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Foreword
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SAP2000/Bridge Seismic Design
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Contents
References
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SAP2000/Bridge Seismic Design
List of Figures
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Contents
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SAP2000/Bridge Seismic Design
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Foreword
Now, users can automate the response spectrum and pushover analyses. Fur-
thermore, the SAP2000/Bridge program will determine the demand and capac-
ity displacements and report the demand/capacity ratios for the Earthquake Re-
sisting System (ERS). All of this is accomplished in eight simple steps outlined
as follows:
1. Create the Bridge Model
2. Evaluate the Ground Motion Hazard and the Seismic Design Request
3. Complete the Dead Load Analysis and evaluate the Cracked Section Properties
v
SAP2000/Bridge Seismic Design
A detailed explanation of each of the steps is presented in the chapters that fol-
low. The example bridge model shown in the figure illustrates the
SAP2000/Bridge Automated Seismic Design features.
vi Foreword
STEP 1
Create the Bridge Model
The material property used was 4000 psi. Note that the units shown in Figure
1-6 are in inches.
After the Modify/Show Column Data button is used, the Bent Column Data
form shown in Figure 1-12 can be used to define the type, location, height, an-
gle and boundary conditions for each bent column.
An important part of this example model is the inclusion of the foundation ele-
ments. Although the foundations can be represented as Fixed, Pinned, or
Spring-Support restraints at the base of the columns, these have been explicitly
modeled in this example. It is important to note that when foundation objects
are part of the bridge model, the base of the bent column must not be re-
strained, but instead, connected to the foundation elements. Restraining the
base of the columns in the Bent Column Data form using Fixed or Pinned re-
straints would prevent the bridge loads from reaching the foundation. In this
example, a foundation spring (BFSP1) having no stiffness in any direction is
used as the Base Support data. After the foundations have been modeled and
connected to the bent column bases, support of the bent columns will be
achieved. The Foundation Spring Data form is shown in Figure 1-13.
be defined using bents as supports (this feature was note used in the subject ex-
ample).
The span data is used to define the span lengths and bent locations. Cross dia-
phragms also can be included in a bridge model using the Modify/Show As-
signments > In Span Cross Diaphragms command. No cross diaphragms
were used as part of the example model.
For this example model, the bearing properties at the bents have fixed transla-
tion restraints in all directions but free restraints for all rotational directions.
See Figure 1-19.
Note that the BRG2 connects to the center of the cap beam. The substructure
elevation is used to define the top of the cap beam. The action point of BRG2
will be at Elevation -49.0”.
Point of fixity EI f
15
K EI T 3
K EI T
K EI T
2
After the lengths of the piles were known, the piles were connected to an area
object representing the pile cap. The cap was meshed at the top of the pile loca-
tions. The completed pile cap appears in Figure 1-22, which is shown using a
3D extruded view.
Column-to-Foundation Connection
Mass Source 1 - 17
SAP2000/Bridge Seismic Design
Additional Masses and Loads’, the program will calculate the self weight of the
bridge structure and include that mass along with the mass derived from the
SDEAD load assignment.
1 - 18 Mass Source
STEP 2
Ground Motion Hazard and Seismic Design Request
2.1 Overview
The ground motion hazard (response spectrum) can be determined by
SAP2000/Bridge by defining the bridge location using the latitude and longi-
tude or the postal zone. As an alternative, the user can input any user defined
response spectrum file. The site effects (soil site classifications) also are con-
sidered and are part of the user input data.
Overview 2-1
SAP2000/Bridge Seismic Design
Figure 2-1 AASHTO/USGS Hazard Maps used to determine the Demand Response Spectrum
From the Response Spectrum Data form, the values for SDS and SD1 are deter-
mined by SAP2000 and reported. The SD1 value is used to determine the Seis-
mic Design Category (SDC). The SDC is used to determine the analysis and
design requirements to be applied to the bridge. For example, if the SDC is A,
no capacity displacement calculation is performed. If the SDC is B or C,
SAP2000 uses an implicit formula (see Section 4.8 of the AASHTO Seismic
Guide Specification). If the SDC is D, SAP2000 uses a nonlinear pushover
analysis to determine the capacity displacements.
For this example, clicking the Modify/Show button will display the Substruc-
ture Seismic Design Request Parameters form, shown in Figure 2-4. A brief
description of the parameters on that form follows.
1 Response Spec- After a response spectrum function has been defined (see Step 2), the
trum Function name of the response spectrum to be used for a specific Seismic Design
Request should be selected here.
2 Seismic Design The user can choose to have the SDC be selected by the program (i.e.,
Category (SDC) “Programmed Determined”), or the user can impose a value for the SDC
Option (i.e., “User Defined”). To impose a value, select it from Item 3, the Seis-
mic Design Category.
3 Seismic Design If the user has opted to specify the Seismic Design Category in Item 2,
Category the user must specify the Seismic Design Category here as B, C or D.
4 Bent Displace- This is a scale factor. The bent displacement demands obtained from
ment Demand the response-spectrum analysis are multiplied by this factor. It can be
Factor used to modify the displacement demand due to a damping value
other than 5%, or to magnify the demand for short-period structures.
