Specific enthalpy Specific

Water Evaporation Steam volume

Pressure Temp (hf) (hfg) (hg) steam
bar kPa °C kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg m3/kg
absolute
0.3 30 69.1 289.23 2336.1 2625.3 5.229
0.5 50 81.33 340.49 2305.4 2645.9 3.24
0.75 75 91.78 384.39 2278.6 2663 2.217
0.95 95 98.2 411.43 2261.8 2673.2 1.777
1 100 99.63 417.51 2257.9 2675.4 1.694
1.013 101.3 100 419.06 2257 2676 1.673
gauge
0 0 100 419.06 2257 2676 1.673
0.1 10 102.66 430.2 2250.2 2680.2 1.533
0.2 20 105.1 440.8 2243.4 2684.2 1.414
0.3 30 107.39 450.4 2237.2 2687.6 1.312
0.4 40 109.55 459.7 2231.3 2691 1.225
0.5 50 111.61 468.3 2225.6 2693.9 1.149
0.6 60 113.56 476.4 2220.4 2696.8 1.088
0.7 70 115.4 484.1 2215.4 2699.5 1.024
0.8 80 117.14 491.6 2210.5 2702.1 0.971
0.9 90 118.8 498.9 2205.6 2704.5 0.923
1 100 120.42 505.6 2201.1 2706.7 0.881
1.1 110 121.96 512.2 2197 2709.2 0.841
1.2 120 123.46 518.7 2192.8 2711.5 0.806
1.3 130 124.9 524.6 2188.7 2713.3 0.773
1.4 140 126.28 530.5 2184.8 2715.3 0.743
1.5 150 127.62 536.1 2181 2717.1 0.714
1.6 160 128.89 541.6 2177.3 2718.9 0.689
1.7 170 130.13 547.1 2173.7 2720.8 0.665
1.8 180 131.37 552.3 2170.1 2722.4 0.643
1.9 190 132.54 557.3 2166.7 2724 0.622
2 200 133.69 562.2 2163.3 2725.5 0.603
2.2 220 135.88 571.7 2156.9 2728.6 0.568
2.4 240 138.01 580.7 2150.7 2731.4 0.536
2.6 260 140 589.2 2144.7 2733.9 0.509
2.8 280 141.92 597.4 2139 2736.4 0.483
3 300 143.75 605.3 2133.4 2738.7 0.461
3.2 320 145.46 612.9 2128.1 2741 0.44
3.4 340 147.2 620 2122.9 2742.9 0.422
3.6 360 148.84 627.1 2117.8 2744.9 0.405
3.8 380 150.44 634 2112.9 2746.9 0.389
4 400 151.96 640.7 2108.1 2748.8 0.374
4.5 450 155.55 656.3 2096.7 2753 0.342
5 500 158.92 670.9 2086 2756.9 0.315
 5.5 550 162.08 684.6 2075.7 2760.3 0.292
6 600 165.04 697.5 2066 2763.5 0.272
6.5 650 167.83 709.7 2056.8 2766.5 0.255
7 700 170.5 721.4 2047.7 2769.1 0.24
7.5 750 173.02 732.5 2039.2 2771.7 0.227
8 800 175.43 743.1 2030.9 2774 0.215
8.5 850 177.75 753.3 2022.9 2776.2 0.204
9 900 179.97 763 2015.1 2778.1 0.194
9.5 950 182.1 772.5 2007.5 2780 0.185
10 1000 184.13 781.6 2000.1 2781.7 0.177
10.5 1050 186.05 790.1 1993 2783.3 0.171
11 1100 188.02 798.8 1986 2784.8 0.163
11.5 1150 189.82 807.1 1979.1 2786.3 0.157
12 1200 191.68 815.1 1972.5 2787.6 0.151
12.5 1250 193.43 822.9 1965.4 2788.8 0.148
13 1300 195.1 830.4 1959.6 2790 0.141
13.5 1350 196.62 837.9 1953.2 2791.1 0.136
14 1400 198.35 845.1 1947.1 2792.2 0.132
14.5 1450 199.92 852.1 1941 2793.1 0.128
15 1500 201.45 859 1935 2794 0.124
15.5 1550 202.92 865.7 1928.8 2794.9 0.119
16 1600 204.38 872.3 1923.4 2795.7 0.117
17 1700 207.17 885 1912.1 2797.1 0.11
18 1800 209.9 897.2 1901.3 2798.5 0.105
19 1900 212.47 909 1890.5 2799.5 0.1
20 2000 214.96 920.3 1880.2 2800.5 0.0994
21 2100 217.35 931.3 1870.1 2801.4 0.0906
22 2200 219.65 941.9 1860.1 2802 0.0868
23 2300 221.85 952.2 1850.4 2802.6 0.0832
24 2400 224.02 962.2 1840.9 2803.1 0.0797
25 2500 226.12 972.1 1831.4 2803.5 0.0768
26 2600 228.15 981.6 1822.2 2803.8 0.074
27 2700 230.14 990.7 1818.3 2804 0.0714
28 2800 232.05 999.7 1804.4 2804.1 0.0689
29 2900 233.93 1008.6 1795.6 2804.2 0.0666
30 3000 235.78 1017 1787 2804.1 0.0645
31 3100 237.55 1025.6 1778.5 2804.1 0.0625
32 3200 239.28 1033.9 1770 2803.9 0.0605
33 3300 240.97 1041.9 1761.8 2803.7 0.0587
34 3400 242.63 1049.7 1753.8 2803.5 0.0571
35 3500 244.26 1057.7 1745.5 2803.2 0.0554
36 3600 245.86 1065.7 1737.2 2802.9 0.0539
37 3700 247.42 1072.9 1729.5 2802.4 0.0524
38 3800 248.95 1080.3 1721.6 2801.9 0.051
39 3900 250.42 1087.4 1714.1 2801.5 0.0498
40 4000 251.94 1094.6 1706.3 2800.9 0.0485
41 4100 253.34 1101.6 1698.3 2799.9 0.0473
42 4200 254.74 1108.6 1691.2 2799.8 0.0461
43 4300 256.12 1115.4 1683.7 2799.1 0.0451
44 4400 257.5 1122.1 1676.2 2798.3 0.0441
45 4500 258.82 1228.7 1668.9 2797.6 0.0431
46 4600 260.13 1135.3 1666.6 2796.9 0.0421
47 4700 261.43 1142.2 1654.5 2796.6 0.0412
48 4800 262.73 1148.1 1647.1 2795.2 0.0403
49 4900 264 1154.5 1639.9 2794.4 0.0394
50 5000 265.26 1160.8 1632.8 2793.6 0.0386
51 5100 266.45 1166.6 1626.9 2792.6 0.0378
52 5200 267.67 1172.6 1619 2791.6 0.0371
53 5300 268.84 1178.7 1612 2790.7 0.0364
54 5400 270.02 1184.6 1605.1 2789.7 0.0357
55 5500 271.2 1190.5 1598.2 2788.7 0.035
56 5600 272.33 1196.3 1591.3 2787.6 0.0343
57 5700 273.45 1202.1 1584.5 2786.6 0.0337
58 5800 274.55 1207.8 1577.7 2785.5 0.0331
59 5900 275.65 1213.4 1571 2784.4 0.0325
60 6000 276.73 1218.9 1564.4 2783.3 0.0319
61 6100 277.8 1224.5 1557.6 2782.1 0.0314
62 6200 278.85 1230 1550.9 2780.9 0.0308
63 6300 279.89 1235.4 1544.3 2779.7 0.0303
64 6400 280.92 1240.8 1537.3 2778.5 0.0298
65 6500 281.95 1246.1 1531.2 2777.3 0.0293
66 6600 282.95 1251.4 1524.7 2776.1 0.0288
67 6700 283.95 1256.7 1518.1 2774.8 0.0283
68 6800 284.93 1261.9 1511.6 2773.5 0.0278
69 6900 285.9 1267 1501.1 2772.1 0.0274
70 7000 286.85 1272.1 1498.7 2770.8 0.027
71 7100 287.8 1277.3 1492.2 2769.5 0.0266
72 7200 288.75 1282.3 1485.8 2768.1 0.0262
73 7300 289.69 1287.3 1479.4 2766.7 0.0258
74 7400 290.6 1292.3 1473 2765.3 0.0254
75 7500 291.51 1297.2 1466.6 2763.8 0.025
76 7600 292.41 1302.3 1460.2 2762.5 0.0246
77 7700 293.91 1307 1453.9 2760.9 0.0242
78 7800 294.2 1311.9 1447.6 2759.9 0.0239
79 7900 295.1 1316.7 1441.3 2758 0.0236
80 8000 295.96 1312.5 1435 2756.5 0.0233
81 8100 296.81 1326.2 1428.7 2754.9 0.0229
82 8200 297.66 1330.9 1422.5 2753.4 0.0226
83 8300 298.5 1335.7 1416.2 2751.9 0.0223
84 8400 299.35 1340.3 1410 2750.3 0.022
85 8500 300.2 1345 1403.8 2748.8 0.0217
86 8600 301 1349.6 1397.6 2747.2 0.0214
 87 8700 301.81 1354.2 1391.3 2745.5 0.0211
88 8800 302.61 1358.8 1385.2 2744 0.0208
89 8900 303.41 1363.3 1379 2742.3 0.0205
90 9000 304.2 1367.8 1372.7 2740.5 0.0202
92 9200 305.77 1376.8 1360.3 2737.1 0.0197
94 9400 307.24 1385.7 1348 2733.7 0.0192
96 9600 308.83 1394.5 1335.7 2730.2 0.0187
98 9800 310.32 1403.2 1323.3 2726.5 0.0183
100 10000 311.79 1411.9 1310.9 2722.8 0.0178
102 10200 313.24 1420.5 1298.7 2719.2 0.0174
104 10400 314.67 1429 1286.3 2715.3 0.017
106 10600 316.08 1437.5 1274 2711.5 0.0166
108 10800 317.46 1445.9 1261.7 2707.6 0.0162
110 11000 318.83 1454.3 1249.3 2703.6 0.0158
112 11200 320.17 1462.6 1237 2699.6 0.0154
114 11400 321.5 1470.8 1224.6 2695.4 0.015
116 11600 322.81 1479 1212.2 2691.2 0.0147
118 11800 324.1 1487.2 1199.8 2687 0.0144
120 12000 325.38 1495.4 1187.3 2682.7 0.0141
 Pressure Temp Sensible Heat Latent Heat
(hf) (hfg)
deg F Btu/lb Btu/lb
absolute
15 179 147 991
10 192 160 983
5 203 171 976
psig
0 212 180 971
1 215 183 969
3 221 190 964
5 227 196 961
7 232 201 958
9 237 206 954
11 241 210 951
13 246 214 949
15 250 218 946
17 253 222 943
19 257 226 941
21 260 229 939
23 264 233 937
25 267 236 935
27 270 239 932
29 273 242 931
31 275 244 929
33 278 247 927
35 281 250 925
37 283 252 923
39 286 255 921
41 288 257 920
43 290 260 918
45 292 262 916
47 295 264 915
49 297 266 913
51 299 268 912
53 300 270 910
55 303 272 909
60 308 278 905
65 312 282 902
70 316 287 898
75 320 290 896
80 324 295 892
85 327 298 890
90 331 302 887
95 335 305 884
100 338 309 882
105 341 312 879
110 344 316 876
115 347 319 874
120 350 322 872
125 353 325 869
130 356 328 867
135 358 330 865
140 361 333 862
145 363 336 860
150 366 339 858
155 368 341 856
160 371 344 854
165 373 346 852
170 375 348 850
175 377 351 848
180 380 353 846
185 382 355 844
190 384 358 842
195 386 360 840
200 388 362 838
205 390 364 837
210 392 366 835
215 394 368 833
220 395 370 831
225 397 372 830
230 399 374 828
235 401 376 826
245 404 380 822
255 408 383 819
265 411 387 816
275 414 391 813
285 417 394 810
295 420 397 807
305 423 400 804
315 426 404 801
325 429 407 798
335 432 410 795
345 434 41 792
355 437 416 790
365 440 419 787
375 442 421 784
385 445 424 781
395 447 427 779
Total Heat Volume
(hg) Dry Sat
Btu/lb cu.ft/lb

