University of management and technology:

Subject: International Marketing.

Group members:
• Muhammad Nauman
• Sunaira Munir
• Adil Raza
• Nauman Rafique
• Raja .M. Faizan Ullah Khan.

Submitted to: Mr. Waseem Alam.

Topic: Importing three products in Pakistan.

Submission Date: January 23, 2008

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 Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)

A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a vehicle which combines a conventional

propulsion system with an on-board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) to
achieve better fuel economy than a conventional vehicle without being hampered
by range from a charging unit like a battery electric vehicle, which uses batteries
charged by an external source. The different propulsion power systems may have
common subsystems or components.

Regular hybrid electric vehicles most commonly use an internal combustion

engine (ICE) and electric batteries to power electric motors. Modern mass
produced hybrid electric vehicles
prolong the charge on their batteries
by capturing kinetic energy via
regenerative braking and some
Hybrid electric vehicles can use the
combustion engine to generate
electricity by spinning an electrical
generator (often a motor-generator)
to either recharge the battery or
directly feed power to an electric
motor that drives the vehicle. Many
hybrid electric vehicles reduce idle
emissions by shutting down the ICE at idle and restarting it when needed. An
HEV's engine is smaller and may be run at various speeds, providing more
efficiency.

Hybrid electric vehicles became widely available to the public in the 1990s with
the introduction of the Honda Insight and Toyota Prius. Hybrid electric vehicles
are viewed by some automakers as a core segment of the next future automotive
market. An article for the July-August 2007 issue of THE FUTURIST magazine
titled "Energy Diversity as a Business Imperative" included plug-in hybrid
vehicles. GM vice president for environment and energy Elizabeth Lowery is
quoted as saying, "Today, we are embracing multiple energy sources because there
is no single answer available for the mass market…"

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Technology

The variety of hybrid electric designs can be differentiated by the structure of the
hybrid vehicle drive-train, the fuel type and the mode of operation.

In 2007, several
manufacturers have
announced that vehicles will
use aspects of hybrid electric
technology to reduce fuel
consumption without the use
of the hybrid drive train.
Regenerative braking can be
used to recapture energy and
stored to power electrical
accessories, such as air
conditioning. Shutting down
the engine at idle can also be used to reduce fuel consumption and reduce
emissions without the addition of a hybrid drive train. In both cases, some of the
advantages of hybrid electric technology are gained while additional cost and
weight may be limited to the addition of larger batteries and starter motors. There
is no standard terminology for such vehicles, although they may be termed mild
hybrids.

The 2000s saw development of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), which
can be recharged from the electrical power grid and do not require conventional
fuel for short trips. The Renault Kangoo was the first production model of this
design, released in France in 2003 but its mass production will start in 2010.

Engines and fuel sources;

Gasoline engines are used in most hybrid electric designs, and will likely remain
dominant for the foreseeable future. While petroleum-derived gasoline is the
primary fuel, it is possible to mix in varying levels of ethanol created from
renewable energy sources. Like most modern ICE-powered vehicles, Hybrid
electric vehicles can typically use up to about 15% bioethanol. Manufacturers may
move to flexible fuel engines, which would increase allowable ratios, but no plans
are in place at present.

Diesel-electric Hybrid electric vehicles use a diesel engine for power generation.
Diesels have advantages when delivering constant power for long periods of time,
suffering less wear while operating at higher efficiency. The diesel engine's high
torque, combined with hybrid technology, may offer substantially improved

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mileage. Most diesel vehicles can use 100% pure biofuels (biodiesel), so they can
use but do not need petroleum at all for fuel (although mixes of biofuel and
petroleum are more common, and petroleum may be needed for lubrication). If
diesel-electric Hybrid electric vehicles were in use, this benefit would likely also
apply. Diesel-electric hybrid drivetrains have begun to appear in commercial
vehicles (particularly buses); as of 2007, no light duty diesel-electric hybrid
passenger cars are currently available, although prototypes exist. Peugeot is
expected to produce a diesel-electric hybrid version of its 308 in late 2008 for the
European market.

PSA Peugeot Citroën has unveiled two demonstrator vehicles featuring a diesel-
electric hybrid drivetrain: the Peugeot 307, Citroën C4 Hybride HDi and Citroën
C-Cactus. Volkswagen made a prototype diesel-electric hybrid car that achieved 2
L/100 km (118 mpg–U.S. / 141 mpg–imp) fuel economy, but has yet to sell a
hybrid vehicle. General Motors has been testing the Opel Astra Diesel Hybrid.
There have been no concrete dates suggested for these vehicles, but press
statements have suggested production vehicles would not appear before 2009.

So far, production diesel-electric engines have mostly just appeared in mass transit
buses.

