methods,
VLSI design flow, Design hierarchy, VLSI design styles, CAD tools, concepts of regularity, modularity
and locality
MOS transistor theory: Introduction, IV characteristics (NMOS, PMOS, Threshold voltage), MOS
inverter static characters, MOSFET capacitance, accumulation, depletion, inversion, NMOS inverter
pull up pull down ratio, alternative forms of pull up, pseudo NMOS inverter, resistive load, CMOS
inverter.

UNIT – II

Basic circuit concepts: MOS design equation, Threshold voltage equations, basic DC equation, 2nd
order effects, sub threshold, threshold voltage, body effect, short channel and hot electron effect,
channel length modulation, SPICE and BSIM models.
Design of high speed CMOS logic network: resistance, area capacitance, capacitance delay unit,
inverter delays, driving capacitive loads, scaling, limitations of scaling, types of scaling.

UNIT – III

CMOS processing technology: Technology overview, fabrication process flow, basic steps, wafer
processing, mask generation, oxidation, epoxy ion implantation, CMOS n-well, P-well process, twin tub
process
Design rules and layout: Purpose of design rules, NMOS and CMOS design rules, MOS layers, stick
diagrams, layout design tools.

UNIT – IV

Logic design with CMOS: Logic structures using CMOS,(inverter, NAND, NOR, complex logic gates)
Dynamic CMOS logic circuits: PT, TG, pseudo NMOS, dynamic CMOS, C2MOS, CMOS domino
logic.

UNIT – V

VLSI system components: Design of circuits like multiplexer, decoder, priority encoder using MOS
Sequential logic circuits: latches, edge triggered flip-flops,
Testability: Need for testing, manufacture, test principles, Fault models, ATPG, Scan bound

LABORATORY
1. Inverter using FETs
2. NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR realization of Boolean expressions
3. Flip-flops
6
4. Adders
5. Multiplexers, Decoders
6. Shift registers
7. Asynchronous & Synchronous counters

Textbooks:
1. Sung Mo Kang, Yusuf Leblebcci, “CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits: Analysis and Design”,
TMH, 3rd Edition, 2002.
2. Neil Weste, Kamran Eshraghian, “Principles of CMOS VLSI Design: A Systems Perspective”,
Pearson Education, 2nd Edition, 1994.
3. John P Vyemura, “Introduction to VLSI Circuits and Systems”, John Wiley, 2002.
4. Douglas A Pucknell, Kamran Eshraghian, “Basic VLSI Design”, PHI, 3rd Edition, 1988.

References:
1. R. L. Geiger, P. E. Allen, N. R. Strader, “VLSI Design Techniques for Analog and Digital
Circuits”, McGraw Hill, 1989.

7
MICROCONTROLLERS
Subject Code: EC505 Credits: 4:0:1
Prerequisites: Digital Electronic Circuits
UNIT – I

Microprocessors and Microcontrollers: Introduction, Microprocessors and Microcontrollers, A


microprocessors survey, RISC and CISC CPU architectures, Harvard and Von Neumann CPU
architectures.
The 8051 Architecture: Introduction, 8051 microcontroller hardware, Input/Output pins, ports and
circuits, External Memory, Counters and Timers, Serial Data Input/Output, Interrupts.
Addressing Modes: Introduction, Addressing modes, External data moves, Code Memory, Read only
data moves/Indexed addressing mode, PUSH and POP opcodes, data exchanges, Example Programs.

UNIT – II

Logical and Arithmetic Operations: Byte level logical operations, Bit level Logical operations, Rotate
and Swap operations, Example programs, Arithmetic operations: Flags, Incrementing and
Decrementing, Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division, Decimal Arithmetic, Example
programs.
Jump and Call instructions: JUMP and CALL program range, Jumps, Calls and Subroutines,
Interrupts and Returns, more details on Interrupts, Example Programs.

UNIT – III

8051 Programming in C: Data types and time delays in 8051C, I/O programming, logic operations,
data conversion programs, accessing code ROM space, data serialization.
Timer/Counter programming in 8051: Programming 8051 Timers, Counter Programming,
Programming timers 0 and 1 in 8051C.

UNIT – IV

8051 Serial Communication: Basics of Serial Communication, 8051 connections to RS-232, 8051
Serial communication programming, Programming the second serial port, Serial port programming in C.
Interrupts Programming: 8051 Interrupts, Programming Timer Interrupts, Programming External
Hardware Interrupts, Programming the Serial Communication Interrupts, Interrupt Priority in 8051/52,
Interrupt Programming in C.