1138 51.41
1143 39.4
1147 31.8

1151 26.8
1152 25.2
1154 22.5
1156 20.1
1158 18.4
1160 17
1162 15.9
1163 15.1
1164 13.9
1165 13
1167 12.3
1168 11.7
1169 11.1
1170 10.6
1171 10.3
1172 9.7
1173 9.3
1174 8.9
1175 8.6
1175 8.25
1176 7.95
1177 7.7
1177 7.44
1178 7.21
1179 6.99
1179 6.78
1180 6.6
1181 6.4
1181 6.23
1183 5.84
1184 5.5
1185 5.19
1186 4.91
1187 4.67
1188 4.45
1189 4.24
1189 4.06
1190 3.89
1191 3.74
1192 3.59
1193 3.46
1193 3.34
1194 3.23
1195 3.12
1195 3.02
1196 2.93
1196 2.84
1197 2.76
1197 2.68
1198 2.61
1198 2.54
1198 2.47
1199 2.41
1199 2.35
1199 2.29
1200 2.24
1200 2.19
1200 2.14
1201 2.09
1201 2.04
1201 2
1201 1.96
1202 1.92
1202 1.88
1202 1.85
1202 1.78
1203 1.71
1203 1.65
1204 1.6
1204 1.54
1204 1.49
1204 1.45
1204 1.41
1205 1.36
1205 1.33
1205 1.29
1205 1.26
1205 1.22
1205 1.19
1205 1.16
1205 1.13
 superheated steam tables - imperial units
V = specific volume, cubic feet per pound
hg = total heat of steam, Btu per pound
Pressure Sat.
lbs. / sq. in. Temp Total Temperature--Degrees
Abs. Gauge t
P' P 350° 400° 500° 600° 700°
V 31.939 33.963 37.985 41.986 45.978
15 0.3 213.03
hg 1216.2 1239.9 1287.3 1335.2 1383.8
V 23.9 25.428 28.457 31.466 34.465
20 5.3 227.96
hg 1215.4 1239.2 1286.9 1334.9 1383.5
V 15.859 16.892 18.929 20.945 22.951
30 15.3 250.34
hg 1213.6 1237.8 1286 1334.2 1383
V 11.838 12.624 14.165 15.685 17.195
40 25.3 267.25
hg 1211.7 1236.4 1285 1333.6 1382.5
V 9.424 10.062 11.306 12.529 13.741
50 35.3 281.02
hg 1209.9 1234.9 1284.1 1332.9 1382
V 7.815 8.354 9.4 10.425 11.438
60 45.3 292.71
hg 1208 1233.5 1283.2 1332.3 1381.5
V 6.664 7.133 8.039 8.922 9.793
70 55.3 302.93
hg 1206 1232 1282.2 1331.6 1381
V 5.801 6.218 7.018 7.794 8.56
80 65.3 312.04
hg 1204 1230.5 1281.3 1330.9 1380.5
V 5.128 5.505 6.223 6.917 7.6
90 75.3 320.28
hg 1202 1228.9 1280.3 1330.2 1380
V 4.59 4.935 5.588 6.216 6.833
100 85.3 327.82
hg 1199.9 1227.4 1279.3 1329.6 1379.5
V 3.7815 4.0786 4.6341 5.1637 5.6813
120 105.3 341.27
hg 1195.6 1224.1 1277.4 1328.2 1378.4
V 3.4661 3.9526 4.4119 4.8588
140 125.3 353.04
hg 1220.8 1275.3 1326.8 1377.4
V 3.006 3.4413 3.848 4.242
160 145.3 363.55
hg 1217.4 1273.3 1325.4 1376.4
V 2.6474 3.0433 3.4093 3.7621
180 165.3 373.08
hg 1213.8 1271.2 1324 1375.3
V 2.3598 2.7247 3.0583 3.3783
200 185.3 381.8
hg 1210.1 1269 1322.6 1374.3
 V 2.124 2.4638 2.771 3.0642
220 205.3 389.88
hg 1206.3 1266.9 1321.2 1373.2
V 1.9268 2.2462 2.5316 2.8024
240 225.3 397.39
hg 1202.4 1264.6 1319.7 1372.1
V 2.0619 2.3289 2.5808
260 245.3 404.44
hg 1262.4 1318.2 1371.1
V 1.9037 2.1551 2.3909
280 265.3 411.07
hg 1260 1316.8 1370
V 1.7665 2.0044 2.2263
300 285.3 417.35
hg 1257.7 1315.2 1368.9
V 1.6462 1.8725 2.0823
320 305.3 423.31
hg 1255.2 1313.7 1367.8
V 1.5399 1.7561 1.9552
340 325.3 428.99
hg 1252.8 1312.2 1366.7
V 1.4454 1.6525 1.8421
360 345.3 434.41
hg 1250.3 1310.6 1365.6
Pressure Sat.
Lbs. / Sq. In. Temp Total Temperature--Degrees
Abs. Gauge t
P' P 500° 600° 700° 800° 900°
V 1.3606 1.5598 1.741 1.9139 2.0825
380 365.3 439.61
hg 1247.7 1309 1364.5 1417.9 1470.8
V 1.2841 1.4763 1.6499 1.8151 1.9759
400 385.3 444.6
hg 1245.1 1307.4 1363.4 1417 1470.1
V 1.2148 1.4007 1.5676 1.7258 1.8795
420 405.3 449.4
hg 1242.4 1305.8 1362.3 1416.2 1469.4
V 1.1517 1.3319 1.4926 1.6445 1.7918
440 425.3 454.03
hg 1239.7 1304.2 1361.1 1415.3 1468.7
V 1.0939 1.2691 1.4242 1.5703 1.7117
460 445.3 458.5
hg 1236.9 1302.5 1360 1414.4 1468
V 1.0409 1.2115 1.3615 1.5023 1.6384
480 465.3 462.82
hg 1234.1 1300.8 1358.8 1413.6 1467.3
V 0.9919 1.1584 1.3037 1.4397 1.5708
500 485.3 467.01
hg 1231.2 1299.1 1357.7 1412.7 1466.6
V 0.9466 1.1094 1.2504 1.3819 1.5085
520 505.3 471.07
hg 1228.3 1297.4 1356.5 1411.8 1465.9
V 0.9045 1.064 1.201 1.3284 1.4508
540 525.3 475.01
hg 1225.3 1295.7 1355.3 1410.9 1465.1
 V 0.8653 1.0217 1.1552 1.2787 1.3972
560 545.3 478.84
hg 1222.2 1293.9 1354.2 1410 1464.4
V 0.8287 0.9824 1.1125 1.2324 1.3473
580 565.3 482.57
hg 1219.1 1292.1 1353 1409.2 1463.7
V 0.7944 0.9456 1.0726 1.1892 1.3008
600 585.3 486.2
hg 1215.9 1290.3 1351.8 1408.3 1463
V 0.7173 0.8634 0.9835 1.0929 1.1969
650 635.3 494.89
hg 1207.6 1285.7 1348.7 1406 1461.2
V 0.7928 0.9072 1.0102 1.1078
700 685.3 503.08
hg 1281 1345.6 1403.7 1459.4
V 0.7313 0.8409 0.9386 1.0306
750 735.3 510.84
hg 1276.1 1342.5 1401.5 1457.6
V 0.6774 0.7828 0.8759 0.9631
800 785.3 518.21
hg 1271.1 1339.3 1399.1 1455.8
V 0.6296 0.7315 0.8205 0.9034
850 835.3 525.24
hg 1265.9 1336 1396.8 1454
V 0.5869 0.6858 0.7713 0.8504
900 885.3 531.95
hg 1260.6 1332.7 1394.4 1452.2
V 0.5485 0.6449 0.7272 0.803
950 935.3 538.39
hg 1255.1 1329.3 1392 1450.3
V 0.5137 0.608 0.6875 0.7603
1000 985.3 544.58
hg 1249.3 1325.9 1389.6 1448.5
V 0.4821 0.5745 0.6515 0.7216
1050 1035.3 550.53
hg 1243.4 1322.4 1387.2 1446.6
V 0.4531 0.544 0.6188 0.6865
1100 1085.3 556.28
hg 1237.3 1318.8 1384.7 1444.7
V 0.4263 0.5162 0.5889 0.6544
1150 1135.3 561.82
hg 1230.9 1315.2 1382.2 1442.8
Pressure Sat.
lbs. / sq. in. Temp Total Temperature--Degrees
Abs. Gauge t
P' P 650° 700° 750° 800° 900°
V 0.4497 0.4905 0.5273 0.5615 0.625
1200 1185.3 567.19
hg 1271.8 1311.5 1346.9 1379.7 1440.9
V 0.4052 0.4451 0.4804 0.5129 0.5729
1300 1285.3 577.42
hg 1261.9 1303.9 1340.8 1374.6 1437.1
V 0.3667 0.4059 0.44 0.4712 0.5282
1400 1385.3 587.07
hg 1251.4 1296.1 1334.5 1369.3 1433.2
 V 0.3328 0.3717 0.4049 0.435 0.4894
1500 1485.3 596.2
hg 1240.2 1287.9 1328 1364 1429.2
V 0.3026 0.3415 0.3741 0.4032 0.4555
1600 1585.3 604.87
hg 1228.3 1279.4 1321.4 1358.5 1425.2
V 0.2754 0.3147 0.3468 0.3751 0.4255
1700 1685.3 613.13
hg 1215.3 1270.5 1314.5 1352.9 1421.2
V 0.2505 0.2906 0.3223 0.35 0.3988
1800 1785.3 621.02
hg 1201.2 1261.1 1307.4 1347.2 1417.1
V 0.2274 0.2687 0.3004 0.3275 0.3749
1900 1885.3 628.56
hg 1185.7 1251.3 1300.2 1341.4 1412.9
V 0.2056 0.2488 0.2805 0.3072 0.3534
2000 1985.3 635.8
hg 1168.3 1240.9 1292.6 1335.4 1408.7
V 0.1847 0.2304 0.2624 0.2888 0.3339
2100 2085.3 642.76
hg 1148.5 1229.8 1284.9 1329.3 1404.4
V 0.1636 0.2134 0.2458 0.272 0.3161
2200 2185.3 649.45
hg 1123.9 1218 1276.8 1323.1 1400
V 0.1975 0.2305 0.2566 0.2999
2300 2285.3 655.89
hg 1205.3 1268.4 1316.7 1395.7
V 0.1824 0.2164 0.2424 0.285
2400 2385.3 662.11
hg 1191.6 1259.7 1310.1 1391.2
V 0.1681 0.2032 0.2293 0.2712
2500 2485.3 668.11
hg 1176.7 1250.6 1303.4 1386.7
V 0.1544 0.1909 0.2171 0.2585
2600 2585.3 673.91
hg 1160.2 1241.1 1296.5 1382.1
V 0.1411 0.1794 0.2058 0.2468
2700 2685.3 679.53
hg 1142 1231.1 1289.5 1377.5
V 0.1278 0.1685 0.1952 0.2358
2800 2785.3 684.96
hg 1121.2 1220.6 1282.2 1372.8
V 0.1138 0.1581 0.1853 0.2256
2900 2885.3 690.22
hg 1095.3 1209.6 1274.7 1368
V 0.0982 0.1483 0.1759 0.2161
3000 2985.3 695.33
hg 1060.5 1197.9 1267 1363.2
V 0.1389 0.1671 0.2071
3100 3085.3 700.28
hg 1185.4 1259.1 1358.4
V 0.13 0.1588 0.1987
3200 3185.3 705.08
hg 1172.3 1250.9 1353.4
We have tried to be accurate with the above table but cannot be held responsible for inaccuracie
Go back to first principals and double check your calculations if the result is 'mission critical'.
Remember that you cannot create energy only convert it. Likewise, you will not find a conversion
must remain the same - mass converted to mass, length converted to length, et al.