Design considerations

In some cases, manufacturers are producing Hybrid electric vehicles that use the
added energy provided by the hybrid systems to give vehicles a power boost,
rather than significantly improved fuel efficiency compared to their traditional
counterparts. The trade-off between added performance and improved fuel
efficiency is partly controlled by the software within the hybrid system and partly
the result of the engine, battery and motor sizing. In the future, manufacturers may
provide HEV owners with the ability to partially control this balance (fuel
efficiency vs. added performance) as they wish, through a user-controlled setting.
Toyota announced in January, 2006 that it was considering a "high-efficiency"
button.

Benefits of the hybrid electric design include:

Fuel consumption; Current Hybrid electric vehicles reduce petroleum

consumption (compared to otherwise similar conventional vehicles) primarily by
using three mechanisms:

1. Reducing wasted energy during idle/low output, generally by turning the

internal combustion engine (ICE) off;
2. Recapturing waste energy (i.e. regenerative braking);

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 3. Reducing the size and power of the ICE, and hence inefficiencies from
under-utilization, by using the added power from the electric motor to
compensate for the loss in peak power output from the smaller ICE.

Any combination of these three primary hybrid advantages may be used in

different vehicles to realize different fuel usage, power, emissions, weight and cost
profiles. The ICE in an HEV can be smaller, lighter, and more efficient than the
one in a conventional vehicle, because the combustion engine can be sized for
slightly above average power demand rather than peak power demand. The drive
system in a vehicle is required to operate over a range of speed and power, but an
ICE has its highest efficiency is in a narrow range of operation, making
conventional vehicles inefficient. In contrast, in most HEV designs, the ICE
operates closer to its range of highest efficiency more of the time. The power
curve of electric motors is better suited to variable speeds and can provide
substantially greater torque at low speeds compared with internal-combustion
engines. The greater fuel economy of Hybrid electric vehicles has implication for
reduced petroleum consumption and vehicle air pollution emissions worldwide.

Durability

Reduced wear on the gasoline engine, particularly from idling with no load.
Reduced wear on brakes from the regenerative braking system use.
There's no definitive word on replacement costs of the batteries because they are
almost never replaced. According to Toyota, since the Prius first went on sale in
2000, they have not replaced a single battery for wear and tear. (2007)

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Environmental impact

Reduced noise emissions resulting from substantial use of the electric motor at
idling and low speeds, leading to roadway noise reduction, in comparison to
conventional gasoline or diesel powered engine vehicles, resulting in beneficial
noise health effects (although road noise from tires and wind, the loudest noises at
highway speeds from the interior of most vehicles, are not affected by the hybrid
design alone). Note, however, that this is not always an advantage; for example,
people who are blind or visually-impaired, and who rely on vehicle-noise while
crossing streets, find it more difficult to do safely. Reduced air pollution emissions
due to lower fuel consumption, leading to improved human health with regard to
respiratory and other illness. Pollution reduction in urban environments may be
particularly significant due to elimination of idle-at-rest.

One common misconception is: "However, one must remember the environmental
stamp of HEV batteries, which must be replaced on a regular basis and are treated
as extremely hazardous waste." This is not entirely true. Battery toxicity is a
concern, although today's hybrids use NiMH batteries, not the environmentally
problematic rechargeable nickel cadmium (Ni-Cad). "Nickel metal hydride
batteries are benign. They can be fully recycled," says Ron Cogan, editor of the
Green Car Journal. Toyota and Honda say that they will recycle dead batteries and
that disposal will pose no toxic hazards. Toyota puts a phone number on each
battery, and they pay a $200 "bounty" for each battery to help ensure that it will be
properly recycled.

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Forefathers of current technology

A more recent working prototype of the HEV was built by Victor Wouk (one of
the scientists involved with the Henney Kilowatt, the first transistor-based electric
car). Wouk's work with Hybrid electric vehicles in the 1960s and 1970s earned
him the title as the "Godfather of the Hybrid". Wouk installed a prototype hybrid
drivetrain (with a 16 kW electric motor) into a 1972 Buick Skylark provided by
GM for the 1970 Federal Clean Car Incentive Program, but the program was
stopped by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1976
while Eric Stork, the head of the EPA at the time, was accused of a prejudicial
cover-up.

The regenerative braking

system, the core design
concept of most production
Hybrid electric vehicles, was
developed by electrical
engineer David Arthurs
around 1978 using off-the
shelf components and an
Opel GT. However the
voltage controller to link the
batteries, motor (a jet-engine
starter motor), and DC
generator was Arthurs'. The
vehicle exhibited 75 mpg–
U.S. (3.14 L/100 km / 90.1 mpg–imp) fuel efficiency and plans for it (as well as
somewhat updated versions) are still available through the Mother Earth News
web site. The Mother Earth News' own 1980 version claimed nearly 84 mpg–U.S.
(2.8 L/100 km / 100.9 mpg–imp).

