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BIOLOGY

“Arthropoda”

Oleh
Gayatri Grace Arintya Karim (19)
Ina Thrisnawati Weca (20)
Inten Heny Pratiwi (21)
Kiki Kemulan (22)
Krismayanti Sugita (23)
Krisna Arisudana Manuaba (24)
Lidya Dwiyani (25)
Maha Putra (26)
Meidina Rahmayani (27)
X9
1.Definition of Arthropoda
Arthropods is the biggest phylum in the kingdom Animalia, which has been identified about 777.000
species. This animal usually live in soil, water (both fresh and salt) and as parasite in animal and plant.

Arthropods are animals with segmented bodies and six or more jointed legs. They are the largest animal
group on Earth. In fact, more than three out of four of all animals are arthropods. They are found
everywhere - on land, in trees, in freshwater and saltwater, and even underground. Arthropods are
generally small. Most are less than 1 cm long. Some arthropods, however, are quite large. The giant king
crab, for example, measures over 3.2 m from the tip of one outstretched leg to another. Some of the
most familiar arthropods are butterflies, beetles, flies, ants, bees, spiders, scorpions, shrimp, and crabs.

Characteristic of Anthropoda
 The body segmented, the segments usually grouped in two or three rather distinct regions.
 Paired segmented appendages (from which the phylum gets its name).
 Bilateral symmetry.
 A chitinous exoskeleton, which is periodically shed and renewed as the animal grows.
 A tubular alimentary canal, with mouth and anus.
 The circulatory system an open one, the only blood vessel usually being a tubular structure
dorsal to the alimentary canal with lateral openings in the abdominal region.
 The body cavity a blood cavity or hemocoele, the coelom reduced.
 The nervous system consisting of an anterior ganglion or brain located above the alimentary
canal, a pair of connectives extending ventrally from the brain around the alimentary canal, and
paired ganglionated nerve cords located below the alimentary canal.
 The skeletal muscles striated (except in the Onychophora).
 Excretion usually by means of tubes (the Malphigian tubules) that empty into the alimentary
canal, the excreted materials passing to the outside by way of the anus.
 Respiration by means of gills, or tracheae and spiracles.
 No cilia or nephridia (except in the Onychophora).
 The sexes nearly always separate.
2. Classification of Arthropoda
Arthropods is grouped into four classes; they are Crustacea, Myriapoda, Insecta/Hexapoda and Aracnida

a. Class Crustacea
Generally, the members of the class Crustacea have carapace, the joining of head and thorax
(cephalothorax). This class have an excretory organ, which is called a green gland. Crustaceans is
grouped into the subclass Entomostraca and subclass Malacostraca.
1) Subclass Entomostraca
The subclass Entomostraca has a small body and transparent. This Crustacean does not have
gills, for example Cylops.
2) Subclass Malacostraca
Subclass Malacostraca consists of three orders; those are the Decapoda, Stomatopoda, and
Isopoda
a) Order Decapoda. The examples of the order Decapoda are shrimps and crabs. The space
located between abdomen and cephalothorax is a place to keep the eggs. The outer surface
of shrimp body is covered by hard skeleton from chitin.
b) Order Stomatopoda. The order stomatopoda looks like insect, thus they are called insect
shrimps. Its two spiny appendages are used to attack and kill prey.
c) Order Isopoda. Freshwater isopods usually live as parasite in fish.