You won't usually find a conversion from kilograms to grams - the prefix 'kilo' means '1,000' so a

One handy metric link between units to remember is that 1 Litre [1000cc] of pure water weighs 1

More information on the SI System (Le Système International d'Unités) ba

es - imperial units

emperature--Degrees Fahrenheit ( t )

800° 900° 1000° 1100° 1300° 1500°

49.964 53.946 57.926 61.905 69.858 77.807
1433.2 1483.4 1534.5 1586.5 1693.2 1803.4
37.458 40.447 43.435 46.42 52.388 58.352
1432.9 1483.2 1534.3 1586.3 1693.1 1803.3
24.952 26.949 28.943 30.936 34.918 38.896
1432.5 1482.8 1534 1586.1 1692.9 1803.2
18.699 20.199 21.697 23.194 26.183 29.168
1432.1 1482.5 1533.7 1585.8 1692.7 1803
14.947 16.15 17.35 18.549 20.942 23.332
1431.7 1482.2 1533.4 1585.6 1692.5 1802.9
12.446 13.45 14.452 15.452 17.448 19.441
1431.3 1481.8 1533.2 1585.3 1692.4 1802.8
10.659 11.522 12.382 13.24 14.952 16.661
1430.9 1481.5 1532.9 1585.1 1692.2 1802.6
9.319 10.075 10.829 11.581 13.081 14.577
1430.5 1481.1 1532.6 1584.9 1692 1802.5
8.277 8.95 9.621 10.29 11.625 12.956
1430.1 1480.8 1532.3 1584.6 1691.8 1802.4
7.443 8.05 8.655 9.258 10.46 11.659
1429.7 1480.4 1532 1584.4 1691.6 1802.2
6.1928 6.7006 7.206 7.7096 8.713 9.713
1428.8 1479.8 1531.4 1583.9 1691.3 1802
5.2995 5.7364 6.1709 6.6036 7.4652 8.3233
1428 1479.1 1530.8 1583.4 1690.9 1801.7
4.6295 5.0132 5.3945 5.7741 6.5293 7.2811
1427.2 1478.4 1530.3 1582.9 1690.5 1801.4
4.1084 4.4508 4.7907 5.1289 5.8014 6.4704
1426.3 1477.7 1529.7 1582.4 1690.2 1801.2
3.6915 4.0008 4.3077 4.6128 5.2191 5.8219
1425.5 1477 1529.1 1581.9 1689.8 1800.9
 3.3504 3.6327 3.9125 4.1905 4.7426 5.2913
1424.7 1476.3 1528.5 1581.4 1689.4 1800.6
3.0661 3.3259 3.5831 3.8385 4.3456 4.8492
1423.8 1475.6 1527.9 1580.9 1689.1 1800.4
2.8256 3.0663 3.3044 3.5408 4.0097 4.475
1423 1474.9 1527.3 1580.4 1688.7 1800.1
2.6194 2.8437 3.0655 3.2855 3.7217 4.1543
1422.1 1474.2 1526.8 1579.9 1688.4 1799.8
2.4407 2.6509 2.8585 3.0643 3.4721 3.8764
1421.3 1473.6 1526.2 1579.4 1688 1799.6
2.2843 2.4821 2.6774 2.8708 3.2538 3.6332
1420.5 1472.9 1525.6 1578.9 1687.6 1799.3
2.1463 2.3333 2.5175 2.7 3.0611 3.4186
1419.6 1472.2 1525 1578.4 1687.3 1799.3
2.0237 2.2009 2.3755 2.5482 2.8898 3.2279
1418.7 1471.5 1542.4 1577.9 1686.9 1798.8

emperature--Degrees Fahrenheit ( t )

1000° 1100° 1200° 1300° 1400° 1500°

2.2484 2.4124 2.575 2.7366 2.8973 3.0572
1523.8 1577.4 1631.6 1686.5 1742.2 1798.5
2.1339 2.2901 2.445 2.5987 2.7515 2.9037
1523.3 1576.9 1631.2 1686.2 1741.9 1798.2
2.0304 2.1795 2.3273 2.4739 2.6196 2.7647
1522.7 1576.4 1630.8 1685.8 1741.6 1798
1.9363 2.079 2.2203 2.3605 2.4998 2.6384
1522.1 1575.9 1630.4 1685.5 1741.2 1797.7
1.8504 1.9872 2.1226 2.2569 2.3903 2.523
1521.5 1575.4 1629.9 1685.1 1740.9 1797.2
1.7716 1.903 2.033 2.1619 2.29 2.4173
1520.9 1574.9 1629.5 1684.7 1740.6 1797.2
1.6992 1.8256 1.9507 2.0746 2.1977 2.32
1520.3 1574.4 1629.1 1684.4 1740.3 1796.9
1.6323 1.7542 1.8746 1.994 2.1125 2.2302
1519.7 1573.9 1628.7 1684 1740 1796.7.
1.5704 1.688 1.8042 1.9193 2.0336 2.1471
1519.1 1573.4 1628.2 1683.6 1739.7 1796.4
 1.5129 1.6266 1.7388 1.85 1.9603 2.0699
1518.6 1572.9 1627.8 1683.3 1739.4 1796.1
1.4593 1.5693 1.678 1.7855 1.8921 1.998
1518 1572.4 1627.4 1682.9 1739.1 1795.9
1.4093 1.516 1.6211 1.7252 1.8284 1.9309
1517.4 1571.9 1627 1682.6 1738.8 1795.6
1.2979 1.3969 1.4944 1.5909 1.6864 1.7813
1515.9 1570.7 1625.9 1681.6 1738 1794.9
1.2023 1.2948 1.3858 1.4757 1.5647 1.653
1514.4 1569.4 1624.8 1680.7 1737.2 1794.3
1.1195 1.2063 1.2916 1.3759 1.4592 1.5419
1512.9 1568.2 1623.8 1679.8 1736.4 1793.6
1.047 1.1289 1.2093 1.2885 1.3669 1.4446
1511.4 1566.9 1622.7 1678.9 1735.7 1792.9
0.983 1.0606 1.1366 1.2115 1.2855 1.3588
1510 1565.7 1621.6 1678 1734.9 1792.3
0.9262 0.9998 1.072 1.143 1.2131 1.2825
1508.5 1564.4 1620.6 1677.1 1734.1 1791.6
0.8753 0.9455 1.0142 1.0817 1.1484 1.2143
1507 1563.2 1619.5 1676.2 1733.3 1791
0.8295 0.8966 0.9622 1.0266 1.0901 1.1529
1505.4 1561.9 1618.4 1675.3 1732.5 1790.3
0.7881 0.8524 0.9151 0.9767 1.0373 1.0973
1503.9 1560.7 1617.4 1674.4 1731.8 1789.6
0.7505 0.8121 0.8723 0.9313 0.9894 1.0468
1502.4 1559.4 1616.3 1673.5 1731 1789
0.7161 0.7754 0.8332 0.8899 0.9456 1.0007
1500.9 1558.1 1615.2 1672.6 1730.2 1788.3