UNIT – V

8051 Interfacing and Applications: Interfacing 8051 to LCD, Keyboard, ADC, DAC, Stepper Motor
Interfacing.

LABORATORY

PART A: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING (using KEIL uVISION 3)

1. Block move, Exchange, Sorting, Finding largest element in an array


8
2. Arithmetic instructions
3. Counters
4. Code conversion programs
5. Programs using serial port, and on-chip timers

PART B: INTERFACING

Write C programs to interface 8051 chip to interfacing modules to develop single chip solutions for
6. Alphanumeric LCD Panel
7. Keyboard interface
8. External ADC interface
9. Generate different waveforms using DAC interface
10. Stepper Motor interface

Textbooks:

1. Kenneth J Ayala, “The 8051 Microcontroller Architecture, Programming and Applications”, 2 nd


Edition, Penram International 1996 / Thomson Learning 2005.
2. Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Rolin D McKinlay, “The 8051 Microcontroller
and Embedded Systems – Using Assembly and C”, PHI 2006 / Pearson 2006.

References:

1. M. Predko, “Programming and Customizing the 8051 Microcontroller”, McGraw Hill, 1999.

9
DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

Subject Code: EC601 Credits: 4:0:1


Prerequisites: Analog Communication
UNIT – I

Signal Sampling: Basic signal processing operations in digital communication, Sampling Principles,
Sampling Theorem, Quadrature sampling of bandpass signals, Practical aspects of sampling and signal
recovery, PAM, TDM.

UNIT – II

Waveform Coding Techniques: PCM block diagram, Different quantization techniques, SNR in PCM,
robust quantization, DPCM, DM, Adaptive DM

UNIT – III

Base-Band Shaping for Data Transmission: Line Codes and their power spectra, ISI, Nyquist
criterion for distortion less base-band binary transmission, correlative coding, duobinary coding,
adaptive equalization, eye pattern

UNIT – IV

Digital Modulation Techniques: Coherent binary modulation techniques, BPSK, FSK, ASK, DPSK,
QPSK systems with signal space diagram, generation, demodulation and error probability concept,
Comparison using Power Spectrum, Coherent and Non -Coherent demodulation techniques for ASK,
FSK and BPSK

UNIT – V

Detection and Estimation: Concept of Detection and Estimation, Correlation Receiver, Matched Filter
Receiver, Properties of Matched Filter
Spread Spectrum Techniques: Direct sequence, Frequency Hopping, advantages of Spread Spectrum.

LABORATORY

1. Sampling theorem verification


2. TDM of two band limited signals
3. Delta Modulation and demodulation
4. PCM generation and detection using a CODEC chip
5. ASK generation and detection
6. FSK generation and detection
7. PSK generation and detection
8. DPSK generation and detection
9. QPSK generation and detection
10. Display of Eye Pattern

10
Textbooks:

1. Simon Haykin, “Digital Communications”, John Wiley, 2003.


2. J. Proakis, “Digital Communication”, 4th Edition, McGraw Hill, 2000.

References:

1. K. Sam Shanmugam, “Digital and Analog Communication Systems”, John Wiley, 1996.
2. Simon Haykin, “An Introduction to Analog and Digital Communication”, John Wiley, 2003.
3. Bernard Sklar, “Digital Communications”, Pearson Education, 2007.
4. K. Sam Shanmugam, A. M. Breipohl, “Random Signals: Detection, Estimation and Data Analysis”,
Wiley, 1988.

11
MICROWAVE COMPONENTS AND CIRCUITS

Subject Code: EC602 Credits: 3:1:0


Prerequisites: Electromagnetics
UNIT – I
Transmission Line Theory: The Lumped–Element Circuit Model for a Transmission Line, Wave
Propagation on a transmission line, The Lossless line, Special cases of lossless terminated lines,
Distinction between characteristic impedance and input impedance Smith Chart: combined impedance–
admittance Smith Chart, Calculation of reflection coefficient and other parameters using Smith Chart

Coaxial line: TEM modes, Higher order modes, Surface Waves on a Grounded Dielectric Slab: TM
modes, TE Modes Stripline: Formulas for propagation constant, characteristic impedance and
attenuation, an approximate electrostatic solution, Microstrip: Formulas for effective dielectric
constant, characteristics impedance and attenuation, an approximate electrostatic solution, Coplanar
Waveguides

UNIT – II
Microwave Network analysis: Impedance and Admittance Matrices: Reciprocal networks, Losses
networks, Scattering Matrix: Reciprocal networks and lossless networks, shift in reference planes,
generalized scattering parameters, Transmission matrix

Impedance matching and tuning: Matching with lumped elements (L Networks), Analytic solutions,
Smith chart solutions, Single-Stub Tuning: Shunt stubs, Series stubs, Double-Stub Tuning: Smith
chart solution, analytic solution, Quarter wave transformer

UNIT – III
Microwave Resonators: Series resonant circuit, parallel resonant circuit, Loaded and unloaded Q,
Transmission Line Resonators: Short circuited λ/2 line, short circuited λ/4 line, open circuited λ/2 line,

Power Dividers and Directional Couplers: Basic properties of dividers and couplers, Three port
networks (T-junctions), Four-port networks (Directional couplers), The T-junction power divider,
Lossless divider, Resistive divider, Wilkinson Power divider, Even-odd mode analysis, Unequal power
division and N-way Wilkinson dividers, Coupled line directional couplers, Coupled line theory, Design
of coupled line couplers, Design of multisection coupled line couplers.

