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Atterberg's Limits
Sieve Analysis Compaction of Soil, its uses, effects & Factors affecting compaction
Bearing Capacity
of Soil
Soil Constituents
Classification of Soil Classification
Soil Compaction is the application of mechanical energy to a soil to rearrange the
Compaction of soil particles and reduce the void ratio.
Seive Analysis Earth
Earth Pressure Purpose of Compaction of Soil
Civil Engg. Pressure Palm The principal reason for compacting soil is to reduce subsequent settlement under
Subjects
working loads.
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Compaction increases the shear strength of the soil.
Materials Compaction reduces the voids ratio making it more difficult for water to flow
Geotechnical Engineering through soil. This is important if the soil is being used to retain water such
Engineering as would be required for an earth dam.
Engineering Soil Mechanics Books Compaction can prevent the build up of large water pressures that cause
Economics soil to liquefy during earthquakes.
Technical Report AASHTO Chart Factors affecting Soil Compaction
Skil
Surveying & Water content of the soil
Bearing Capacity The type of soil being compacted
Leveling II The amount of compactive energy used
Hydraulic Engineering Geology Soil
Structures
Strength of Properties
materials
Engineering Effects of different factors on compaction of soil
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Steel Structures

Hydraulics Water content:

Reinforced
Concrete As water is added to a soil ( at low moisture content) it becomes easier for the particles to move past one another
during the application of the compacting forces. As the soil compacts the voids are reduced and this causes the dry unit
Hydrology weight ( or dry density) to increase. Initially then, as the moisture content increases so does the dry unit weight.
Past Papers However, the increase cannot occur indefinitely because the soil state approaches the zero air voids line which gives the
maximum dry unit weight for a given moisture content. Thus as the state approaches the no air voidsline further moisture
Project Planning content increases must result in a reduction in dry unit weight. As the state approaches the no air voids line a maximum
Steel Structure dry unit weight is reached and the moisture content at this maximum is called the optimum moisture content.
Lectures
Civil Engineering Increased compactive effort
Ebooks
Increased compactive effort enables greater dry unit weights to be achieved which because of the shape of the no air
Video Training voids line must occur at lower optimum moisture contents. It should be noted that for moisture contents greater than the
Tutorial optimum the use of heavier compaction machinery will have only a small effect on increasing dry unit weights. For this
reason it is important to have good control over moisture content during compaction of soil layers in the field.
AutoCAD Videos
VICO Constructor Effects of soil type
SAP2000 Training
The table below contains typical values for the different soil types obtained from the Standard Compaction Test.
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Civil Engg.
Encyclopedia Typical Compaction Values
Engineering
Projects
Type of Soil (gdry )max (kN/m3) mopt (%)
Engineering
Images
Well graded sand SW 22 7

Effluent
Separation-GN704 Sandy clay SC 19 12
Effluent Separation &
Purific ation
Professional Water Poorly graded sand SP 18 15
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Low plasticity clay CL 18 15

Trench Shoring
Equipment
Affordable Trench Non plastic silt ML 17 17
Shoring Equipment
Dependable Strength
& Design High plasticity clay CH 15 25
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Buy ASTM Note that these are typical values. Because of the variability of soils it is not appropriate to use typical values in design,
Standards Online tests are always required.
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Latest Standards
Available
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Particle Size Bearing Capacity of Soil Classification of Soil
Earth Pressure Sieve Analysis
Measurement Beam Design Formulas Atterberg's Limits
Conc entrated system. Earth retaining structures Soil Constituents its types and properties
No dilution. Zeta
potential optional.
Titration
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