emperature--Degrees Fahrenheit ( t )

1000° 1100° 1200° 1300° 1400° 1500°

0.6845 0.7418 0.7974 0.8519 0.9055 0.9584
1499.4 1556.9 1614.2 1671.6 1729.4 1787.6
0.6287 0.6822 0.7341 0.7847 0.8345 0.8836
1496.3 1554.3 1612 1669.8 1727.9 1786.3
0.5809 0.6311 0.6798 0.7272 0.7737 0.8195
1493.2 1551.8 1609.9 1668 1726.3 1785
0.5394 0.5869 0.6327 0.6773 0.721 0.7639
1490.1 1549.2 1607.7 1666.2 1724.8 1783.7
0.5031 0.5482 0.5915 0.6336 0.6478 0.7153
1486.9 1546.6 1605.6 1664.3 1723.2 1782.3
0.4711 0.514 0.5552 0.5951 0.6341 0.6724
1483.8 1544 1603.4 1662.5 1721.7 1781
0.4426 0.4836 0.5229 0.5609 0.598 0.6343
1480.6 1541.4 1601.2 1660.7 1720.1 1779.7
0.4171 0.4565 0.494 0.5303 0.5656 0.6002
1477.4 1538.8 1599.1 1658.8 1718.6 1778.4
0.3942 0.432 0.468 0.5027 0.5365 0.5695
1474.1 1536.2 1596.9 1657 1717 1777.1
0.3734 0.4099 0.4445 0.4778 0.5101 0.5418
1470.9 1533.6 1594.7 1655.2 1715.4 1775.7
0.3545 0.3897 0.4231 0.4551 0.4862 0.5165
1467.6 1530.9 1592.5 1653.3 1713.9 1774.4
0.3372 0.3714 0.4035 0.4344 0.4643 0.4935
1464.2 1528.3 1590.3 1651.5 1712.3 1773.1
0.3214 0.3545 0.3856 0.4155 0.4443 0.4724
1460.9 1525.6 1588.1 1649.6 1710.8 1771.8
0.3068 0.339 0.3692 0.398 0.4259 0.4529
1457.5 1522.9 1585.9 1647.8 1709.2 1770.4
0.2933 0.3247 0.354 0.3819 0.4088 0.435
1454.1 1520.2 1583.7 1646 1707.7 1769.1
0.2809 0.3114 0.3399 0.367 0.3931 0.4184
1450.7 1517.5 1581.5 1644.1 1706.1 1767.8
0.2693 0.2991 0.3268 0.3532 0.3785 0.403
1447.2 1514.8 1579.3 1642.2 1704.5 1766.5
0.2585 0.2877 0.3147 0.3403 0.3649 0.3887
1443.7 1512.1 1577 1640.4 1703 1765.2
0.2484 0.277 0.3033 0.3282 0.3522 0.3753
1440.2 1509.4 1574.8 1638.5 1701.4 1763.8
0.239 0.267 0.2927 0.317 0.3403 0.3628
1436.7 1506.6 1572.6 1636.7 1699.8 1762.5
0.2301 0.2576 0.2827 0.3065 0.3291 0.351
1433.1 1503.8 1570.3 1634.8 1698.3 1761.2
onsible for inaccuracies.
s 'mission critical'.
l not find a conversion from pounds to metres - the basic units
th, et al.

o' means '1,000' so a kilogram is in fact 1,000 grams in the same way as a kilometer is 1,000 metres [or about 1,000

f pure water weighs 1 kilogram.

rnational d'Unités) base units and definitions.

 or in
FACTOR ...or in full ... words
1,0E+24 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 septillion
1,0E+21 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 sextillion
1,0E+18 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 quintillion
1,0E+15 1 000 000 000 000 000 quadrillion
1,0E+12 1 000 000 000 000 trillion
1,0E+9 1 000 000 000 billion
1,0E+6 1 000 000 million
1,0E+3 1 000 thousand
1,0E+2 100 hundred
1,0E+1 10 ten
1,0E-1 0,1 tenth
1,0E-2 0,01 hundredth
1,0E-3 0,001 thousandth
1,0E-6 0,000 001 millionth
1,0E-9 0,000 000 001 billionth
1,0E-12 0,000 000 000 001 trillionth
1,0E-15 0,000 000 000 000 001 quadrillionth
1,0E-18 0,000 000 000 000 000 001 quintillionth
1,0E-21 0,000 000 000 000 000 000 001 sextillionth
1,0E-24 0,000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 septillionth

Note: A very common mistake is that the prefix milli- stands for a millionth.
WRONG!!
As can be seen from the table above, milli stands for a thousandth. It comes from the French, m
they could not use it for the 1000 prefix as that was bagged by the Greek word, kilo

Note: The prefix hecto- to centi- are not 'preferred prefix' but referred to as 'other prefix' by SI, th
in common use as in cubic centimetre or cc.
Le Système International d'Unités (SI) name the prefix giga and nano, milliard and milliardth res
wording shown here was approved by the General Conference on Weights and Measures and h
adopted in practice.

The scientific notation used in the factors column helps to reduce long numbers to a manageabl
convention, the number is always shown as a unit [ 1 to 9 ], with decimal places chosen to suit a
the size of the number is adjusted by changing the magnitude [E+?]. E+01 means moving the de
one space to the right so 1.00E+01 is shorthand for 10, then 1.33E+00 stays at 1.33 and 1.33E-
0.133. This format tends to be used when the figure gets longer so E+09 or E-09 cuts out a lot o

Don't confuse scientific notation with powers. You can say, quite rightly, that a million is 10 to the
[ 10^6 or

] but if you confused it with the scientific notation and had 1^7 the answer would be 1 and not a m
say one times one is one, seven times, and the answer is still one ]

So it's all a matter of conventions - if we all follow the same rules then the information is passed
one brain to another which is, after all, the object of writing something down.
 SI SI
PREFIX SYMBOL
yotta- Y
zetta- Z
exa- E
peta- P
tera- T
giga- G
mega- M
kilo- k
hecto- h
deca- da
deci- d
centi- c
milli- m
micro- µ
nano- n
pico- p
femto- f
atto- a
zepto- z
yocto- y

- stands for a millionth.

comes from the French, mille for 1000 -

eek word, kilo

o as 'other prefix' by SI, though centi- is

 milliard and milliardth respectivly. The
ights and Measures and has been

numbers to a manageable width. By

mal places chosen to suit accuracy, and
E+01 means moving the decimal point
0 stays at 1.33 and 1.33E-01 becomes
09 or E-09 cuts out a lot of noughts.

y, that a million is 10 to the power of 6

wer would be 1 and not a million ! [ you

the information is passed correctly from

down.
 Steam Pipework

Steam may be thought of as a medium to convey heat from the boiler to the point where it is nee
As the temperature of saturated steam is fixed in relation to the pressure, the required temperatu
process can be controlled by the steam pressure.

But, for instance, a 20% reduction in designed steam pressure to a calorifier may result in a 15%
output.

Therefore while producing steam at the correct pressure and quantity in the boiler house is impo
as important that the designed steam properties are delivered efficiently at the plant maybe hund
metres away.
While distribution pipework can not be too big, the extra capital cost would not be acceptable.
If pipework is too small, then the increased steam velocity will cause noise and erosion and the e
pressure drop may starve the equipment of steam.

Velocity should be designed to be below 15 metres/sec or 50 ft/sec.

In practice, sizing the pipework to produce a known pressure drop works best.
There are many programs, graphs and tables available that make use of the simplified formula:-

( P1 - P 2 )

F =  L

Where:-
P1 is the initial pressure
P2 is the final pressure
L is the equivalent length of pipework, adjusted for bends, valves, strainers..
F is the pressure drop.

For each branch in the steam main a theoretical pressure is calculated, and each branch can be
using that figure as P1
Expansion
Pipework installed cold will expand at operating temperatures. While branches to equipment ma
enough bends to take up the expansion, mains pipework usually has to have bellows fitted. The
to be anchored mid-way between bellows and the pipe supports and insulation thereafter must a
movement, obviously more movement the closer to the bellows. The pipe supports each side of
must allow for axial movement only to avoid off-setting the bellows. The anchors must be strong
substantial forces involved.

The table below gives the approximate expansion of ordinary steel steam pipe from a fitted temp
16°C 60°F.