UNIT – IV
Microwave Filters: Periodic structures, Analysis of infinite periodic structures, Terminated periodic
structures, k-β diagrams and wave velocities. Filter design by the image parameter method: Image
impedances and transfer functions for two port networks, constant–k filter sections, m-derived filter
sections, composite filters, Filter design by the insertion loss method: Characterization by power loss
ratio, maximally flat low pass filter prototype, Equal ripple low pass filter prototype, Linear phase low
pass filter prototypes, Filter transformations: Impedance and frequency scaling, Bandpass and
Bandstop transformations

Filter Implementation: Richard’s transformation, Kuroda’s identities, Impedance and admittance


inverters, Stepped impedance low pass filters: Approximate equivalent circuits for short transmission
line sections, Coupled line filters: Filter properties of a coupled line section, design of coupled line
bandpass filters
12
UNIT – V
Active RF components: RF Diode Characteristics, Schottky Diodes and Detectors, PIN Diodes and
Control Circuits, Varactor Diodes, Other Diodes: GUNN, IMPATT, BARITT Diodes, Microwave
Integrated Circuits, Hybrid Microwave Integrated Circuits, Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits.

Microwave sources: Solid-state Sources, Mixers, Mixer characteristics, Single-ended Diode Mixer,
Single-ended FET Mixer, Balanced Mixer.

Textbooks:

1. David M. Pozar, “Microwave Engineering”, John Wiley, 2004.

References:

1. Samuel Y. Liao, “ Microwave Devices and Circuits”, PHI, 3rd Edition, 1994.
2. E. C. Jordan, K. G. Balmain, “Electromagnetic Wave and Radiating Systems”, Prentice Hall,
1968.
3. Annapurna Das, Sisir K. Das, “Microwave Engineering”, TMH Publication, 2001.
4. R. Chatterjee, “Elements of Microwave Engineering”, Affiliated East – West Press Pvt Ltd,
New Delhi, 1988.

13
DSP ARCHITECTURE AND APPLICATIONS

Subject Code: EC603 Credits: 4:0:1


Prerequisites: Digital Signal Processing

UNIT – I
Introduction: DSP systems and applications, DSP architectures, Hardware issues, System
considerations, Digital signals and operations, Digital systems, Frequency analysis, Random signal
processing

UNIT – II
DSP Implementation considerations: Data representations and arithmetic, Finite wordlength effects,
Programming issues, Real time implementation considerations, Hardware interfacing

UNIT – III
Fixed and Floating point DSPs: Introduction, TMS320C62x and TMS320C64x, TMS320C67x

UNIT – IV
FIR filtering: FIR filters, Design and implementation
IIR filtering: IIR filters, Design and implementation

UNIT – V
FFT: DFT, FFT algorithms, Analysis and implementation
Adaptive Filtering: Introduction, Properties, Applications, Design and implementation

LABORATORY
1. Synthesis of AM and FM sinusoidal signals and application
2. Verification of sampling theorem
3. GUI for discrete time linear convolution and continuous time linear convolution
4. Solving difference equations, Impulse response, Step response, Output response for the given input
using GUI
5. DFT of the given signal with magnitude and phase plot. Verify using built-in function
6. Given a causal system H(z), obtain pole-zero plot, magnitude response and phase response
7. Design of FIR filters (all 3 methods)
8. Design of IIR filters: Impulse Invariant, Bilinear Transform
9. Noise Removal using FIR and IIR filters
10. Linear convolution on a DSP Processor
11. Solving difference equations on a DSP Processor
12. Noise removal using FIR filter on a DSP Proceesor

Textbooks:
1. Sen M. Kuo, Woon-Seng Gan, “Digital Signal Processors: Architectures, Implementations and
Applications”, Pearson Education, 2005.
2. E. C. Ifeachor, B. W. Jervis, “Digital Signal Processing: A Practical Approach”, Pearson
Education, 2002.
3. Vinay K. Ingle, John G. Proakis, “Digital Signal Processing using MATLAB”, Brooks/Cole,
Cengage Learning, 2000.

14
ANALOG AND MIXED MODE VLSI DESIGN

Subject Code: EC604 Credits: 4:0:1


Prerequisites: VLSI Design and Circuits
UNIT – I

Data Converter Fundamentals: Analog vs Digital discrete time signals, converting analog signals to
digital signals, Sample and Hold, DAC specifications, ADC specifications, SPICE Models for DACs &
ADCs, Mixed-signal layout issues, problems.