In 1989, Audi produced its first iteration of the Audi Duo (or Audi 100 Avant duo)
experimental vehicle, a plug-in parallel hybrid based on the Audi 100 Avant
quattro. This car had a 12.6 bhp Siemens electric motor which drove the rear
wheels. A trunk-mounted nickel-cadmium battery supplied energy to the motor
that drove the rear wheels. The vehicle's front wheels were powered by a 2.3-litre
five-cylinder engine with an output of 136 bhp. The intent was to produce a
vehicle which could operate on the engine in the country and electric mode in the
city. Mode of operation could be selected by the driver. Just ten vehicles are
believed to have been made; one drawback was that due to the extra weight of the
electric drive, the vehicles were less efficient when running on their engines alone
than standard Audi 100s with the same engine.

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Two years later, Audi unveiled the second duo generation - likewise based on the
Audi 100 Avant quattro. Once again this featured an electric motor, a 28.6 bhp
three-phase machine, driving the rear wheels. This time, however, the rear wheels
were additionally powered via the Torsen differential from the main engine
compartment, which housed a 2.0-litre four-cylinder engine.

The Bill Clinton administration initiated the Partnership for a New Generation of
Vehicles (PNGV) program on 29 September 1993 that involved Chrysler, Ford,
General Motors, USCAR, the DoE, and other various governmental agencies to
engineer the next efficient and clean vehicle. The NRC cited automakers’ moves
to produce Hybrid electric vehicles as evidence that technologies developed under
PNGV were being rapidly adopted on production lines, as called for under Goal 2.
Based on information received from automakers, NRC reviewers questioned
whether the “Big Three” would be able to move from the concept phase to cost
effective, pre-production prototype vehicles by 2004, as set out in Goal 3. The
program was replaced by the hydrogen-focused FreedomCAR initiative by the
George W. Bush administration in 2001, an initiative to fund research too risky for
the private sector to engage in, with the long-term goal of developing effectively
carbon emission- and petroleum-free vehicle

Production Hybrid electric vehicles

Hybrid Vehicle Sales Chart, by Green Car Congress; Toyota: 85 % automotive

hybrid technology became successful in the 1990s when the Honda Insight and
Toyota Prius became available. These vehicles have a direct linkage from the ICE
to the driven wheels, so the engine can provide acceleration power.

The Prius has been in high demand since its introduction. Newer designs have
more conventional appearance and are less expensive, often appearing and
performing identically to their non-hybrid counterparts while delivering 40%
better fuel efficiency. The Honda Civic Hybrid appears identical to the non-hybrid
version, for instance, but delivers about 50 mpg–U.S. (4.7 L/100 km / 60.1 mpg–
imp). The redesigned 2004 Toyota Prius improved passenger room, cargo area,
and power output, while increasing energy efficiency and reducing emissions. The
Honda Insight, while not matching the demand of the Prius, stopped being
produced after 2006 and has a devoted base of owners. Honda has also released a
hybrid version of the Accord and Civic.

An R.L. Polk survey of 2003 model year cars showed that hybrid electric car
registrations in the United States rose to 43,435 cars, a 25.8% increase from 2002
numbers.[citation needed] California had the most Hybrid electric vehicles
registered: 11,425. The proportionally high number may be partially due to the

8
state's higher gasoline prices and stricter emissions rules, which Hybrid electric
vehicles generally have little trouble passing.

Honda, which offers Insight, Civic and Accord models, sold 26,773 Hybrid
electric vehicles in the first 11 months of 2004. Toyota has sold a cumulative
306,862 Hybrid electric vehicles between 1997 and November 2004, and Honda
has sold a total of 81,867 Hybrid electric vehicles between 1999 and November
2004. Audi was the first European car manufacturer to put in 1997 a hybrid
vehicle into series production, the third generation Audi duo, then based on the A4
Avant.

2005 saw the first hybrid electric sport utility vehicle (SUV) released, the Ford
Escape Hybrid. Toyota and Ford entered into a licensing agreement in March 2004
allowing Ford to use 20 patents from Toyota related to hybrid technology,
although Ford's engine was independently designed and built. In exchange for the
hybrid licenses, Ford licensed patents involving their European diesel engines to
Toyota. Toyota announced model year 2005 hybrid electric versions of the Toyota
Highlander and Lexus RX 400h with 4WD-i, which uses a rear electric motor to
power the rear wheels negating the need for a differential. Toyota also plans to add
hybrid drivetrains to every model it sells in the coming decade.

In 2007, Lexus released a hybrid electric version of their GS sport sedan dubbed
the GS450h, with "well in excess of 300hp".[citation needed] The 2007 Camry
Hybrid became available in Summer 2006 in the United States and Canada. Nissan
announced the release of the Altima hybrid (technology supplied by Toyota) in
2007.Hybrid cars see record sales. Manufacturers are going to introduce 15 new
hybrids in 2008.