Operating Temp
°C °F
66 150
93 200
121 250
149 300
177 350
204 400
232 450
260 500

Boiler Capacity

The output of a steam generating plant is often expressed in pounds of steam delivered per hou
value may vary in temperature and pressure over time, a more accurate and complete expressio
heat transferred over time, expressed as British thermal units per hour. Boiler capacity is usually
as kBtu/hour (1000 Btu/hour) and is given by the equation:

( h g - hf )

W =  1000

where hg - hf is the change in enthalpy in Btu/lb.

An older expression of boiler capacity called "boiler horsepower" may sometimes be found. Use
discouraged as it is irrational, over thirteen times larger than regular horsepower and not widely
encountered, however, it is defined as:

boiler horsepower = horsepower × 13.1547

1 boiler horsepower = 33475 Btu/hour
1 horsepower = 550 ft-lb/sec
1 horsepower = 746 watt

Horsepower of an Engine

Horsepower of an engine can be expressed using a simple and easy to remember mnemonic eq
think of the word "plan":

PLAN

Horsepower =   33,000

where:-
P is the mean effective pressure per square inch on the piston,
L is the length of stroke in feet,
A is the area of the piston in square inches, and
N is the number of strokes per minute.

Mean effective pressure

The approximate mean effective pressure in the cylinder when the valve cuts off at:

1/4 stroke, equals steam pressure × 0.597

1/3 stroke, equals steam pressure × 0.670
3/8 stroke, equals steam pressure × 0.743
1/2 stroke, equals steam pressure × 0.847
5/8 stroke, equals steam pressure × 0.919
2/3 stroke, equals steam pressure × 0.937
 3/4 stroke, equals steam pressure × 0.966
7/8 stroke, equals steam pressure × 0.992

Approximate Ranges in Steam Consumption by Prime Movers

(for Estimating Purposes)

Simple Non-Condensing Engines 29 to 45 pounds per hp-hour

Simple Non-Condensing Automatic Engines
Simple Non-Condensing Corliss Engines
Compound Non-Condensing Engines
Compound Condensing Engines
Simple Duplex Steam Pumps
Turbines, Non-Condensing
Turbines, Condensing
26 to 40 pounds per hp-hour
26 to 35 pounds per hp-hour
19 to 28 pounds per hp-hour
12 to 22 pounds per hp-hour
120 to 200 pounds per hp-hour
21 to 45 pounds per hp-hour
9 to 32 pounds per hp-hour

     Quality of Steam

The term Dry Saturated Steam is often used to differentiate from superheated steam. But steam
dry. Moisture particles entrained in the steam carry no latent heat, they add to the wet wall layer
heat transfer in the plant and increase the amount of condensate to be returned so the dryer the
better.

Preserve the integrity of insulation by protecting from weather and maintenance traffic and repla
boxes after maintenance, for instance, to reduce condensation. Fit a separator to help dry the st

When a plant is shut down, all the steam condenses in the pipework. When steam returns, air an
pushed ahead of it and provision must be made for its removal.
Automatic air vents should be fitted at high points and condensate trap sets fitted at low points. P
should be laid to fall from/to the fittings to facilitate air/water removal.

The quality of steam (percentage) x, is given by the expression:

( hg - hf ) 100

x=  hfg

where:-
hf is the heat of the liquid in Btu/lb,
hfg is the latent heat of evaporation in Btu/lb, and
hg is the total heat of steam in Btu/lb.
o the point where it is needed.
e, the required temperature in any

rifier may result in a 15% drop in

the boiler house is important, it is just

y at the plant maybe hundreds of

uld not be acceptable.

ise and erosion and the excessive

s best.
of the simplified formula:-

ers..

and each branch can be designed

anches to equipment may well have
have bellows fitted. The pipe needs
sulation thereafter must allow for
pe supports each side of the bellows
anchors must be strong to resist the

m pipe from a fitted temperature of

Expansion per
== 30m/ 100ft
mm inch
19 0.75
29 1.15
41 1.6
50 2
61 2.4
74 2.9
84 3.3
97 3.8

steam delivered per hour. Since this

e and complete expression is that of
Boiler capacity is usually expressed
ometimes be found. Use of this unit is
sepower and not widely accepted. If

1547
our

remember mnemonic equation. Just

e cuts off at:

0.597
0.670
0.743
0.847
0.919
0.937
0.966
0.992

y Prime Movers

heated steam. But steam is far from

add to the wet wall layer and reduce
returned so the dryer the steam the

tenance traffic and replace valve

parator to help dry the steam.

hen steam returns, air and water is

sets fitted at low points. Pipework
In 1960 the Conference Generale des Poids et Mesures ( CGPM ), which is the international
authority on the metric system, accepted a universal, practical system of units and gave it
the name Le Systeme International d'Unites with the abbreviation SI. Since then, this most modern
and simplest form of the metric system was introduced throughout the world and by 1970's more than
20 countries, including established metric countries, passed legislation adopting the SI system as their
only legal system with numerous countries following their example.
THE SEVEN SI BASE UNITS
Quantity Name Sym

length metre m

mass kilogram kg

time second s

electric current ampere A

thermo- dynamic temper-ature kelvin K

amount of substance mole mol

luminous intensity candela cd

NOTES:
(i) The unit kelvin and its symbol K are also used to indicate temperature intervals or temperature differences. Besi
Celsius temperature (symbol t) is also used. Celsius temperature is defined by the equation: t = T - T0 where T0 =
degrees Celsius (symbol oC). The unit "degree Celsius" is therefore equal to the unit "kelvin" and an interval or diffe
Note that the Celsius temperature of the triple point of water is 0,01 oC, which accounts for the factor 273,16 in the

(ii) Whenever the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified, and may be atoms, molecules, ions, elec
(iii) With the object of removing the ambiguity which still occurred in the common use of the word "weight", the 3rd C
weight or of force]; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram."
e international
and gave it
n, this most modern
nd by 1970's more than
g the SI system as their

Definition (CGPM)
The metre is the length equal to 1 650763,73 wavelengths in vacuum of the radiation
corresponding to the transition between the levels 2 p10 and 5 d5, of the krypton-86 atom.
[ 11th CGPM (1960), Resolution 6.]
The kilogram is the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram recognised by the
CGPM and in the custody of the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Sevres, France.

[ 1 st CGPM (1889).]
The second is the duration of 9 192631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the
transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom. [13th
CGPM (1967), Resolution 1]
The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of
cu rrent infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed one metre apart in
vacuum would produce . between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 10-7 newton per
metre of length. [CIPM (1946), Resolution 2, approved by the 9th CGPM (1948).]

The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273,16 of the thermodynamic
temperature of the triple point of water. [13th CGPM (1967), Resolution 4 ]

The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities
as there are atoms in 0,012 kg of carbon 12. [14th CGPM (1971), Resolution 3.]
The candela is the luminous intensity, in the perpendicular direction of a surface of 1/600000
square metre of a blackbody at the temperature of freezing platinum under a pressure of 101
325 newtons per square metre. [13th CGPM (1967), Reso'n 5.]

als or temperature differences. Besides thermodynamic temperature (symbol T), expressed in kelvins,
the equation: t = T - T0 where T0 = 273,15 K by definition. Celsius temperature is in general expressed in
e unit "kelvin" and an interval or difference in Celsius temperature is also expressed in degrees Celsius ( oC).
accounts for the factor 273,16 in the definition of the kelvin.

may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles or specified groups of such particles.
on use of the word "weight", the 3rd CGPM (1901) declared: "The kilogram is the unit of mass [and not of
ilogram."
The mass of over 300 different 'dry' materials are listed below. Liquids, metals and woods are on
pages and a site search facility is on the home page. While the data is useful for the design and
of bulk materials handling plant, bulk transport and packaging, individual samples will differ. Moi
content will have a marked influence.

As 1000kg of pure water = 1 cubic metre, those materials under 1000kg/cu.m will float; more de
sink ie. those materials with a specific gravity more than 1.

Pure water was chosen as the 'base line' for specific gravity and given the value of 1. The specif
of all other materials are compared to water as a fraction heavier or lighter density. For example
ammonium nitrate has a specific gravity (sg) of 0.73 while dry ammonium sulphate has a sg of 1
(1130 kilograms/cubic metre) (see table below)

As specific gravity is just a comparison, it can be applied across any units. The density of pure w
also 62.4 lbs/cu.ft (pounds per cubic foot) and if we know that ammonium nitrate has a sg of 0.7
we can calculate that its density is 0.73 x 62.4 = 45.552 lbs/cu.ft.