Crustaceans are animals that mostly dwell in salt water , though some live on land and some live
in freshwater. This sub-phylum is thought to have initially evolved in the oceans.
Crustaceans are distinguishable by
the exoskeleton that covers their entire
body, including their several specialized
and jointed appendages. Their bodies are
generally segmented into two or three
parts. These include the cephalothorax
(the head and thorax) and abdomen.
Crustaceans also have bilateral symmetry,
meaning that if you cut the lobster in the
photo above from its head to its swimming
appendages, it would look the same on
both sides. They also have a coelom, which
is a cavity inside the mesoderm filled with
fluid.
All crustaceans have four antennae,
a pair of mandibles (Jaw bones), and two compounded eyes. Most crustaceans have segmented bodies
consisting of a head, thorax, and abdomen. Off of each segment there is a pair of appendages.
Crustaceans use gills for respiration. Also all crustaceans, like all other arthropods, have a hard, flexible
exoskeleton.
Most crustaceans have separate sexes and are
distinguished by appendages on the abdomen called
swimmerets. Terrestrial crabs such as the Christmas
Island red crab mate seasonally and return to the sea to
release eggs. Crabs' eggs are retained by the females
until they hatch into free-swimming larvae.
Crustaceans are split into three main groups-
Isopods consist of small marine species that can dwell at
the bottom of oceans or on land. They include pill
bugs. Isopods are the most diverse group of the
crustaceans, including approximately 10,000 species. In
addition to pillbugs, isopods also include sowbugs, and
their marine relatives such as gribbles and slaters.
Isopods are common inhabitatants of nearly all
environments.
Copepods are mostly freshwater plankton. They
eat protists and bacteria and are eaten by fish. There are
some copepods that are parasitic. They attach
themselves to sharks, fish, mollusks, corals, and marine
mammals.
Decapods are the largest and most well-known crustaceans. They include lobsters, crabs,
crayfish, shrimp, and barnacles. These crustaceans usually live in saltwater, though crayfish and some
crabs can be found living in and around fresh water. They usually have an exoskeleton made mainly of
calcium carbonate. One of their five pairs of legs is a large pair of pincers, called the cheliped.
Class Insecta/Hexapoda

Class Insecta (insects) has six legs, which are adhered on thorax,
therefore it is called hexapods. The body consist of three parts,
they are head, chest, (thorax) and stomach (abdomen).

On the head of the insects, there are pair of compound eyes


(facet), a pair of olfactory organ and three pairs of mouthpart.
Insects have several type of mouthpart, those are biting
(cockroach), biting and licking (bee), sucking (butterfly), and
stinging type (mosquito).

The respiratory organ of insects is trachea, and the excretory organ is Malpighian body.
Reproduction of insect occurs sexually. The result of fertilization is egg, which gradually changes into
imago. The gradual changing is known as metamorphosis. There are two type of metamorphosis,
perfect metamorphosis (holometabola) and imperfect metamorphosis (hemimetabola).

1) Perfect Metamorphosis occurs if the stage of


development begins from egg, larvae, pupa and
imago/adult. The examples of its species are
butterfly and fly.

2) Imperfect Metamorphosis occurs if there is a


stage development that is not complete. It only have 3 phase; egg , nymph/larva, adult. The examples of
its species are cricket, cockroach and dragonfly
In some species, such as bee and ant, they undergo parthenogenesis. Parthenogenesis is producing a
new individual, which comes from unfertilized egg.

Insects can be grouped into 10 orders:

1) Order Apterygota (insect without wing), for example is bookworm.

2) Order Archiptera (insect with true wing), for examples are


dragonfly and termite.

3) Order Neuroptera (net-wing insect), for example is ant-


lion.

4) Order Orthoptera (insect with straight wing), for


examples are cockroach, praying grasshopper, cricket and
mole cricket.

5) Order Rhynchota (insect with sucker organ), the examples


are cicada and planthopper.

6) Order Coleoptera (insect with shield wing), for examples are beetle and firefly.

7) Order Hymenoptera (insect with hymen wing), for examples are wood beetle, bee and ant.

8) Order Diptera (insect with two pairs of wing), for examples are mosquito and fly.

9) Order Siphonoptera (mite group), for example is man louse.

10) Order Lepidoptera, for examples are butterfly and moth.