Automobiles and light trucks

A number of manufacturers currently produce hybrid electric automobiles and
light trucks, including Ford, General Motors, Honda, Mazda, Mercury, Nissan,
PSA (Peugeot-Citröen), Renault, and Toyota. Other types of Hybrid electric
vehicles are manufactured including Microhybrids (small hybrid electric city cars)
like the Aptera. Diesel-electric hybrid vehicles such as Citroën C-Cactus concept
car and GM's Chevy Volt plug-in hybrid may soon see mass-production.

Combined sales of Hybrid electric vehicles in the U.S. rose 54% in February 2007
to more than 22,998 units, up 52% from the results in February 2006. The figures
do not include sales of GM Hybrid electric vehicles, which the automaker does not
yet break out, but do reflect the addition of the Nissan Altima Hybrid, now sold in
eight states.[23] An estimated 180,000 Hybrid electric vehicles were sold in the
U.S. in first half of 2007, or 3% of car sales during that period.

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Taxis

Hybrid electric vehicles (and specially plug-ins) may be particularly appropriate

for use as taxicabs, as in many locations they are used in predominantly urban
environments; have intensive operating schedules, maximizing fuel savings over
the life of the vehicle; may spend considerable periods of time at idle, where the
hybrid electric engine may allow for the ICE to be shut off (while retaining use of
electrical accessories); and can recharge batteries at taxicab stands.

New York City started converting its taxi fleet to hybrids in 2005, with 375 active
as of July, 2007. The mayor plans to convert 20% of the remaining 13,000 taxis
each year. San Francisco intends to convert its entire fleet to hybrid or CNG
vehicles by 2008.

The Emergence of new Hybrid Vehicles

Alliance Bernstein projects that worldwide by 2030, 72% of the fleet and 85% of
new cars will be hybrids (regular or plug-in hybrids). Worldwide demand for
hybrid-electric vehicles (Hybrid electric vehicles) will advance rapidly to 4.0
million units in 2015. Hybrid electric vehicles are expected to quickly penetrate
the world light vehicle market in response to rising energy costs and increased
emissions regulations worldwide.

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Marketing plan for Toyota Hybrid Car (Prius)

1) Marketing objectives

Target market: the target market for Toyota Prius will be consumer market. It
will target average income person and from that to onwards.

Expected sales: the expected sales of the Toyota hybrid car will be 500 cars per
month initially, after first three months the expected sales will be more than a
1000 car per month.

Profit expectations: initially, the profits will be low profit as introductory cost.
After the sales exceed the target of 1000 cars per month, cost of the car can be
increased and so will the profits.

Market penetration and coverage: we will penetrate into the market on the bases
of fuel economy of the car and on the bases of good brand reputation of Toyota.
Another perception which prevails into the minds of Pakistani people is their
influence towards “Made in Japan” tag. More over the repute which is made by
Toyota Corolla in to the market will help us to penetrate.

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2) Product adaptation and modification

Core competencies: the competencies on which the product will compete in the
market will be,

a) Fuel economy; because of its electric engine which runs on self chargeable
batteries, the running cost will be decreased,

b) Another competitive advantage to this car is its environment friendly

electric engine which has no hazardous emissions, more over the Nickel
Metal-Hydride (Ni-MH) batteries are not hazardous when recycled,

c) Completely no sound or noise motor,

d) Considering the need to package the electric motors and batteries into the
body, Toyota has done an impressive job in creating a spacious cabin and
a generously sized boot, unlike CNG cars, the boot can be utilized as the
owner wants,

e) The audio system works well and the satnav (standard on the range-
topping T-Spirit) is easy to use. The screen showing battery time and
distance which can be covered in the remaining battery is unique feature.

Packaging competencies: the car will come in ready made from initially but after
its recognition into the market we will import only its engine and some other parts
of transmission etc, and rest of the car and parts will be made and the car will get
assembled in Pakistan. We will tell people that how environmentally friendly the
car is and how less it omits the Co2 gas into the environment as compared to a
conventional internal combustion engine car.

Support service competencies: after sale service and devices provide a very good
impact on the sales of the good. We will inshore every buyer that he will get parts
for his/her car in cheap costs from any auto part shop.

3) Promotion mix

Advertising:

a) Objectives; the objective of advertising will be to promote the sales of the

car and to inform others to the specialties of the car.

b) Media mix; the advertisements will be run on television, bill boards near
busy roads, news papers and in car shows of Pakistan.

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 c) Message mix; the message in our advertisement will be to convince the
people to save their fuel bills and to decrease the cost of transportation with
less fuel consumption with the availability of room in the trunk and cabin
for passengers.

d) Cost; the budget of the advertisement will be just for the first 6 weeks
starting from launch because it is just to introduce the product and to give a
start to the sales.