Note, kg/cu.m divided by 16.02 = lbs/cu.ft

Material - powder, ore, solids,

etc. kg/cu.m.
Alfalfa, ground 256
Alum, lumpy 881
Alum, pulverized 753
Alumina 961
Aluminum, oxide 1522
Ammonia gas 0.77
Ammonium Nitrate 730
Ammonium Sulphate - dry 1130
Ammonium Sulphate - wet 1290
Andesite, solid 2771
Antimony, cast 6696
Apples 641
Arsenic 5671
Asbestos - shredded 320- 400
Asbestos rock 1600
Ashes - wet 730- 890
Ashes - dry 570- 650
Asphalt, crushed 721
Babbitt 7272
Bagasse 120
Bakelite, solid 1362
Baking powder 721
Barium 3780
Bark, wood refuse 240
Barley 609
Barite, crushed 2883
Basalt, broken 1954
Basalt, solid 3011
Bauxite, crushed 1281
Beans, castor 577
Beans, cocoa 593
Beans, navy 801
Beans, soy 721
Beeswax 961
Beets 721
Bentonite 593
Bicarbonate of soda 689
Bismuth 9787
Bones, pulverized 881
Borax, fine 849
Bran 256
Brewers grain 432
Brick, common red 1922
Brick, fire clay 2403
Brick, silica 2050
Brick, chrome 2803
Brick, magnesia 2563
Buckwheat 657
Butter 865
Cadmium 8650
Calcium carbide 1201
Caliche 1442
Carbon, solid 2146
Carbon, powdered 80
Carbon dioxide 1.98
Carbon monoxide 1.25
Cardboard 689
Cement - clinker 1290-1540
Cement, Portland 1506
Cement, mortar 2162
Cement, slurry 1442
Chalk, solid 2499
Chalk, lumpy 1442
Chalk, fine 1121
Charcoal 208
Chloroform 1522
Chocolate, powder 641
Chromic acid, flake 1201
Chromium 6856
Chromium ore 2162
Cinders, furnace 913
Cinders, Coal, ash 641
Clay, dry excavated 1089
Clay, wet excavated 1826
Clay, dry lump 1073
Clay, fire 1362
Clay, wet lump 1602
Clay, compacted 1746
Clover seed 769
Coal, Anthracite, solid 1506
Coal, Anthracite, broken 1105
Coal, Bituminous, solid 1346
Coal, Bituminous, broken 833
Cobaltite ( cobolt ore ) 6295
Coconut, meal 513
Coconut, shredded 352
Coffee, fresh beans 561
Coffee, roast beans 432
Coke 570- 650
Concrete, Asphalt 2243
Concrete, Gravel 2403
Concrete, Limestone with
Portland 2371
Copper ore 1940-2590
Copper sulfate, ground 3604
Copra, medium size 529
Copra, meal, ground 641
Copra, expeller cake ground 513
Copra, expeller cake chopped 465
Cork, solid 240
Cork, ground 160
Corn, on the cob 721
Corn, shelled 721
Corn, grits 673
Cottonseed, dry, de-linted 561
Cottonseed, dry, not de-linted 320
Cottonseed, cake, lumpy 673
Cottonseed, hulls 192
Cottonseed, meal 593
Cottonseed, meats 641
Cottonwood 416
Cryolite 1602
Cullet 1602
Culm 753
Dolomite, solid 2899
Dolomite, pulverized 737
Dolomite, lumpy 1522
Earth, loam, dry, excavated 1249
Earth, moist, excavated 1442
Earth, wet, excavated 1602
Earth, dense 2002
Earth, soft loose mud 1730
Earth, packed 1522
Earth, Fullers, raw 673
Emery 4005
Ether 737
Feldspar, solid 2563
Feldspar, pulverized 1233
Fertilizer, acid phosphate 961
Fish, scrap 721
Fish, meal 593
Flaxseed, whole 721
Flint - silica 1390
Flour, wheat 593
Flue dust 1450-2020
Fluorspar, solid 3204
Fluorspar, lumps 1602
Fluorspar, pulverized 1442
Fullers Earth - raw or burnt 570- 730
Galena ( lead ore ) 7400 - 7600
Garbage, household rubbish 481
Glass - broken or cullet 1290-1940
Glass, window 2579
Glue, animal, flaked 561
Glue, vegetable, powdered 641
Gluten, meal 625
Gneiss, bed in place 2867
Gneiss, broken 1858
Granite, solid 2691
Granite, broken 1650
Graphite, flake 641
Grain - Maize 760
Grain - Barley 600
Grain - Millet 760- 800
Grain - Wheat 780- 800
Gravel, loose, dry 1522
Gravel, with sand, natural 1922
Gravel, dry 1/4 to 2 inch 1682
Gravel, wet 1/4 to 2 inch 2002
Gummite ( uranium ore ) 3890 - 6400
Gypsum, solid 2787
Gypsum, broken 1290-1600
Gypsum, crushed 1602
Gypsum, pulverized 1121
Halite (salt), solid 2323
Halite (salt), broken 1506
Hematite ( iron ore ) 5095 - 5205
Hemimorphite ( zinc ore ) 3395 - 3490
Hydrochloric acid 40% 1201
Ice, solid 919
Ice, crushed 593
Ilmenite 2307
Iridium 22154

Iron ore - crushed - see metals table

2100-2900
Iron oxide pigment 400
Iron Pyrites 2400

Iron sulphate - pickling tank - dry 1200

Iron sulphate - pickling tank - wet 1290

Ivory 1842
Kaolin, green crushed 1025
Kaolin, pulverized 352
Lead, rolled - see metals table 11389
Lead, red 3684
Lead, white pigment 4085
Leather 945
Lignite, dry 801
Lime, quick, lump 849
Lime, quick, fine 1201
Lime, stone, large 2691
Lime, stone, lump 1538
Lime, hydrated 481
Lime, wet or mortar 1540
Limonite, solid 3796
Limonite, broken 2467
Limestone, solid 2611
Limestone, broken 1554
Limestone, pulverized 1394
Linseed, whole 753
Linseed, meal 513
Locust, dry 705
Magnesite, solid 3011
Magnesium oxide 1940
Magnesium sulphate, crystal 1121
Magnetite, solid ( iron ore ) 5046
Magnetite, broken 3284
Malachite ( copper ore ) 3750 - 3960
Malt 336
Manganese, solid 7609
Manganese oxide 1922
Manure 400
Marble, solid 2563
Marble, broken 1570
Marl, wet, excavated 2243
Mica, solid 2883
Mica, broken 1602
Mica - flake 520
Mica - powder 986
Milk, powdered 449
Molybdenum ore 1600
Mortar, wet 2403
Mud, packed 1906
Mud, fluid 1730
Nickel ore 1600
Nickel, rolled 8666
Nickel silver 8442
Nitric acid, 91% 1506
Nitrogen 1.26
Oak, red 705
Oats 432
Oats, rolled 304
Oil cake 785
Oil, linseed 942
Oil, petroleum 881
Oxygen 1.43
Oyster shells, ground 849
Paper, standard 1201
Peanuts, shelled 641
Peanuts, not shelled 272
Peat, dry 400
Peat, moist 801
Peat, wet 1121
Pecan wood 753
Phosphate rock, broken 1762
Phosphorus 2339
Pitch 1153
Plaster 849
Platinum ore 2600
Porcelain 2403
Porphyry, solid 2547
Porphyry, broken 1650
Potash 1281
Potassium chloride 2002
Potatoes, white 769
Pumice, stone 641
Pyrite (fool's gold) 2400 - 5015
Quartz, solid 2643
Quartz, lump 1554
Quartz sand 1201
Resin, synthetic, crushed 561
Rice, hulled 753
Rice, rough 577
Rice grits 689
Rip-Rap 1602
Rock - soft - excavated with
shovel 1600-1780
Rosin 1073
Rubber, caoutchouc 945
Rubber, manufactured 1522
Rubber, ground scrap 481
Rye 705
Salt cake 1442
Salt, course 801
Salt, fine 1201
Saltpeter 1201
Sand, wet 1922
Sand, wet, packed 2082
Sand, dry 1602
Sand, loose 1442
Sand, rammed 1682
Sand, water filled 1922
Sand with Gravel, dry 1650
Sand with Gravel, wet 2020
Sandstone, solid 2323
Sandstone, broken 1370-1450
Sawdust 210
Sewage, sludge 721
Shale, solid 2675
Shale, broken 1586
Shells - oyster 800
Sinter 1600-2180
Slag, solid 2114
Slag, broken 1762
Slag, crushed, 1/4 inch 1185
Slag, furn. granulated 961
Slate, solid 2691
Slate, broken 1290-1450
Slate, pulverized 1362
Smithsonite ( zinc ore ) 4300
Snow, freshly fallen 160
Snow, compacted 481
Soap, solid 801
Soap, chips 160
Soap, flakes 160
Soap, powdered 368
Soapstone talc 2400
Soda Ash, heavy 1080
Soda Ash, light 432
Sodium 977
Sodium Aluminate, ground 1153
Sodium Nitrate, ground 1201
Soy beans, whole 753
Starch, powdered 561
Stone, crushed 1602
Stone (common, generic) 2515
Sugar, brown 721
Sugar, powdered 801
Sugar, granulated 849
Sugar, raw cane 961
Sugarbeet pulp, dry 208
Sugarbeet pulp, wet 561
Sugarcane 272
Sulphur, solid 2002
Sulphur, lump 1314
Sulphur, pulverized 961
Taconite 2803
Talc, solid 2691
Talc, broken 1746
Tanbark, ground 881
Tankage 961
Tar 1153
Tobacco 320
Trap rock, solid 2883
Trap rock, broken 1746
Turf 400
Turpentine 865
Walnut, black, dry 609
Water, pure 1000
Water, sea (see liquids table) 1026
Wheat 769
Wheat, cracked 673

Wood chips - dry - see wood table 240- 520

Wool 1314
Zinc oxide 400
 ids, metals and woods are on other
a is useful for the design and selection
vidual samples will differ. Moisture

00kg/cu.m will float; more dense will

ven the value of 1. The specific gravity

r lighter density. For example,
onium sulphate has a sg of 1.13

y units. The density of pure water is

onium nitrate has a sg of 0.73 then
The density of over 150 different liquids are listed below.
While the data is useful for design, individual samples will
differ. Temperature and purity will often have a marked
influence.

As 1000kg of pure water @ 4°C = 1 cubic metre, those materials under 1000kg/cubic metre will

Pure water at 4°C (max. density) was chosen as the 'base

line' for specific gravity and given the value of 1.

Some other standards set pure water at 60°F as sg = 1 so

it is more correct to state the base used.

The specific gravity of all other materials are compared to

water as a fraction heavier or lighter density.
For example, acetic acid has a specific gravity (sg) of
1.0491 while acetone has a sg of 0.785 (784.58 kg/cu.m) -
see table below.