UNIT – II

Data Converter DAC Architectures: DAC architectures, digital input code, registers string, R-2R
ladder networks, current steering, charge scaling DACs, Cyclic DAC, Pipeline DAC, problems

UNIT – III

Data Converter ADC Architectures: ADC Architectures, Flash type, Two-step flash, Pipeline ADC,
Integrating ADC, Successive approximation methods, problems

UNIT – IV
Implementing Data Converters: Current mode and Voltage mode, R-2R DAC, using op-amps in data
converters, Implementing ADCs, Cyclic ADC, problems

UNIT – V
Sub-Micron CMOS Circuit Design: Process flow, Capacitors and resistors, SPICE MOSFET Models,
MOSFET switch, Delay and Adder Elements, Analog Circuits, MOSFET Biasing, Op-amp Design,
Circuit Noise, problems

LABORATORY
1. Inverter Design: Schematic, DC analysis, Transient analysis, DRC, ERC, LVS
2. Single stage differential amplifier, common source and common drain amplifier: Schematic, DC
analysis, AC analysis, Transient analysis, DRC, ERC, LVS
3. Design of op-amp: Schematic, DC analysis, AC analysis, Transient analysis, DRC, LVS, RC
Extraction
4. R-2R based DAC: Schematic, DC analysis, AC analysis, Transient analysis, DRC, ERC, LVS, RC
Extraction
5. SAR based ADC: Schematic, Functional Verification

Textbooks:
1. R. Jacob Baker, H. W. Li, D. E. Boyce, “CMOS Circuit Design, Layout, Simulation”, PHI, 2005.
2. R. Jacob Baker, “CMOS Mixed Signal Circuit Design” (Vol. II of CMOS: Circuit Design,
Layout and Simulation), CMOS-IEEE Press and Wiley Interscience, 2002.

References:
1. B. Razavi, “Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits”, McGraw Hill, 2002.
2. P. E. Allen, D. R. Holberg, “CMOS Analog Circuit Design”, 2nd Edition, Oxford University
Press, 2008.
15
POWER ELECTRONICS
Subject Code: ECPE01 Credits: 3:0:1
Prerequisites: Analog Electronic Circuits

UNIT – I

Power Devices: Application of power electronics, Power BJT’s, Switching characteristics, Switching
units, Base drive control, Power MOSFETs, Switching characteristics, Gate drives, IGBTs, Isolation of
gate and base drive, Construction of thyristor, Principle of operation, Different states/Modes of
operation, Static anode VI characteristics, Two transistor model, Triggering/Turn-on mechanism,
Dynamic (Turn-on and Turn-off), Characteristics, Gate characteristics, Gate triggering, di/dt and dv/dt
protection, Thyristor firing circuits.

UNIT – II

Control Rectifier: Introduction, Principle of phase controlled converter operation, Single phase half
controlled converter, Single phase fully controlled converter, Dual converter, Three phase half
controlled converter, Three phase fully controlled converter.

UNIT – III

Commutation Techniques: Introduction to commutation, Different types of commutations, Natural


commutation and forced commutation, Self-commutation, Complementary commutation, Auxiliary
thyristor commutation.

UNIT – IV

AC Voltage Controllers and Choppers: Introduction to choppers, Principles of step down and step up
choppers, Step down chopper with RL load, Classification of chopper, Analysis of impulse commutated
thyristor chopper, Introduction to AC voltage controllers, Principle of ON-OFF control, Principle of
phase control, Single-phase AC controllers with R load and RL load.

UNIT – V

Inverters: Introduction, Principle of operation, Performance parameters, Single-phase bridge inverter,


Voltage control of single-phase inverters, Current source inverters.

Textbooks:

1. M. H. Rashid, “Power Electronics Circuits, Devices and Applications”, 3rd Edition, Prentice
Hall, 2003.
2. G. K. Dubey, S. R. Doradla, A. Joshi, R. M. K. Sinha, “Thyristorized Power Controllers”, New
Age International Pvt. Ltd, 6th Edition, 1986.