Sales promotion:

a) Objectives; the objective of the sales promotion is to increase the sale and
to get as many customers even if the profit is low. The objective will be to
get into the minds of the people.

b) Coupons; to increase the sales another tactic is coupons, we can implement

the lottery system (like the Suzuki motors started in 2007 and they
succeeded in increasing the sales) to dell our product but it will be
implemented only when the sales are not as expected.

c) Premium; after sales service, two years/50,000 kilometers parts

replacement warranty and parts availability will be enshroud to the
customers as premium.

d) Cost; two and a half percent discounts will be given from the start on the
total cost to the customers to attract the customers and it will be a
permanent offer for the customer.

Personal selling:

is mostly used for smaller commodities and people most of the time buy the
commodity on the spot, but in the case of a car, it is difficult to sell a car like this.
However personal advertisement can be used as a sales promotion tool.

4) Distribution from origin-distribution.

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 a) Support selection; Origin port will be Japan and Destination port is
going to be Gwader Port Pakistan.

b) Mode selection; the product will be transferred to Pakistan through

shipment and we will ask the exporter to inshore the shipment from a bank
so that any damage or total loss of product can be inshore. The product will
be transferred to Gwader port and form there it will be transferred to the
other cities of Pakistan through road transit or train transit where

c) Documentation; all the documentation form bill of lading, transit bill and
commercial invoice will be given to the import and export bureau of
Pakistan to acknowledge them that every thing is legal and no prohibited
things are imported.

5) Shippers export declaration; a document from the exporters will be given to

show that the exports are legal and checked from the exporting company.

6) Insurance claims; the transit insurance will be done from the exporter in the
exporting country. It is to inshore that if unfortunately anything goes wrong or we
have a complete destruction of the shipment, we will have a backup.

7) Channel of Distribution; the selling of this car will be done by Indus Motors
Pakistan. The car will be displayed at the showrooms of Toyota. There will be no
unauthorized dealer dealing the trade of the car.

8) Distribution and Warehouse; From the port, the cars will be transferred to the
main ware house in Karachi and from there it will be distributed all over Pakistan.

9) Price determination; the price of the car will be determined by observing the
costs like, shipment cost, freight, handling cost, insurance, custom cost, import
tax, whole sale and retail mark up and discounts.

10) Method of payment; the payment will be made through depositing the cash into
the exporters account.

11) Resource requirements; the finance and the costs will be shared through banks
and business partners.

3rd Generation Technology:

14
3rd Generation) Refers to the current generation of data transmission
capabilities over a cellular network in order to provide Internet access via
smart cellphones. EV-DO, WCDMA, HSDPA, GPRS and EDGE are the
major technologies in use, although GPRS and EDGE are often called 2.5G
because of their lower speeds

The most significant feature of 3G mobile technology is that it supports

greater numbers of voice and data customers — especially in urban areas —
and higher data rates at lower incremental cost than 2G.
By using the radio spectrum in bands identified, which is provided by the
UTI for Third Generation IMT-2000 mobile services, it subsequently
licensed to operators. 3G uses .6 MHz channel carrier width to deliver
significantly higher data rates and increased capacity compared to 2G
networks.

The .5 MHz channel carrier provides optimum use of radio resources for
operators who have been granted large, contiguous blocks of spectrum. On
the other hand, it also helps to reduce the cost to 3G networks while being
capable of providing extremely high-speed data transmission to users.
It also allows the transmission of 384 kbit/s for mobile systems and 2 Mb/s
for stationary systems. 3G users are expected to have greater capacity and
better spectrum efficiency, which allows them to access global roaming
between different 3G networks.

15
 Introduction - Evolution of the Mobile Market

The first radiotelephone service was introduced in the US at the end of the 1940s,
and was meant to connect mobile users in cars to the public fixed network. In the
1960s, a new system launched by Bell Systems, called Improved Mobile
Telephone Service” (IMTS), brought many improvements like direct dialing and
higher bandwidth. The first analog cellular systems were based on IMTS and
developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The systems were “cellular” because
coverage areas were split into smaller areas or “cells”, each of which is served by
a low power transmitter and receiver.

This first generation (1G)

analog system for mobile communications saw two key improvements during the
1970s: the invention of the microprocessor and the digitization of the control link
between the mobilephone and the cell site.

Second generation (2G)

digital cellular systems were first developed at the end of the 1980s. These
systems digitized not only the control link but also the voice signal. The new
system provided better quality and higher capacity at lower cost to consumers.

Third generation (3G)

systems promise faster communications services, including voice, fax and Internet,
anytime and anywhere with seamless global roaming. ITU’s IMT-2000 global
standard for 3G has opened the way to enabling innovative applications and
services (e.g. multimedia entertainment, infotainment and location-based services,
among others). The first 3G network was deployed in Japan in 2001. 2.5G
networks, such as GPRS (Global Packet Radio Service) are already available in
some parts of Europe.

