Biology SPM Cytology Study of structure and functions of cell.

Chapter 1: Introduction of biology Anatomy Study of internal structure and organization of living things.
1.1 The study of biology Biochemistry Study of chemistry of living organism, especially structure
1. Biology is the scientific study of life and living things, and their and function of their chemical components.
interactions with the natural environment. Genetic Study of heredity and genetic variation and how
2. The word ‘biology’ originates from Greek words ‘bios’ and ‘logos’. characteristics are passed down from parents to their
Bios means life and logos means study. Hence, biology means the offspring.
study of life. Paleontology Study of extinct organisms, including their structure,
3. Characteristics of living organisms: environment, evolution and distribution.
Metabolism To obtain energy for lives Biotechnology Application of biological processes and living
Sensitivity of Detect and respond to a stimulus microorganisms in industrial production.
responsiveness Medicine and The restoration and maintenance of healthy in both humans
Respiration Energy is released from food and used for growth. veterinary and animals.
Movement and work. Biomedicine Application of biological and physiological principles to
Nutrition Source of energy, growth and repair damaged parts. clinical practice.
Locomotion To move from one place to another place or move the part Zoology Study of animals.
of their body. Botany Study of plants.
Reproduction Reproduce to replace those had died and to increase its Microbiology Study of microorganisms.
population. Bacteriology Study of bacteria.
Growth and To grow continuously through lives. Taxonomy Study of classification of living and extinct organisms.
development Ecology Study of organism in their natural surrounding, how they
Excretion Get rid of waste, such as carbon dioxide and urea. are adapted to their environment and how they interact with
both living things and non-living things in the environment.
1.2 The importance of biology Biogeography Geographical distribution of living organisms.
1. Enables us to have a better understanding about life on Earth. We will Entomology Scientific study of insects.
able to appreciate the many diverse species and understand how each Ethology Study of animal behavior.
species fits into the dynamic pattern of life on Earth. Embryology Study of development of embryo.
2. Importance of biology included: Virology The study of viruses and their properties.
a. A better understanding of how human body functions. Physiology The study of mechanical, physical and biochemical
b. Finding cures for diseases. functions of living organism.
c. Saving animal and plant species which face extinction. Ornithology The scientific study of birds.
d. A better management of problems related to the environment. Mycology The study of fungi.
3. The application of biological knowledge and principles has brought Morphology The study of form or shape of an organism.
major developments in the fields of biotechnology, genetic Ichthyology The study of fish.
engineering, food technology, medicines, agriculture and industry.
4. Fields of biology study:
5. Careers related to biology:
Agriculturalist A specialist in all areas of cultivation and raising
livestock. He advises farmers on soil management,
breeding, animal’s living conditions, crop protection,
environmental sustainability, disease and harvesting.
Aquaculturalist A scientist who involves in aquaculture, the cultivation of
aquatic organisms such as fish, shell fish and algae.
Biochemist A scientist who studies the chemistry of cellular processes
such as metabolism, growth and aging. He may isolate,
identify and synthesis vitamins, DNA, hormones, enzymes
and other proteins.
Biotechnologist A scientist who modifies the genes of living things to
create or improve products from raw materials such as
food or pharmaceuticals. He also develops factory
processes to reduce pollution or treat waste product.
Botanist A biologist who studies the biology of all types of plants
to increase scientific knowledge and apply this knowledge
in areas such as conservation and management of natural
resources, agriculture, forestry, horticulture, medicine and
biotechnology.
Dietitian He plans food and nutrition program and supervises the
preparation and serving of meals. He helps prevent illness
by promoting healthy eating habits, scientifically
evaluating client’s diet and suggesting diet modifications
such as less salt for those with high blood pressure or
reduces fat and sugar intake for those who are overweight.
Ecologist A biologist who studies the relation between organisms
and their environment. He may study oceans, forests,
cities, grasslands, deserts, rivers and every other corner of
the world.
Ethologist A scientist who studies the behavior of animals in their
natural habitats.
Forester A person who has been professionally educated in forestry
and forest management.
Geneticist A scientist who studies genes, the basic units of heredity,
and their variations. A clinical geneticist evaluates
diagnoses and treats genetic diseases.