As specific gravity is just a comparison, it can be applied

across any units. The density of pure water is also 62.4
lbs/cu.ft (pounds per cubic foot) and if we know that a
sample of ethyl alcohol has a sg of 0.785 then we can
calculate that its density is 0.785 x 62.4 = 49 lbs/cu.ft.
Note, kg/cu.m divided by 16.02 = lbs/cu.ft.
kg/cu.m divided by 1,000 = g/ml (grams per millilitre) and
also = kg/L (1000g = 1 kg and 1000ml = 1 Litre)

[ density of materials ] [ density of wood ] [ density of metals ] [ density of

water ]

Liquid Temp kg/cu.m

1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 25 C 1564
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 20 C 1454
1,4-Dioxane 20 C 1033.6
2-Methoxyethanol 20 C 964.6
Acetic Acid 25 C 1049.1
Acetone 25 C 784.58
Acetonitrile 20 C 782.2
Alcohol, ethyl 25 C 785.06
Alcohol, methyl 25 C 786.51
Alcohol, propyl 25 C 799.96
Ammonia (aqua) 25 C 823.35
Analine 25 C 1018.93
880 -
Automobile oils 15 C 940
Beer (varies) 10 C 1010
Benzene 25 C 873.81
Benzil 25 C 1079.64
Brine 15 C 1230
Bromine 25 C 3120.4
Butyric Acid 20 C 959
Butane 25 C 599.09
n-Butyl Acetate 20 C 879.6
n-Butyl Alcohol 20 C 809.7
n-Butyl Chloride 20 C 886.2
Caproic acid 25 C 921.06
Carbolic acid 15 C 956.3
Carbon disulfide 25 C 1260.97
Carbon tetrachloride 25 C 1584.39
Carene 25 C 856.99
Castor oil 25 C 956.14
Chloride 25 C 1559.88
Chlorobenzene 20 C 1105.8
Chloroform 20 C 1489.2
Chloroform 25 C 1464.73
Citric acid 25 C 1659.51
Coconut oil 15 C 924.27
Cotton seed oil 15 C 925.87
Cresol 25 C 1023.58
Creosote 15 C 1066.83
Crude oil, 48° API 60 F 790
Crude oil, 40° API 60 F 825
Crude oil, 35.6° API 60 F 847
Crude oil, 32.6° API 60 F 862
Crude oil, California 60 F 915
Crude oil, Mexican 60 F 973
Crude oil, Texas 60 F 873
Cumene 25 C 860.19
Cyclohexane 20 C 778.5
Cyclopentane 20 C 745.4
Decane 25 C 726.28
820 -
Diesel fuel oil 20 to 60 15 C 950
Diethyl ether 20 C 714
o-Dichlorobenzene 20 C 1305.8
Dichloromethane 20 C 1326
Diethylene glycol 15 C 1120
Dichloromethane 20 C 1326
Dimethyl Acetamide 20 C 941.5
N,N-Dimethylformamide 20 C 948.7
Dimethyl Sulfoxide 20 C 1100.4
Dodecane 25 C 754.63
Ethane -89 C 570.26
Ether 25 C 72.72
Ethylamine 16 C 680.78
Ethyl Acetate 20 C 900.6
Ethyl Alcohol 20 C 789.2
Ethyl Ether 20 C 713.3
Ethylene Dichloride 20 C 1253
Ethylene glycol 25 C 1096.78
Fluorine refrigerant R-12 25 C 1310.95
Formaldehyde 45 C 812.14
Formic acid 10% concentration 20 C 1025
Formic acid 80% concentration 20 C 1221
Freon - 11 21 C 1490
Freon - 21 21 C 1370
Fuel oil 60 F 890.13
Furan 25 C 1416.03
Furforol 25 C 1154.93
Gasoline, natural 60 F 711.22
Gasoline, Vehicle 60 F 737.22
Gas oils 60 F 890
1350 -
Glucose 60 F 1440
Glycerin 25 C 1259.37
Glyme 20 C 869.1
Glycerol 25 C 1126.1
Heptane 25 C 679.5
Hexane 25 C 654.83
Hexanol 25 C 810.53
Hexene 25 C 671.17
Hydrazine 25 C 794.52
Iodine 25 C 4927.28
Ionene 25 C 932.27
Isobutyl Alcohol 20 C 801.6
Iso-Octane 20 C 691.9
Isopropyl Alcohol 20 C 785.4
Isopropyl Myristate 20 C 853.2
Kerosene 60 F 817.15
Linolenic Acid 25 C 898.64
Linseed oil 25 C 929.07
Methane -164 C 464.54
Methanol 20 C 791.3
Methyl Isoamyl Ketone 20 C 888
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 20 C 800.8
Methyl n-Propyl Ketone 20 C 808.2
Methyl t-Butyl Ether 20 C 740.5
N-Methylpyrrolidone 20 C 1030.4
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) 20 C 804.9
MEK 25 C 802.52
1020 -
Milk 15 C 1050
Naphtha 15 C 664.77
Naphtha, wood 25 C 959.51
Napthalene 25 C 820.15
Ocimene 25 C 797.72
Octane 15 C 917.86
800 -
Olive oil 20 C 920
Oxygen (liquid) -183 C  1140
Palmitic Acid 25 C 850.58
Pentane 20 C 626.2
Pentane 25 C 624.82
Petroleum Ether 20 C 640
Petrol, natural 60 F 711.22
Petrol, Vehicle 60 F 737.22
Phenol 25 C 1072.28
Phosgene 0 C 1377.59
Phytadiene 25 C 823.35
Pinene 25 C 856.99
Propane -40 C 583.07
Propane, R-290 25 C 493.53
Propanol 25 C 804.13
Propylene Carbonate 20 C 1200.6
Propylene 25 C 514.35
n-Propyl Alcohol 20 C 803.7
Propylene glycol 25 C 965.27
Pyridine 25 C 978.73
Pyrrole 25 C 965.91
Rape seed oil 20 C 920
Resorcinol 25 C 1268.66
Rosin oil 15 C 980
Sabiname 25 C 812.14
Sea water 25 C 1025.18
Silane 25 C 717.63
Sodium Hydroxide (caustic soda) 15 C 1250
Sorbaldehyde 25 C 895.43
924 -
Soya bean oil 15 C 928
Stearic Acid 25 C 890.63
Sulphuric Acid 95% conc. 20 C 1839
Sugar solution 68 brix 15 C 1338
Sunflower oil 20 C 920
Styrene 25 C 903.44
Terpinene 25 C 847.38
Tetrahydrofuran 20 C 888
Toluene 20 C 866.9
Toluene 25 C 862.27
Triethylamine 20 C 727.6
Trifluoroacetic Acid 20 C 1489
Turpentine 25 C 868.2
Water, pure (more temperatures) 4C 1000
Water, sea 77 F 1021.98
Whale oil 15 C 925
o-Xylene 20 C 880.2
 At 4°C pure water has a density (weight or mass) of about 1 g/cu.cm, 1 g/ml,
1 kg/litre, 1000 kg/cu.m, 1 tonne/cu.m or 62.4 lb/cu.ft

At 4°C pure water has a specific gravity of 1. ( Some reference the s.g. base temperature as 6

Water is essential for life. Most animals and plants contain more than 60 % water by volume.

More than 70 % of the Earth's surface is covered with about 1.36 billion cubic kilometers of wa

The density of pure water is a constant at a particular temperature, and does not depend on th

Water is the only substance on Earth that exists in all three physical states of matter: solid, liqu

When water freezes it expands rapidly adding about 9 % by volume. Fresh water has a maxim

Water has a very simple atomic structure. This structure consists of two hydrogen atoms bond

Note; kg/m3 divided by 16.02 = lbs/cu.ft. kg/m3 divided by 1,000 = g/ml

Convert g/cm3 = g/cc = g/ml = g/mL - they are all the same.

Table of Density of Pure & Tap* Water and Specific Gravity

Specific
Temp Density Density Density Density Gravity Specific
4°C
( °C ) pure pure water tap pure reference Gravity
water ( kg/m3 ) water water 60°F
( g/cm )
3
( g/cm )3
lb/cu.ft reference

0 (solid) 0.915 915 - - 0.915 -

0 (liquid) 0.9999 999.9 0.99987 62.42 0.999 1.002

4 1 1000 0.99999 62.42 1 1.001
 20 0.9982 998.2 0.99823 62.28 0.998 0.999
40 0.9922 992.2 0.99225 61.92 0.992 0.993
60 0.9832 983.2 0.98389 61.39 0.983 0.985
80 0.9718 971.8 0.97487 60.65 0.972 0.973
100
(gas) 0.0006 see steam tables ... - -

* This is for average, clean drinking water. It will vary from area to area.

To use the table below, run down the left column for whole degrees then
move across for tenths of a degree.

For example, the row/column shaded in yellow shows the density of pure
water at 17.7°C = 0.998650 grams/cm 3
ase temperature as 60F.)