Work has already begun on the development of fourth generation (4G)

technologies in Japan. It is to be noted that analog and digital systems, 1G and
2G, still co-exist in many areas. The Basics of Cellular Technology and the Use of
the Radio Spectrum

Mobile operators use radio spectrum to provide their services. Spectrum is

generally considered a scarce resource, and has been allocated as such. It has
traditionally been shared by a number of industries, including broadcasting,

16
mobile communications and the military. At the World Radio Conference (WRC)
in 1993, spectrum allocations for 2G mobile were agreed based on expected
demand growth at the time.

At WRC 2000, the resolutions of the WRC expanded significantly the spectrum
capacity to be used for 3G, by allowing the use of current 2G spectrum blocks for
3G technology and allocating 3G spectrum to an upper limit of 3GHz.

Before the advent of cellular technology, capacity was enhanced through a

division of frequencies, and the resulting addition of available channels. However,
this reduced the total bandwidth available to each user, affecting the quality of
service. Cellular technology allowed for the division of geographical areas, rather
than frequencies, leading to a more efficient use of the radio spectrum. This
geographical re-use of radio channels is knows as “frequency reuse”.

In a cellular network, cells are generally organized in groups of seven to form a

cluster. There is a “cell site” or “ base station” at the centre of each cell, which
houses the transmitter/receiver antennae and switching equipment.

The size of a cell depends on the density of subscribers in an area: for instance, in
a densely populated area, the capacity of the network can be improved by reducing
the size of a cell or by adding more overlapping cells.

This increases the number of channels available without increasing the actual
number of frequencies being used. All base stations of each cell are connected to
a central point, called the Mobile Switching Office (MSO), either by fixed lines or
microwave. The MSO is generally connected to the PSTN (Public Switched
Telephone Network):

Cellular technology allows the “ hand-off” of subscribers from one cell to another
as they travel around. This is the key feature which allows the mobility of users.
A computer constantly tracks mobile subscribers of units within a cell, and when a
user reaches the border of a call, the computer automatically hands-off the call and
the call is assigned a new channel in a different cell.

International roaming arrangements govern the subscriber’s ability to make and

receive calls the home network’s coverage area.

Access Technologies (FDMA, TDMA, CDMA)

FDMA:

17
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) is the most common analog system.
It is a technique whereby spectrum is divided up into frequencies and then
assigned to users. With FDMA, only one subscriber at any given time is assigned
to a channel. The channel therefore is closed to other conversations until the
initial call is finished, or until it is handed-off to a different channel. A “full-
duplex” FDMA transmission requires two channels, one for transmitting and the
other for receiving. FDMA has been used for first generation analog systems.

TDMA:

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) improves spectrum capacity by splitting

each frequency into time slots. TDMA allows each user to access the entire radio
frequency channel for the short period of a call. Other users share this same
frequency channel at different time slots. The base station continually switches
from user to user on the channel. TDMA is the dominant technology for the
second generation mobile cellular networks.

CDMA:

Code Division Multiple Access is based on “spread” spectrum technology. Since

it is suitable for encrypted transmissions, it has long been used for military
purposes. CDMA increases spectrum capacity by allowing all users to occupy all
channels at the same time. Transmissions are spread over the whole radio band,
and each voice or data call are assigned a unique code to differentiate from the
other calls carried over the same spectrum. CDMA allows for a “ soft hand-off” ,
which means that terminals can communicate with several base stations at the
same time. The dominant radio interface for third-generation mobile, or IMT-
2000, will be a wideband version of CDMA with three modes (IMT-DS, IMT-
MC and IMT-TC).

Macro Cells, Micro Cells, and Pico Cells

The 3G network might be divided up in hierarchical fashion:

• Macro cell - the area of largest coverage, e.g., an entire

city.
• Micro cell - the area of intermediate coverage, e.g., a city
centre.

18
 • Pico cell - the area of smallest coverage, e.g., a "hot spot"
in a hotel or airport.

Services Providing

• Video calling
• Video messing
• Picture messaging
• Music
• Video clips
• Games
• TV Mobile

New Market Entrant Promoting 3G Across the Base

Service Offer & Promotions

Video on demand Rs 699 per month unlimited access to all video clips

19
Radio on demand Rs 699 per month unlimited access to all radio programs
Mobile TV Rs 699 per month unlimited mobile TV viewing plus try it free
for 24/7
Video calling only Rs 499 per month 50 minute per month

Value pack Rs 999

• 12 MB surfing option
• 1,500 text messages
• 1,500 instant messages
• Call display
• Enhance voice messages
• Who called

We present and analyzed a range of promotional offers designed to attract

consumer customers to 3G services. We look at 3G promotional initiatives
across the contract and prepay segments focusing on transport services such
as voice and video calls, multimedia messaging (photo and video
messaging), access to wireless portals, e-mail and Internet access.

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fountains along with several solar panels and solar kits at wholesale prices! Buy now
variety of solar products from the manufacturer, wholesaler and retailer of solar panels
and solar powered products.