Horticulturist A scientist dedicated to finding better ways to grow
harvest, store, process and ship fruits, vegetables and
ornament plants.
Microbiologist A scientist trained to analyses the biology of bacteria,
viruses, algae, protozoa and fungi. Some microbiologist
are engaged in basic research utilizing these relatively
simple organisms to probe problems and questions of
genetics, physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology
common to all forms of life.
Mycologists A biologist who specializes in the study of fungi, their
genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and
their use to humans as a source for medicines and food as
well as their dangers such as poisoning or infection.
Neurobiologist A specialist in the field of study which deals with the
structure, functions, developments, genetics, biochemistry,
physiology, pharmacology and pathology of the nervous
system.
Optometrist Optometrist examines people’s eyes to diagnose vision
problems. He tests patient’s visual acuity, depth and
colour perception, and ability to focus and coordinate the
eyes. Optometrist prescribes eye glasses and contact lens.
Pediatrician A specialist who is concerned with the health of infants,
children and teenagers. He specializes in the diagnosis and
treatment of a variety of ailments specific to young people
and tracks the patients’ growth to adulthood.
Physiotherapist A health care professional who deals with exercise,
activity and physical function. Specific exercises may be
provided to assist breathing with chest problems,
mobilizing joints and strengthen muscle groups.
Surgeon A doctor who specializes in the treatment of injury,
disease and deformity through operations.
Toxicologist A scientist trained to examine the nature of the adverse
effects of chemical agents for example drugs and
pesticides on living organisms and their treatment.
Veterinarian A doctor who provides medical services for animals.
Some veterinarians treat sick pets and provide routine
check-ups and shots for pets in private offices. A
veterinarian may work in the food industry. He inspects
 meat packing plants and checks the livestock for disease. iii. Responding variable: variable that observed and that
Zoologist A biologist who specializes in the study of animals either changes in response to the manipulated variable.
in the wild or in a zoo. He studies the characteristics of iv. Fixed variable: variables that are kept unchanged or
animals such as origin, interrelationships, classification, controlled.
life histories and diseases, development, genetics and (e) Design and perform an experiment to test the hypothesis.
distribution. (f) Record and analyze date:
i. Scientists keep records of data obtained from the
1.3 Scientific investigation experiment.
- Scientific study requires inquiry-discovery approach which involved ii. The data should be recorded in a suitable form.
scientific investigation. (g) State the conclusion:
- It requires the uses of scientific skills, can divided into 2 component: i. Scientists use the data from the experiment to evaluate
o Scientific process skills the hypothesis and draw a conclusion.
o Manipulative skills ii. The hypothesis is accepted or rejected.
- Scientific process skills: (mental skill) (h) Writing report
o Promote thinking in a critical, creative and analytical manner. Objective: Technique:
These skills help scientists to systematically find answers and Problem statement: Procedure:
explanation to a phenomenon. Hypothesis: Results:
- Manipulative skills: (hand skill) Variables: Discussion:
o Psychomotor skills required to carry put a successful scientific Material and apparatus: Conclusion:
investigation. - The great advantage of the scientific method is that it is unprejudiced:
- Steps involves in scientific investigation: one does not have to believe a given researcher. One can redo the
(a) Make an observation experiment and determine whether his results are true or false.
i. Scientists are always curious about what they saw and
also wonder how these events happened. - Practicing scientific attitudes and noble values:
(b) State a problem 1. Keen interest and curiosity towards the environment
(c) Form of hypothesis (make a smart guess) 2. Honesty in recording and validation of data.
i. A hypothesis is a possible explanation to an 3. Kind-hearted and caring.
observation or an answer to a scientific question. 4. Diligent/ hardworking and persevering
ii. A hypothesis can be formed from the relationship 5. Responsibility for the safety of oneself, others and the
between the manipulated variable and the responding environment.
variable. 6. Flexibility
(d) Identify the variables: 7. Critical-minded and open minded.
i. There are three types of variables: Manipulated 8. Rational thinking.
variable, responding variable and fixed variable. 9. Cooperative, systematic, confident and independent.
ii. Manipulated variable: variable that deliberately 10. Thankful to Gods.
changed. 11. Fair and justice
12. Respectful and well-mannered.