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• This L-band radar system was intended for use with the SAR
rail and associated data acquisition equipment used by G.
Charvat for his thesis work.
• This project led the author to work for the Naval Research
Laboratory this summer in phased array angular accuracy
analysis, as well as contributing to a senior-level EM lab
course.
Rack unit: LEDs show power supply status Rack unit: TX modules and power supply
Machining issues:
•Designed dimensions[11]: ⎛ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎛ 4 ⎞⎞ ⎞
⎜ ln⎜ ⎟ + ⎜⎜ × ln⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ ⎟
in parentheses ε r + 1 ⎜ ε r −1⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ εr ⎝ π ⎠⎠ ⎟
ε r ,eff = +⎜ × ⎟ (following [6])
2
⎜
2 ⎛ ⎞
8 h
⎟
actual dimensions: top ln⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎝w⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
•Had to design non-curved along with :
traces 377 ⎛ ⎛ 8h ⎞ 1 ⎛ w ⎞ 1 ε − 1 ⎛ ⎛ π ⎞ 1 ⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎞ ⎞
2
•A fourth-order Sallen-Key
Butterworth[9] low-pass filter with
fc=60kHz was designed for use with a
DAQCard-6024E digitizer (200ks/s)
Radar Frequency vs. DAC Output Radar Frequency Error (Percent) vs. Radar Frequency
2.2
Measured 1
Ideal
2.1
1.9
Frequency [GHz]
0
1.8
1.7 -0.5
1.6
-1
1.5
1.4 -1.5
1.3
-2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1
Modulator Input [Volts] Radar Frequency [GHz]
1
S ∝
We recognize R R 4 as a significant relationship.
Of course, coupling and other noise sources also contribute.
frequency
time
cf dN
FMCW Range : R = &R , f R = f&r t R = R = N& R
2 fr dt
cf dN
FMCW Range : R = &R , f R = f&r t R = R = N& R
2 fr dt
Pt
(due to S R ∝ )
R4
2ΔRf&r
Δf R =
c
2 × 0.5 × 4.2E11
Δf R = = 1400Hz, a difference we can detect.
c
Note: the minimum scatterer spacing is limited as described on the
following page. ( f& = Wf = 300E 6 × 1400 = 4.2E11 [s -2 ])
r m
c ×1
δR = = 0.5m
2 × 300E 6
c × 60000
Rmax, filter = = 21.4m
2 × 4.2E11
1 W
δR ∝ fR ∝ = f& r
W tm
•Increasing sweep time tm decreases fR,i, approaching the digitizer’s
frequency bin size (while increasing maximum range within Rmax, filter)
•Increasing radar bandwidth W increases fR, approaching the low-
pass video filter cutoff (useful for higher resolution within fR,max)
Thus, for a given digitizer and video filter bandwidth, we find tension
between maximum range and range resolution
amplitude
time
amplitude
amplitude
amplitude
•Hardware improvements
–Shielded modules to reduce internal coupling
•Imaging algorithms
•A useful L-band FMCW radar can be built at modest cost with off-
the-shelf parts
–An adequate digitizer is a must