Name Beneficial Harmful


Shrimp and crab Food material, their skin contain
chitin and chitosan for anti
cholesterol medicine, slimmer and
bondage
Bee Produce honey for food or medicine
Silkmold Produce cocoon as the basic material
of thread
Insect Help plant pollination
Butterfly Some can be exported
Fish flea Fish parasite
Book flea Shatter paper
Termite Destroy material from wood
Planthopper Infecting crop
Palm beetle Damage the young leaf of
coconut tree
Anopheles mosquito Vector of malaria disease
Aedes Mosquito Vector of dengue disease
Dog flea Parasites in human, animal,
or plants
Insect morphology
A- Head B- Thorax C- Abdomen

1. antenna
2. ocelli (lower)
3. ocelli (upper)
4. compound eye
5. brain (cerebral ganglia)
6. prothorax
7. dorsal blood vessel
8. tracheal tubes (trunk withspiracle)
9. mesothorax
10. metathorax 26. trochanter
11. forewing 27. fore-gut (crop, gizzard)
12. hindwing 28. thoracic ganglion
13. mid-gut (stomach) 29. coxa
14. dorsal tube (Heart) 30. salivary gland
15. Ovary 31. subesophageal ganglion
16. hind-gut (intestine, rectum & anus) 32. mouthparts
17. anus
18. oviduct
19. nerve chord (abdominal ganglia)
20. Malpighian tubes
21. tarsal pads
22. claws
23. tarsus
24. tibia
25. femur
Class Myriapoda

The body of myriapods consists of head


and body. On its head, there is a pair of simple
eye and olfactory organ. Their body has
segment and each segment has a pair of leg.
Class Myriopoda is divided into the order
Chilopoda (centipedes) and order Diplopoda
(millipedes). Myriapods breathes by using
branched-trachea to each stagment. The end of
trachea branch is on the small pore, which is
called stigma. Stigma is the site for air supply
from the outside.

The Myriapods are centipedes and millipedes, and some small relatives. Centipedes and millipedes
look similar to each other; they both look a little like worms with lots of legs. Actually they are
arthropods, they have a tough exoskeleton and jointed legs, and they are related to insects and
crustaceans. Like insects, myriapods have one pair of antennae, but they have many more legs than
insects do. In Michigan, all myriapods have more than 20 legs, and all the other arthropods have fewer
legs than that (most have only 6 or 8 legs).
Millipedes usually have round bodies, and have two pairs of legs on each body segment. They move
slowly and often tunnel into soil and dead leaves. Nearly all millipede species are decomposers: they
eat dead leaves, fungi, and detritus. If another animal threatens them, they may curl up, and some
give off smelly toxic chemicals to protect themselves. Myriapods are an ancient group of animals, they
were the the very first animals to live on land. Before them the
only animals in the world lived in the sea.

Centipedes are usually flattened, and only have one pair of legs
per segment. Centipedes are quick predators, eating any small
animals they can catch. They have a venomous bite, but no
Michigan species are dangerous to people.

Both centipedes and millipedes need a damp environment to


survive, and mostly live on or under the ground.
Class Arachnida ( Arachnoidea)

Member of the class Arachnida


includes scorpions, spiders, and dog-fleas.
The characteristics of this class are as
follows.

1. The body consists of


cephalothorax and abdomen,
except dog fleas.
2. The body is having six pairs of
appendages (chelicerae,
pedipalps and four pairs of
walking legs). Chelicerae is used
to hold or catch, while pedipalpus
is used to cut.
3. It has eye spots.
4. The respiration uses book lungs trachea.
5. Is mostly lives in terrestrial.

3.Role of Arthropoda
Arthropods and People
Many people do not understand the vital role arthropods play in keeping the world alive and healthy.
Life on Earth would end very quickly without arthropods. Arthropods are
great recyclers anddecomposers and they are a super food source. They also
helppollinate the plants that provide food and keep the air and water clean.
Arthropods to Avoid
Arthropods such as flies, lice, fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes can make your life uncomfortable if they bite
you. Some insects, arachnids, and millipedes produce poisons that can make people sick or even kill
them. Arthropods are also indirectly responsible for many people dying. Certain kinds of mosquitoes are
very dangerous. They may carry diseases like malaria and dengue fever. Malaria passed on to people by
mosquitoes kills over 1 million people each year- that’s more than any other disease.

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