Serving over 82,000 customers from 52 countries since 1998, we consistently offer the
finest solar powered products at the most competitive prices, sharing with our
customers the many conveniences and environmental benefits of using the natural energy
of the sun.

At Silicon Solar, we greatly value our stable and long-term relationships with our
customers, who range from homeowners, to businesses, to government affiliations. Our
experienced engineering and design staff is dedicated to passing the quality and savings
of our products on to our customers

In today's world it is impossible to ignore the changing environment. We see the effects
in the news, in the theatres, and the gas station, and consequently feel the effects in our
wallet: The energy crisis is real for more and more people every day. Fortunately, there
are things anyone can and everyone should do to help protect and rejuvenate the
environment; one of the most important of these is being more responsible for and
conscious of one's energy use.

Solar technology provides a sustainable and cheap form of energy that is healthy for the
environment. Solar energy is more viable now than ever before, and has allowed

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numerous homes and businesses to become part of an ever growing community of
globally conscious citizens as leaders in this new green era.

In recent years, solar technology has become more efficient and less expensive at the
same time. Research in this area is ongoing and we can expect to see even more efficient
and inexpensive solar technology in the near future.

The government has recognized the need to change and now offers several incentives for
families and businesses who decide to use solar power. By going solar, you are investing
in the future while saving today. The question isn't why going solar, it's why not?

How Solar Panel Works?

When light is absorbed by a semiconductor such as silicon, the electrons within the
material increases in energy. This increase in energy causes the electrons to move within
the material. However, there must be charge carriers in order for the electrons to move in
a preferred direction to generate an electrical current. Charge carriers are created by
doping the semiconductor, or purposefully adding small amounts of impurities to change
the material's electrical properties.

Silicon is an element with four valence electrons. This means that when a silicon atom
bonds with other silicon atoms, they complete their valence shells by sharing all four
electrons. Doping silicon involves adding small amounts of a material with three valence
electrons or a material with five valence electrons.

By adding a small amount of aluminum, for example, an atom with three valence
electrons, covalent bonding of the aluminum to silicon creates 'holes'. A 'hole' is the
absence of an electron where there would normally be one if there was no impurity
bonded to silicon, resulting in a p (positive) -type silicon semiconductor. Adding a small
amount of an atom with five valence electrons, such as antimony, causes an opposite
effect. Once antimony is bonded to other silicon atoms, there will be an extra electron
that is loosely bound to antimony, resulting in a n (negative) -type silicon semiconductor.
Introduction of a voltage to either type of semiconductor causes current to move in a
preferred direction.

A solar panel uses a layer of p-type silicon and a layer of n-type silicon. This way, when
light is absorbed and the electrons in the n-type layer increases in energy, the electrons
will be able to travel from the n-type layer to the 'holes' in the p-type layer. This electrical
current is what allows solar panel technology to convert light energy into electricity.

Production techniques of solar cells include the Czochralski process, float-zone method,
and thin film deposition. The removal of surface impurities and defects in the silicon is of

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critical importance, and is addressed with techniques such as surface passivation and
gettering.

Silicon based solar panels are not the only type of solar cells. Other types include solar
panel that use conductive polymers or light absorbing dyes.

System benefits

• Attractive style
• Fully integrated shingle roof
• Lower electric bill
• Free electricity
• Pollution-free power
• Increased home value
• Manufacturer backed warranty
• Protects the environment
• Exceptionally durable
• Great investment
• Significant state rebates available

System features:-

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 • Architecturally pleasing systems that do not distract
from the natural lines of the home.
• Complete design freedom
• Solar shingles are structurally and aesthetically
integrated roofing elements
• Capable of withstanding 80 mph wind loads
• No support structures needed
• UL Listed as prepared roofing cover
• Modules and inverters UL listed
• Wind and water tight roof
• Suitable both for renovation and for new construction
• 20-year power output and 5-year system warranty
• Direct nailing on wood decks with fire-resistant underlayment
• No back-ventilation of solar shingles necessary
• Easy to transport and install
• Lightweight shingles are easy to handle and can be
placed directly on fire-resistant roofing underlayment

Marketing plan:-

Marketing objective:-

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 1) Target markets:-

My target customer will be a big range of multinational companies who

will require my assistance in their offices, malls shopping complex,
government offices, hotels, marriage halls and rich people house.

2) Expected sale:-

Our expected sale in initial will not be so high we are not thinking to
make high sale turnover but a good reputation.
Our reputation wills our make sales high afterwards. Like giving them
good quality and after service.
We will be happy in beginning a sale of 3 malls average for a month.

3) Profit expectation:-

We expect a good profit in beginning because we are playing monopoly

so in start we will earn 100 to 150 % on every sale.

4) Marketing penetration & coverage:-

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions using less electricity reduces the emissions
produced by gas and coal-burning generators. When the IQ LED Streetlights
project is completed, carbon dioxide emissions will be reduced.