References:

1. P. S. Bhimbra, “Power Electronics”, Khanna Publication, 1995.


2. SCR GE Manual, 6th Edition, Prentice Hall, 1979.
16
MODELING AND SYNTHESIS USING VHDL
Subject Code: ECPE02 Credits: 3:0:1
Prerequisites: Fundamentals of HDL
UNIT – I

Introduction and basic language elements of VHDL: The origins of VHDL, VHDL basics, Benefits
of VHDL, VHDL levels of abstraction, The VHDL design flow, Identifiers, objects and data types,
objects in VHDL, constants, variables and signals, VHDL types, scalar types, Arrays, Attributes

UNIT – II

Behavioral, data flow and structural modeling: Entity declaration, architecture body, process
statement, variable assignment statement, signal assignment statements, WAIT, IF, CASE, NULL,
LOOP, EXIT, NEXT, ASSERT statement, REPORT, sequential assignment statements, multiple
processes, Concurrent signal assignment statements, concurrent vs. sequential statements

UNIT – III

Block structural modeling, sub-programs and overloading: Multiple drivers, conditional signal
assignment statement, sequential signal assignment statements, UNAFFECTED, An example,
component declaration, component instantiation, other examples, Subprograms, Functions, Procedures,
difference between functions and procedures, Packages, package declaration, package body, operator
overloading,

UNIT – IV

Additional topics in VHDL and VHDL synthesis: Transport and inertial delays, multi-valued logic,
logic signal resolution, IEEE-1164 standard logic, Generics, GENERATE statements, Synthesis of
VHDL code, synthesis examples, Design of serial adder with accumulator, state graphs for control
networks, design of binary multiplier.

UNIT – V

CPLD and FPGAs: Description & Design of sequential circuits using VHDL Mealy’s, Moore’s
sequential network, Xilinx XC9500 CPLD Family, function block architecture, I/O Block, switch
matrix, FPGAs Xilinx XC 4000 Family, configurable logic block, I/O Block, programmable
interconnect.

Textbooks:
1. J. Bhaskar, “VHDL Primer”, Pearson/PHI, 2003.
2. Charles H. Roth Jr, “Digital system design using VHDL”, Thomson Learning, 2002.
3. John F. Wakerly, “Digital Design Principles and Practices”, PHI, 3rd Edition, 2005.

References:
1. Z. Navabi, “VHDL – Analysis and Modeling of Digital Systems”, MGH, 2nd Edition, 1998.
2. Douglas Perry, “VHDL: Programming by Example”, 4th Edition, MGH, 2002.
17
DIGITAL ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS
Subject Code: ECPE03 Credits: 3:1:0
Prerequisites: Nil

UNIT – I

Measurement and Error: Definitions, Accuracy and precision, Significant figures, Types of error,
Limiting errors, Classification of standards of measurement, Time and frequency standards.
Digital Voltmeters and Multimeters: Advantages of digital meters, General characteristics
(specifications) of a DVM, Ramp type DVM, Integrating type DVM (Voltage to frequency conversion),
Dual slope integrating type DVM (Voltage to time conversion), Successive approximation type DVM,
Parallel or flash type DVM, Microprocessor based ramp type DVM, Digital meter displays – LED and
LCD displays, Range changing methods for DVM, Digital multimeter.

UNIT – II

Digital Frequency meters and Phase meters: Introduction, Frequency measurement, High frequency
measurement (extending the frequency range), Time (period) measurement, Time interval measurement,
Frequency ratio measurement, Totalizing mode of measurement, Universal counter, Automatic and
computing counters, Reciprocal electronic counters, Sources of measurement errors, Specifications of
electronic counters – Input characteristics and operating mode specifications, Digital phase meter.

UNIT – III

Digital Instruments: Digital tachometer, Digital PH meter, Digital measurement of mains (supply)
frequency, Digital L, C and R measurements – Digital RCL meter, Digital capacitance meter.
Special Oscilloscopes: Sampling oscilloscope, Digital read out oscilloscope, Digital storage
oscilloscopes, DSO applications.

UNIT – IV

Digital Signal Generators: Arbitrary waveform generators (AWG), Arbitrary function generator, Data
generator, Key characteristics of digital signal generators.
Digital Spectrum Analyzer and Applications
Logic Analyzer: Types of logic analyzer - Logic time analyzer, Logic state analyzer, interfacing a target
system.
Recorders: Digital data recording, Objectives and requirements of recording data, Recorder selection
and specifications, Digital memory waveform recorder (DWR).

UNIT – V

Digital Data Acquisition System: Objectives of DAS, Elements of data acquisition system, Data
loggers – Basic operation of data logger. Digital Transducers: Optical encoders, Shaft (spatial) encoders.
Digital Controllers, Digital process controllers, Microprocessor based distributed control systems.

18
Textbooks:

1. Albert D. Helfrick, William D. Cooper, “Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement


Techniques”, PHI, 2006.
2. David A. Bell, “Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements”, 2nd Edition, PHI, 2003.
3. M. M. S. Anand, “Electronic Instruments and Instrumentation Technology”, PHI, 2005.
4. H. S. Kalsi, “Electronic Instrumentation”, PHI, 2nd Edition, 2004.