This factor will be applied to all bents in both the longitudinal and
transverse directions.
5 Gravity Load The user can specify which gravity load case is used to determine the
Case Option cracked section properties for the bent columns. The choices include
Auto-Entire Structure, Auto Current BrObj or User Defined. As a default,
all Dead and Super Dead loads are included in the Auto-Entire Structure
gravity load case.
6 Gravity Load If the User Option is selected for the gravity load case option in item 5
Case above, the gravity load case name must be selected here.
7 Additional If the Auto-This Bridge Object option is selected for the gravity load
Group case option in item 5 above, an additional group can be included in the
gravity load case. This item is only required when the gravity load case
is program determined. It may include pile foundations and other auxil-
iary structures.
8 Include P-Delta If P-Delta Effects are to be included, the user needs to specify ‘yes’ here.
P-Delta effects will cause a more abrupt drop in the pushover curve
results if an idealized bilinear hinge has been assigned to the bent col-
umns. It is recommended that an initial Seismic Design Request be
performed before including the P-Delta effects to help the user under-
stand the nonlinear behavior of the bents.
9 Cracked The cracked section properties for the bent columns can be automati-
Property cally determined by the program or they can be user defined. If pro-
Option gram determined, the automatic gravity load case will be run iteratively.
Section Designer will use the calculated axial force at the top and bot-
tom on the column to determine the cracked moments of inertia in the
positive and negative transverse and longitudinal directions. The aver-
age of the top and bottom column cracked properties will be applied as
named property modifier sets and the analysis will be re-run to make
sure the cracked-modified model converges to within the specified
tolerance.
10 Convergence This value sets the relative convergence tolerance for the bent-column
Tolerance cracked-property iteration. This item is required only when the cracked-
property calculation is program determined.
11 Maximum This value sets the maximum number of iterations allowed for the bent-
Number of column cracked-property iteration. The first run is considered to be the
Iterations zero-th iteration. Usually only one iteration is needed. This item is re-
quired only when the cracked-property calculation is program deter-
mined.
12 Accept Specifies whether or not the seismic design should continue if the bent-
Unconverged column cracked-property iteration fails to converge. This item is re-
Results quired only when the cracked-property calculation is program deter-
Convergence mined.
13 Modal Load Specifies whether the modal load case is to be determined by program
Case Option or specified by the user. The modal load case is used as the basis of the
response-spectrum load case that represents the seismic design. If pro-
gram determined, the modal load case will use the stiffness at the end
of the auto-gravity load case that includes the cracked property effects.
If user-defined, the user can control the initial stiffness, Eigen vs. Ritz,
and other modal parameters by selecting the user defined modal load
case in item 14.
14 Modal Load The name of an existing modal load case to be used as the basis of the
Case response-spectrum load case. This item is required only if the modal
load case option is user-defined in item 13 above.
3.1 Overview
As shown in the schematic included in the Foreword, the third step begins with
the dead load analysis of the entire bridge model. The results of the dead load
analysis are then used to verify the analytical model followed by the determina-
tion of the cracked section properties that are then applied to the bent columns as
frame section property modifiers. The reduced stiffnesses of the bent columns
will affect the response spectrum and pushover analyses. The frame section prop-
erty modifiers are defined separately for each of the bent and abutment columns
as a named property set. The user can use the Section Designer program to ob-
serve the moment-curvatures and I,cracked properties for the various cross-sections
(see also Step 5).
Auto load patterns and auto load cases are produced by the program. The load
case, which has the default name, _GRAV_SDReq1, is automatically developed
by SAP2000/Bridge as a single stage construction load case and is used to apply
the cracked section property modifiers to the columns. Figure 3-1 shows the
Load Case Data form for the _GRAV_SDReq1 load case. The auto load cases are
not modifiable.
Overview 3-1
SAP2000/Bridge Seismic Design
As an option, the user can overwrite the cracked section property determined by
the program and instead, apply a user defined value. See Step 2 for the user op-
tions available in the Seismic Design Request.
3-2 Overview
Step 4
Response Spectrum and Demand Displacements
4.1 Overview
The seismic response of the entire bridge structure is analyzed by SAP2000/
Bridge using the response spectrum function defined in Step 2. The number of
modes used by SAP2000/Bridge is automated and depends on the number of
bridge spans. The user should check the total mass participation to ensure that an
adequate number of modes are included in the modal analysis. The response
spectrum displacements are used by SAP2000/Bridge as the displacement de-
mands as defined in Section 4.4 of the AASHTO Seismic Guide Specification.
Overview 4-1
SAP2000 Bridge Seismic Design
The third response spectrum load case uses a Directional Combination option of
“ABS,” with an ABS scale factor of 0.3. This response spectrum load case will
satisfy the AASHTO Seismic Guide Specification, Section 4.4, which requires
the response spectrum loads to be combined using the 100/30 percent rule in each
of the major directions. The single response spectrum load case,
_RS_XY_SDReq1, envelopes the maximum response spectrum results for each of
the combinations 100/30 and 30/100. The Load Case Data form for the response
spectrum load case _RS_XY_SDReq1 is shown in Figure 4-2.