Reducing glare to increase visibility Glare from street lights is significantly

reduced with the new IQ LED's street-light fixtures, increasing visibility by
directing light onto the roadway and preventing it from shining into the eyes of
motorists.

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 Reduce excessive lighting and light pollution. New ways of designing and
providing street lighting have been developed in the last several years.

Maintaining a safe level of lighting Street lighting on residential and collector

roads will continue to meet minimum Illuminating Engineering Society (IES)
guidelines.

If your City is committed to savings and reduce the level of light pollution by
Using the most efficient IQ LED street-light fixtures and employing the latest
Design methods.

b) Production adoption & modification:-

Combining solar innovation with award winning design, the flexible

SHR assumes the pattern of traditional asphalt shingles. The new PV shingle
enables roofs of residential or commercial buildings to become sources of
electricity as well as protection from the elements.

1) Advertising:-

i. Objective:-

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 The objective of advertising is to be known by the companies
and our all target customers.
To get the benefit of being the eye image of our customers.

ii. Media mix:-

We will use all type of media visual-media, billboards and the
renowned newspaper and business magazines.

iii. Message:-
The message we will like to convey to our customers is that
“stop getting buried under the heavy electricity bill and enjoy
free electricity with our service.”

iv. Cost:-
Our total investments 60% will be invested on the required
project because these products give good profit margin when
they are totally displayed.

2) Sales promotions:-

i. Objective:-
Our sale promotion objectives are not to sale our product in fast
turnovers but to attract the customer to a new market product.

ii. Premium:-
We will give them free after service when they have installed
our product in their premises for the especial period of time.

3) Personal selling:-

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 We will like to offer personal selling to our target customers. It is
not so compulsory in our product because it is more then an end user
product which just need to be advertised but we will do personal
selling for giving our customer more loyalty.

4) Distribution from origin to distribution:-

i. Port selection:-
The port selection will be done by the shipment. Port Qasim
will be used for this because most of the perishable products
are dump over there.

ii. Destination distribution:-

Our product will be delivering on demand. We will first

arrange the order and then it will be delivered to its destination.

5) Mode selection:-

The mode selection like I talk to this companies who make this
product they say that we deliver urgent orders by air careers but if
the order is put for a specified then the shipment is done.
But as they are abroad so there product cant be delivered by train or
motor.

6) Packing

i. Marketing and labeling regulation:-

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 The labeling of the product will be done when the product will be
delivered to our country because it cost less.

ii. Containerization:-
All the goods which will be ship must be containerized and the good
which will be delivered by air career will be packed in a box.

iii. Cost:-
The cost of the shipment will be possibly low then the cost of the air
it will cost much high.

7) Channel of distribution:-

a. Import / Export agent:-

We will just be import and export traders. We will just import the
product and make them carry the next thing.

b. Warehousing:-
Second option is to do warehousing because will find the customer for
them and give them the place for the warehouse and they will simply
send their people to fix that product by companies employees.

8) Price:-
a) Cost of shipment of goods:-
They will be issued on the date they will deliver it will
according to the dollar.

b) Transportation cost:-
Depend on the location and the size of the delivery to
made.

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 c) Insurance:-
Insurance cost will be the 5% of the whole shipment
size.

d) Wholesale and retail markup discount:-

Wholesale discount will be 20% and in retail will be
5% markup.

9) Term of sale:-
a) Method of payment:-

i. Cash in advance:-
We will have some cash in advance before the
pavementing of tiles and then afterward will complete
the cash cover after pavements.

Resource requirements:-
We will show our project to the banks and make it
possible for us to give us a required amount so we can
have a good output profit out of it.

Finance:-
We will require a couple of millions from 10 to 15
millions.
Conclusion:-

The conclusion which we get after doing the entire project is that to start a
business you must have specific goals and when you know your specific goals that

30
what you want to achieve or what are the basic needs then your way is clear and
you can achieve you goal as easily as possible.
Then the other thing you must be focused about is that you must know the capital
you have to use because if you are going to excess then it is a complete failure.
Always start your business with a small investment or you’ll be drowning into the
world.

The three products which we chose were as seeing the latest position of the world.
As we are competing from all over the world so we have to import those products
which could be much competitive.

So that we could penetrate into the market easily if we will choose those old
products which still exist in the market then we will be unable to penetrate into the
market. So we chose those products which were the need of time and which is
something different and they could easily take place in the market because they are
not available in this market.

The products have their significant characteristic in them which are not the
luxuries but the basic need of the upcoming time we chose those products because
the upcoming days look like we are short of energies and now we must avail those
things which could save our energy.

We must need something for our upcoming time because tomorrow is dark and we
must make it bright with our efficient use of mind assets and knowledge to make
our homeland world a beautiful place to live in.

Reference:

www.howstuffworks.com/solar-cell.htm

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www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle

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