References:

1. A. J. Bouwens, “Digital Instrumentation”, PHI, 2007.

19
ADAPTIVE SIGNAL PROCESSING

Subject Code: ECPE04 Credits: 3:1:0


Prerequisites: Digital Signal Processing

UNIT – I

Adaptive Systems and Linear Combiner: Definition and characteristics, areas of application,
properties, open loop and closed loop adaptation, applications of closed loop adaptation, example of an
adaptive system, General description of a linear combiner, input signal and weight vectors, desired
response and error, performance function, gradient and MMSE, example of a performance surface,
alternative expression of the gradient, decorrelation of error and input components

UNIT – II

Properties and Searching of Quadratic Performance Surface: Normal form of the input correlation
matrix, eigen values and eigen vectors of the input correlation matrix, an example with two weights,
geometrical significance of eigenvectors and eigen values, Methods of searching the performance
surface, gradient search methods, simple gradient search algorithm and its solution, stability and rate of
convergence, learning curve, gradient search by Newton’s method, Newton’s method in
multidimensional space, gradient search by the method of steepest descent, comparison of learning
curves

UNIT – III

Gradient Estimation and its effects on adaptation: Gradient component estimation by derivative
measurement, performance penalty, derivative measurement and performance penalties with multiple
weights, variance of the gradient estimate, effects on the weight-vector solution, excess MSE and time
constants, misadjustment, comparative performance of Newton’s and steepest descent methods, total
misadjustment and other practical considerations

UNIT – IV

LMS Algorithm: Derivation of LMS algorithm, convergence of the weight vector, example of
convergence, learning curve, noise in weight-vector solution, misadjustment, performance

UNIT – V

Applications: Adaptive modeling of multipath communication channel, adaptive noise canceling,


adaptive interference canceller

Textbooks:

1. B. Widrow, S. D. Stearns, “Adaptive Signal Processing”, Pearson Education Asia, 2001.


2. S. Haykin, “Adaptive Filter Theory”, 4th Edition, Pearson Education Asia, 2002.

20
SPEECH PROCESSING
Subject Code: ECPE05 Credits: 3:1:0
Prerequisites: Digital Signal Processing

UNIT – I

Digital models for the speech signal: Process of speech production, Acoustic theory of speech
production, Lossless tube models, and Digital models for speech signals.
Time domain models for speech processing: Time dependent processing of speech, Short time energy
and average magnitude, Short time average zero crossing rate, Speech vs silence discrimination using
energy & zero crossings, Pitch period estimation, Short time autocorrelation function, Short time
average magnitude difference function, Pitch period estimation using autocorrelation function, Median
smoothing.

UNIT – II

Digital representations of the speech waveform: Sampling speech signals. Statistical model for
speech, Instantaneous quantization, Adaptive quantization, Differential quantization, Delta modulation,
Differential PCM, Comparison of systems, Direct digital code conversion

UNIT – III

Short time Fourier analysis: Linear Filtering interpretation, Filter bank summation method, Overlap
addition method, Design of digital filter banks, Implementation using FFT, Spectrographic displays,
Pitch detection, Analysis by synthesis, Analysis synthesis systems, Homomorphic systems for
convolution, Complex cepstrum, Pitch detection, Formant estimation, Homomorphic vocoder.

UNIT – IV

Linear predictive coding of speech: Basic principles of linear predictive analysis, Solution of LPC
equations, Prediction error signal, Frequency domain interpretation, Relation between the various speech
parameters, Synthesis of speech from linear predictive parameters, Vocoders, Applications.

UNIT – V

Applications: Voice response systems, Speaker recognition systems, Speech recognition systems,
Spectral subtraction & filtering, Speech synthesis, Synthesizer methods, Synthesis of intonation, Text to
Speech synthesis.

Textbooks:
1. L. R. Rabiner and R. W. Schafer, “Digital Processing of Speech Signals," Pearson Education
(Asia) Pte. Ltd., 2004.

References:
1. T. F. Quatieri, “Discrete Time Speech Signal Processing”, Pearson Education Asia, 2004.
2. D. O’ Shaughnessy, “Speech Communications: Human and Machine,” Universities Press, 2001.
3. B. Gold, N. Morgan, “Speech and Audio Signal Processing: Processing and Perception of
Speech and Music”, John Wiley, 2004.
21
WAVELET TRANSFORMS

Subject Code: ECPE06 Credits: 3:1:0


Prerequisites: Digital Signal Processing
UNIT – I

Continuous wavelet transform: Introduction, C-T wavelets, Definition of CWT, CWT as correlation,
Constant Q-Factor filtering interpretation and time frequency resolution, CWT as an operator, inverse
CWT.
Discrete wavelet transform and Orthogonal wavelet decomposition: Introduction, Approximation of
vectors in nested linear vector spaces, Example of an MRA.