The modal damping coefficient is set to 5 percent, but this value can be modified
as necessary by the user in the Substructure Seismic Design Parameters form
(Chapter 2).
To illustrate the ABS directional combination feature, the following BENT1 dis-
placements are summarized for example model MO_1C:
5.1 Overview
For bridge structures having a Seismic Design Category (SDC) D the
AASHTO Seismic Guide Specification requires that the displacement capacity
be determined using a nonlinear pushover analysis. This requires that the col-
umn plastic hinge lengths and plastic hinge properties be determined for each
column that participates as part of the Earthquake Resisting System (ERS).
In this step, the methodologies used to calculate the plastic hinge lengths and
properties will be explained. After the hinge properties have been determined,
the plastic hinges are assigned to the ERS columns. The automation of the plas-
tic hinge assignments will also be explained in this step.
where
Overview 5-1
SAP2000/Bridge Seismic Design
The hinge length is compared to the value for the maximum hinge length value
described as, LP 0.3 f ye dbl , and the controlling value is used. After the hinge
lengths and properties have been determined, the hinges are placed on the bent
columns at each end of the column at distances from each end equal to 1/2 the
hinge length, as shown below in Figure 5-1.
Typically, the axial loads in the bent columns change as the bent is pushed over
due to the overturning effects. Therefore, the yield and plastic moments will
change depending on the amount of axial load present in a particular column at
a particular pushover step. These effects are captured in the nonlinear hinge re-
sponses whenever P-M or P-M-M hinges are specified. For this reason, the
Automated Seismic Design procedure assigns coupled P-M-M hinges to the
bent columns. The default settings are shown in Figure 5-4. The length of the
plastic hinge also is calculated by SAP2000/Bridge when using the Automated
Seismic Design procedure.
Upon completion of the Pushover Analysis, the Hinge Results can be traced.
This feature is explained in detail in Step 6.
Figure 5-7 Nonlinear Stress-Strain curves for Confined and Unconfined Concrete
The fiber mesh also can be specified in this form. The mesh can be rectangular
or cylindrical depending on the shape of the column. Another advantage of us-
ing the Section Designer feature is that complex sections, similar to the one be-
low, can be handled.
This step describes the automated procedure that SAP2000/Bridge uses to de-
termine the bridge seismic capacity displacements. The method used varies de-
pending on the Seismic Design Category (SDC) of a particular bridge. A flow-
chart that describes when an implicit or pushover analysis is used to determine
the capacity displacements is shown in Figure 6-1:
The user can overwrite the program determined SDC to enforce that a push-
over analysis is used to determine the displacement capacity. The differences
between the implicit and pushover approaches are described in the following
sections.
For SDC B:
For SDC C:
in which
Bo
x (4.8.1-3)
Ho
where,
For the example bridge, the four separate pushover load cases are named as fol-
lows:
_PO_TR_BT1_SDReq1
_PO_LG_BT1_SDReq1
_PO_TR_BT2_SDReq1
_PO_LG_BT2_SDReq1
The SDReq1 is the name provided by the user to identify a particular seismic
design request.
The “_” symbol is added to the beginning of each auto load case name to dis-
tinguish the load cases that are automatically provided by SAP2000/Bridge
from user defined load cases.
Figure 6-3 shows the nonlinear single-staged construction load case for the
BENT1 transverse direction.
The user can not modify this load case because it is defined automatically. The
_PO_TR_BT1_SDReq1 load case starts from the end of the initial nonlinear
load case named, _ bGRAV_SDReq1.
The _ bGRAV_SDReq1 load case is shown in Figure 6-4 and is needed to iso-
late the bents from the rest of the bridge model and to apply the cracked section
property modifiers as well as apply the dead load.
The load pattern used to apply the lateral pushover loads or displacements to
BENT1 is named, _PO_TR1_SDReq1. A 3D view of the _PO_TR1_SDReq
loads is shown in Figure 6-5. The magnitudes of these loads are based on the
reactions from the superstructure.
Figure 6-5 BENT1 Pushover Load Pattern for the Transverse Direction
The pushover results can be viewed using the Display menu > Pushover Re-
sults command. An example output is shown in Figure 6-6 for the BENT1
transverse and longitudinal pushover load cases.
In the table shown, all four D/C ratios are reported, namely, the transverse and
longitudinal direction for each bent (the example model has two bents). Note
that the Generalized Displacement name also is reported. Generalized dis-
placements are used to average the top of bent displacements and to determine
the relative displacements between the bent cap beam and the foundation. The
generalized displacement definition is automatically defined by SAP2000/
Bridge and can be viewed using the Define menu > Generalized Displace-
ments command.
This step describes the two methods of viewing the seismic design results. The
first way to review the results is to use the Display menu > Show Tables com-
mand. The second way is to create a report using the Design menu > Bridge De-
sign > Create Report command.
The entire list of output tables for the Bridge Seismic Design includes the follow-
ing:
The seven Bridge Seismic Design tables are described in the sections that follow:
ACI, 2008. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08)
and Commentary (ACI 318R-08), American Concrete Institute, P.O.
Box 9094, Farmington Hills, Michigan.
R-1