% water by volume.

cubic kilometers of water / ice

does not depend on the size of the sample. That is, it is an intensive property. The density of water varies with tempe

es of matter: solid, liquid and gas.

sh water has a maximum density at around 4° Celsius. Water is the only substance where the maximum density doe

hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom - H 2O

Density of Water (g/cm3) at Temperatures from 0°C (liquid state) to 30.9°C by 0.1°C inc.

thanks to Chuck Snelling

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

0 0.99984 0.99985 0.99985 0.99986 0.999866 0.99987 0.99988 0.99988

1 0.9999 0.99991 0.99991 0.99991 0.999918 0.99992 0.99993 0.99993

2 0.99994 0.99994 0.99995 0.99995 0.999953 1 1 0.99996

3 1 1 1 1 0.99997 1 1 1
4 1 1 1 1 0.999972 1 0.99997 1
5 1 1 1 1 0.999957 1 1 0.99995
6 0.99994 0.99994 0.99994 0.99993 0.999927 0.99992 0.99992 0.99992
7 0.9999 0.9999 0.99989 0.99989 0.999883 0.99988 0.99987 0.99987

8 0.99985 0.99984 0.99984 0.99983 0.999824 0.99982 0.99981 0.9998

9 0.99978 0.99977 0.99977 0.99976 0.999751 0.99974 0.99973 0.99973

10 0.9997 0.99969 0.99968 0.99967 0.999664 0.99965 0.99965 0.99964

11 0.99961 0.9996 0.99959 0.99957 0.999564 0.99955 0.99954 0.99953
12 0.9995 0.99949 0.99948 0.99946 0.999451 0.99944 0.99943 0.99942
13 0.99938 0.99936 0.99935 0.99934 0.999326 0.99931 0.9993 0.99929

14 0.99924 0.99923 0.99922 0.9992 0.999188 0.99917 0.99916 0.99914

15 0.9991 0.99908 0.99907 0.99905 0.999038 0.99902 0.99901 0.99899

16 0.99894 0.99893 0.99891 0.99889 0.998877 0.99886 0.99884 0.99883
17 0.99877 0.99876 0.99874 0.99872 0.998704 0.99869 0.99867 0.99865
18 0.9986 0.99858 0.99856 0.99854 0.99852 0.9985 0.99848 0.99846
19 0.99841 0.99839 0.99837 0.99835 0.998325 0.99831 0.99829 0.99827
20 0.9982 0.99818 0.99816 0.99814 0.99812 0.9981 0.99808 0.99806
21 0.99799 0.99797 0.99795 0.99793 0.997904 0.99788 0.99786 0.99784
22 0.99777 0.99775 0.99772 0.9977 0.997678 0.99766 0.99763 0.99761
23 0.99754 0.99751 0.99749 0.99747 0.997442 0.99742 0.99739 0.99737
24 0.9973 0.99727 0.99725 0.99722 0.997196 0.99717 0.99715 0.99712
25 0.99704 0.99702 0.99699 0.99697 0.996941 0.99691 0.99689 0.99686
26 0.99678 0.99676 0.99673 0.9967 0.996676 0.99665 0.99662 0.99659
27 0.99651 0.99649 0.99646 0.99643 0.996401 0.99637 0.99635 0.99632
28 0.99623 0.9962 0.99618 0.99615 0.996118 0.99609 0.99606 0.99603
29 0.99594 0.99591 0.99589 0.99586 0.995826 0.9958 0.99577 0.99574
30 0.99565 0.99562 0.99559 0.99556 0.995525 0.99549 0.99546 0.99543
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
 ty of water varies with temperature and impurities.

ere the maximum density does not occur when solidified. As ice is lighter than water, it floats.

The Expansion of Water at Various

o 30.9°C by 0.1°C inc. Temperatures

The following table shows the volume

that 1 gram of water occupies as
temperature varies. Data corrected for
buoyancy and for the thermal
expansion of the container.

Temperature (°C) Volume (mL)

0.8 0.9 17 1.0022

0.99989 0.9999 18 1.0024

0.99993 0.99994 19 1.0026

1 1 20 1.0028
1 1 21 1.003
 1 1 22 1.0033
0.99995 0.99994 23 1.0035
0.99991 0.99991 24 1.0037
0.99986 0.99986 25 1.004

0.9998 0.99979 26 1.0043

0.99972 0.99971
The thermal coefficient of expansion
of water is 0.00021 per 1° Celsius at
0.99963 0.99962 20° Celsius.
0.99952 0.99951
0.9994 0.99939
0.99927 0.99926

0.99913 0.99911

0.99898 0.99896
0.99881 0.99879
0.99863 0.99861
0.99844 0.99842
0.99824 0.99822
0.99804 0.99801
0.99782 0.99779
0.99759 0.99756
0.99735 0.99732
0.9971 0.99707
0.99684 0.99681
0.99657 0.99654
0.99629 0.99626
0.996 0.99597
0.99571 0.99568
0.9954 0.99537
0.8 0.9
The mass of over 30 different metals and alloys are listed below. While the data is useful for
individual samples will differ. Impurities will often have an influence.

A 1000kg of pure water = 1 cubic metre. Pure water was chosen as the 'base line' for specific
and given the value of 1. The specific gravity of all other materials are compared to water as
fraction heavier or lighter density. For example, beryllium has a specific gravity (sg) of 1.84 (1
kg/cu.m) (see table below)

As specific gravity is just a comparison, it can be applied across any units. The density of pur
is also 62.4 lbs/cu.ft (pounds per cubic foot) and if we know that a sample of alumimium has
2.5 then we can calculate that its density is 2.5 x 62.4 = 156 lbs/cu.ft.

Note, kg/cu.m divided by 16.02 = lbs/cu.ft

Metal or alloy kg/cu.m

aluminium - melted 2560 - 2640
aluminium bronze (3-
10% Al) 7700 - 8700
aluminium foil 2700 -2750
antifriction metal 9130 -10600
beryllium 1840
beryllium copper 8100 - 8250
brass - casting 8400 - 8700

brass - rolled and drawn 8430 - 8730

bronze - lead 7700 - 8700
bronze - phosphorous 8780 - 8920
bronze (8-14% Sn) 7400 - 8900
cast iron 6800 - 7800
cobolt 8746
copper 8930
delta metal 8600
electrum 8400 - 8900
gold 19320
iron 7850
lead 11340
light alloy based on Al 2560 - 2800
light alloy based on Mg 1760 - 1870
magnesium 1738
mercury 13593
molybdenum 10188
monel 8360 - 8840
nickel 8800
nickel silver 8400 - 8900
platinum 21400
plutonium 19800
silver 10490
steel - rolled 7850
steel - stainless 7480 - 8000
tin 7280
titanium 4500
tungsten 19600
uranium 18900
vanadium 5494
white metal 7100
zinc 7135

We have tried to be accurate with the above table but cannot be held responsible for inaccura
Go back to first principals and double check your calculations if the result is 'mission critical'.

Remember that you cannot create energy only convert it. Likewise, you will not find a convers
from pounds to metres - the basic units must remain the same - mass converted to mass, len
converted to length, et al.

You won't usually find a conversion from kilograms to grams - the prefix 'kilo' means '1,000' s

One handy metric link between units to remember is that 1 Litre [1000cc] of pure water weigh
kilogram.

If accuracy is critical beware of old versions of MS Excel which had problems rounding off nu
More information on the SI System (Le Système International d'Unités) base units and definit
w. While the data is useful for design,
ence.

en as the 'base line' for specific gravity

ials are compared to water as a
a specific gravity (sg) of 1.84 (1840

s any units. The density of pure water

at a sample of alumimium has a sg of
s/cu.ft.
be held responsible for inaccuracies.
f the result is 'mission critical'.

wise, you will not find a conversion

- mass converted to mass, length

the prefix 'kilo' means '1,000' so a kilogram is in fact 1,000 grams in the same way as a kilometer is 1,000 metres

e [1000cc] of pure water weighs 1

had problems rounding off numbers.

d'Unités) base units and definitions.
The mass of over 30 different species of wood are listed below. While the data is useful for the
design and selection of wood, individual samples will differ. Moisture content will have a marked
influence.
As 1000kg of pure water = 1 cubic metre, those materials under 1000kg/cubic metre will float;
more dense will sink ie. those materials with a specific gravity more than 1.

Pure water was chosen as the 'base line' for specific gravity and given the value of 1. The
specific gravity of all other materials are compared to water as a fraction heavier or lighter
density. For example, afromosia has a specific gravity (sg) of 0.705 while ebony can have a sg o
1.12 (1120 kg/cu.m) (see table below)

As specific gravity is just a comparison, it can be applied across any units. The density of pure
water is also 62.4 lbs/cu.ft (pounds per cubic foot) and if we know that a sample of apple has a
sg of 0.73 then we can calculate that its density is 0.73 x 62.4 = 45.552 lbs/cu.ft.

Note, kg/cu.m divided by 16.01846 = lbs/cu.ft

Wood - seasoned & dry kg/cu.m

Afromosia 705
660 -
Apple 830
Ash, black 540
Ash, white 670
Aspen 420
Balsa 170
300 -
Bamboo 400
Birch (British) 670
Cedar, red 380
Cypress 510
Douglas Fir 530
960 -
Ebony 1120
Elm ( English ) 600
Elm ( Wych ) 690
Elm ( Rock ) 815
Iroko 655
Larch 590
 1280 -
Lignum Vitae 1370
Mahogany ( Honduras ) 545
495 -
Mahogany ( African ) 850
Maple 755
590 -
Oak 930
Pine ( Oregon ) 530
Pine ( Parana ) 560
350 -
Pine ( Canadian ) 560
370 -
Pine ( Red ) 660
Redwood ( American ) 450
Redwood ( European ) 510
Spruce ( Canadian ) 450
Spruce ( Sitka ) 450
Sycamore 590
630 -
Teak 720
Willow 420

We have tried to be accurate with the above table but cannot be held responsible for inaccuracie
Go back to first principals and double check your calculations if the result is 'mission critical'.

Remember that you cannot create energy only convert it. Likewise, you will not find a conversion
pounds to metres - the basic units must remain the same - mass converted to mass, length conv
length, et al.

You won't usually find a conversion from kilograms to grams - the prefix 'kilo' means '1,000' so a

One handy metric link between units to remember is that 1 Litre [1000cc] of pure water weighs 1

If accuracy is critical beware of old versions of MS Excel which had problems rounding off numb
More information on the SI System (Le Système International d'Unités) base units and definition
e the data is useful for the
content will have a marked

0kg/cubic metre will float;

han 1.

en the value of 1. The

tion heavier or lighter
while ebony can have a sg of

units. The density of pure

at a sample of apple has a
52 lbs/cu.ft.
d responsible for inaccuracies.
esult is 'mission critical'.

you will not find a conversion from

nverted to mass, length converted to

efix 'kilo' means '1,000' so a kilogram is in fact 1,000 grams in the same way as a kilometer is 1,000 metres [or about

0cc] of pure water weighs 1 kilogram.

problems rounding off numbers.

és) base units and definitions