UNIT – II

MRA, ortho normal wavelets and their relationship to filter banks: Introduction, Formal definition
of an MRA, Construction of a general orthonormal MRA, a wavelet basis for MRA, Digital filtering
interpolation, Examples of orthogonal basis generating wavelets, Interpreting orthonormal MRAs for
discrete time signals.

UNIT – III

Alternative wavelet representations: Introduction, Biorthogonal wavelet bases, Filtering relationship


for bi-orthogonal filters, Examples of bi-orthogonal scaling functions and wavelets, 2-D wavelets, Non -
separable multidimensional wavelets, wavelet packets.

UNIT – IV

Wavelet Transform and Data Compression: Introduction, transform coding, DTWT for image
compression, Image compression using DTWT and run-length encoding, Embedded tree image coding,
comparison with JPEG, audio compression, Audio masking, Wavelet based audio coding, video coding

UNIT – V

Other Applications of Wavelet Transforms: Introduction, wavelet de-noising, speckle removal, edge
detection and object isolation, Image fusion, Object detection by wavelet transforms of projections,
communication applications

Textbook:
1. Raghuveer M. Rao, Ajit S. Bopardikar, “Wavelet transforms: Introduction to theory and
applications”, Person Education, 2000.

References:
1. A. Abbate, C. M. DeCusatis, Pankaj K. Das, “Wavelets and Subbands: Fundamentals and
Applications”, Birkhäuser Boston, 2002.
2. C. Burrus, R. Gopinath, H. Guo, “Introduction to Wavelets and Wavelet Transforms: A Primer”,
Prentice Hall, 1998.
3. L. Prasad, S. S. Iyengar, “Wavelet Analysis with Applications to Image Processing”, CRC Press,
1997.
22
NEURAL NETWORKS AND FUZZY LOGIC
Subject Code: ECPE07 Credits: 3:1:0
Prerequisites: Nil
UNIT – I
Fundamental concepts and models: History, Biological neurons and their artificial models, models of
artificial neural networks, learning and adaptation, learning rules, neural networks.
Single layer perceptron classifiers: Classification model, features, decision regions, discriminant
functions, linear machine and minimum distance classification, nonparametric training, single layer
continuous perceptron networks, multicategory single layer perceptron networks

UNIT – II
Multilayer feedforward networks: Linearly nonseperable pattern classification, delta learning rule,
feedforward recall and error back-propagation training, learning factors, classifying and expert layered
networks
Single-layer feedback networks: Dynamical systems, Discrete time Hopfield networks, Gradient type
Hopfield networks, transient response of continuous time networks
Associative Memories: Linear associator, recurring auto associative memory, performance analysis, bi-
directional associative memory

UNIT – III
Matching and Self-organizing networks: Hamming net and MAXNET, Unsupervised learning of
clusters, self-organizing feature maps, cluster discovery network,
Applications: Linear programming modeling network, character recognition networks, control
applications, Robot kinematics, Medical diagnosis

UNIT – IV
Classical Sets and Fuzzy Sets: Classical sets, Fuzzy sets, Classical relations and Fuzzy relations
Properties of Membership functions, Fuzzification and defuzzification: Features of the membership
function, fuzzification, defuzzification to crisp sets, defuzzification to scalars

UNIT – V
Logic and Fuzzy Systems: Fuzzy logic, Approximate reasoning, Rule-based systems, development of
membership functions
Applications: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, fuzzy arithmetic and extension principle,
fuzzy control systems

Textbooks:
1. J. M. Zurada, “Introduction to Artificial Neural Systems”, Jaico Publishing House, 2006.
2. T. Ross, “Fuzzy logic with Engineering Applications”, John Wiley, 2004.

References:
1. Simon Haykin, “Neural networks: A Comprehensive Foundation”, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education
Asia, 1999.
2. S. N. Sivanandam, S. Sumathi, S. N. Deepa, “Introduction to Neural Networks using Matlab 6.0”,
McGraw Hill, 2006.
3. S. Rajasekaran, G. A. Vijayalakshmi Pai, “Neural Networks, Fuzzy Logic, and Genetic Algorithms”,
Eastern Economy Edition, PHI, 2003.
4. B. Kosko, “Neural Networks and Fuzzy Systems”, Prentice Hall, 1991.

23
INFORMATION THEORY AND CODING
Subject Code: ECPE08 Credits: 3:1:0
Prerequisites: Nil
UNIT – I
Basics of information theory: Introduction, Measure of information, Average information content
(entropy) of symbols in long independent sequences, Information Rate, Properties of entropy, extension
of zero-memory source, Average information content of symbols in long dependent sequences, Markoff
(Markov) statistical model for information sources, Entropy and information rate of Markoff sources.

UNIT – II
Source coding: Encoding Of source output, Properties of codes, Block codes, non-singular codes,
uniquely decodable codes, instantaneous codes, optimal codes, prefix of a code, test for instantaneous
property, Kraft inequality, Construction of instantaneous code, Code efficiency and redundancy,
Shannon’s first theorem (Noiseless coding theorem), Shannon-Fano and Huffman encoding algorithm
for constructing binary, ternary and quarternary codes.

UNIT – III
Channels for communication: Discrete communication channels, Representation of a channel, Joint
probability, Entropy function and equivocation, Priori and Posteriori entropies, Equivocation, Mutual
information, Properties of Mutual information, Rate of information transmission over a discrete channel,
Capacity of a discrete memory less channel. Shannon’s theorem on channel capacity, Special channels,
Estimation of channel capacity by Muroga’s method, Continuous Channels, Maximization of entropy
with peak signal limitation, Mutual information of a continuous noisy channel, Shannon-Hartley law and
its implications.

UNIT – IV
Error control coding: Rationale for coding and types of codes, example of error control coding,
Methods of controlling errors, Types of errors and codes, Linear block codes, Matrix description of
LBC, Encoding circuit for (n,k) LBC, Syndrome and error correction, Syndrome calculation circuit,
Distance property, Error detection and correction capabilities of LBC, SEC-Hamming codes, Hamming
bound, decoding using standard array, Binary cyclic codes, Structure and Properties of cyclic codes, G
and H matrices for cyclic codes, Encoding using feedback shift registers, Syndrome calculation circuit.

UNIT – V
High level error control codes: Binary BCH codes, Golay codes, Shortened cyclic codes, Burst error
correcting codes, Convolutional codes, Encoder for convolutional codes, State diagram and code-tree,
Trellis diagram, Decoding of convolutional codes using Viterbi Algorithm.

Textbooks:
1. K. Sam Shanmugham, “Digital and Analog Communication Systems”, John Wiley Publication,
1996.
2. Shu Lin, Daniel J. Costello, “Error Control Coding”, Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2nd Edition, 2004.
3. Simon Haykin, “Digital Communications”, John Wiley Publication, 2003.

References:
1. Bernard Sklar, “Digital Communications”, Pearson Education, 2007.
2. Simon Haykin, “Introduction to Analog and Digital Communication”, John Wiley Publication,
2003.
24
COMMUNICATION SWITCHING SYSTEMS
Subject Code: ECPE09 Credits: 3:1:0
Prerequisites: Nil

UNIT – I
Evolution of Switching Systems: Evolution of telecommunications, Network structure, Network
services, Terminology, Regulation, Standards, Introduction to telecommunications transmission,
Message switching, Circuit switching, Basics of switching systems, Functions of switching systems,
Cross bar switching systems, Electronic switching.
Digital Switching Systems: Basic central office linkages, Evolution of digital switching systems, Stored
program control switching systems, Digital switching system fundamentals, Building blocks of a digital
switching system, Basic call processing.

UNIT – II
Telecommunications Traffic: Introduction, unit of traffic, Congestion, Traffic measurements,
Mathematical model, Lost call systems, Theory, Traffic performance, Loss systems in tandem, Queuing
systems, Second Erlang distribution, Probability of delay, Finite queue capacity, System with a single
server, Queues in tandem, Delay tables, Application of delay formulae.

UNIT – III
Switching Networks: Introduction, single-stage network, Gradings, Principle, Design of progressive
grading, Other forms of grading, Traffic capacity of grading, Application of grading, Link systems,
General, Two-stages networks, Three-stage networks, Four-stage networks, Discussion, Grades of
service of link systems, Applications of graph theory to link systems, Use of expansion, Call packing,
Re-arrangeable networks, Strict sense non blocking networks.

UNIT – IV
Time Division Switching: Introduction, Basic time division space switching, Basic time division time
switching, Time multiplexed space switching, Time multiplexed time switching, Combination
switching, Three stage combination switching, Grades of service of time division switching networks,
Synchronization, Frame alignment, Synchronization network.

UNIT – V
Switching System Software: Basic software architecture, Operating systems, Database management,
Concept of generic programs, Software architecture for level-1, level-2 and level-3 control, Digital
switching system software classification, Call models, Connect sequence, Disconnect sequence,
Software linkages during a call, Call features, Feature flow diagrams, Feature interaction.
Networks: Introduction, Analog networks, Integrated digital networks, ISDN, Cellular radio networks,
Intelligent networks and private networks.

Textbooks:
1. J. E. Flood, “Telecommunication Switching Traffic and Networks”, Pearson Education, 2006.
2. Thiagarajan Viswanathan, “Telecommunication Switching Systems and Networks”, PHI, 2003.
3. Syed R. Ali, “Digital Switching Systems”, TMH, 2002.

References:
1. John C. Bellamy, “Digital Telephony”, John Wiley, 3rd Edition, 2002.
25

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