Nowadays, environment has changed dramatically causing all kinds of effects on e

cosystems. The main effects towards the ecosystems are rising sea temperature an
d ocean acidification. We will discuss about the impact of rising sea temperatur
e and ocean acidification on marine ecosystems. Temperature is a very important
ecological parameter; such vast quantities of thermal water can affect marine or
ganisms and their community structure and ecosystem (Langford, 1990; Hung et al.
, 1998). Moreover, elevated seawater temperature caused by global warming (Smith
and Reynolds, 2005) may aggravate the impact of thermal pollution on plankton i
n cooling systems and receiving water which can overwhelm the capacities of many
species to tolerance (Zargar and Ghosh, 2007). The ecological impact of ocean a
cidification resulting from the marine organismâ s uptake of anthropogenic emissions
of carbon dioxide, CO2 is a relatively new concern for the scientific community,
but one that is attracting significant and increasing research effort. The rece
nt scientific consensus is that ocean acidification poses a serious threat to th
e integrity of marine ecosystem, key element cycles, biodiversity and the provis
ion of goods and services to nation states (Caldeira and Wickett, 2003; Royal So
ciety et al., 2005 and Stern, 2006). This highlights many biogeochemical and eco
system processes which may be vulnerable to the ensuing changes in carbonate che
mistry including a decrease in pH and carbonate saturation state. There are some
experimental evidence suggests that there will be significant responses for bot
h ecosystems and individuals to ocean acidification. Processes affected include
planktonic calcification, carbon and nutrient assimilation, primary production a
nd acid-base balance. Ocean acidification has also been shown to affect the earl
y life stages of higher trophic organisms (Pörtner et al., 2004). There will potent
ially be changes to ecosystem composition, size structure and succession; pertur
bations that may result in modifications â of unknown magnitude â of ecological structu
e, energy flow and resources. The recent emergence of climate change as a widely
accepted and crucial issue for society and government, after years of debate, h
as enabled the far more rapid recognition of ocean acidification as a parallel c
oncern for policy makers. As a consequence the scientific community is being cha
llenged to produce robust and relevant science that underpins international poli
cy development on a relatively short timescale.
Temperature is one of the most important environmental parameters since it deter
mines the living area (Pörtner, 2001 and 2002) and affects the spawning reproductio
n, development, growth, metabolism, feeding and behaviour of animal species (Gau
dy et al, 2000). I agree with that temperature is an important source to wildlif
e but temperature changes upon different factors. Either temperature increase or
decrease can cause dramatic impact to animal species. Many organisms can tolera
te extreme temperatures in short time by adjusting their physical mechanisms und
er thermal stress (Jiang et al, 2008) such as support of anaerobic metabolism, f
unctions of heat shock proteins, and antioxidative defence (Pörtner, 2002; Voznesen
sky et al, 2004). According to González (1974), the thermal tolerance of experiment
al copepods (e.g. C.sinicus, E. concinna, and L. euchaeta) increased with rising
acclimatization temperature, which was in agreement with the earlier studies on
the thermal tolerance of Acartia tonsa and A, clause. Somero mentioned thermal
tolerance ranges can also be extended through the induction of heat shock protei
ns (HSPS) (1995). Thermal tolerances of organisms are resulted from long-term na
tural selection and evolution under environmental function. Specific indicators
can be used to monitor trends and detect sudden changes in environmental condit
ions which are considered to be the result of climate variability (short time sc
ale) and/or climate change (long time scale). An indicator (e.g. sea temperature
or length of growing season) is defined here as a variable or measure that reve
als some key element of a system. Its value and long-term trend indicates the pr
esent state relative to a baseline and thus measures dynamics of the system. Non
e of the indicators, however, is likely to be influenced by climate change alone
. Groups of indicators will, therefore, be needed to conclusively demonstrate if
and how climate change is affecting marine systems. Indicators should be simple
(easy to understand and to measure), reliable (conceptually and methodologicall
y well founded) and affordable. Indicators based on ongoing long-term monitoring
programmes and projects can take advantage of tested protocols for routine coll
ection of data, historical data for estimation of reference values and build up
confidence in interpretation. If long-term monitoring protocols have to be adapt
ed for new indicators, however, some conflict may arise between consistency and
improvement. In future, we should enhance evaluation of the impact of climate ch
ange on marine and coastal environmental which requires a concerted effort to ga
ther, store, analyse previously and presently collected marine environmental dat
a. Researchers have to make identification of the nature and rate of consequence
s of climate change in marine and coastal waters which require the maintenance a
nd expansion where necessary of existing long-term monitoring programme and stan
dardisation between singe site surveys to improve the detail information availab
le as well as increase their spatial and temporal resolution.
Globally, temperature driven effects impose regional differences in carbonate ch
emistry; for example the shallowing of carbonate saturation horizons towards the
poles or the upwelling of CO2 rich and under saturated water onto western bound
ary shelf systems (Feely et al., 2008). Changes to weather driven in-situ mixing
will affect nutrient supply to the phobic zone. Climate change predictions indi
cate the high probability of changes to regional rainfall patterns which, along
side changes in land use and industrial processes, will modify fluvial inputs to
coastal systems affecting nutrients, optical properties, inorganic carbon and a
lkalinity (Raymond and Cole, 2003). Species and communities are likely to shift
their geographic ranges as temperatures increase (e.g. Beaugrand et al., 2002),
introducing different phenologies, acidification sensitivities and trophic trans
fer potential. As well as regionally based interactions between climate change a
nd the carbonate system and impacts on the basic controls on production from bot
h drivers, there are also processes and systems directly affected by both. At th
e same time there is debate as to whether increased temperature will increase ca
lcification rates significantly, and if this would offset the saturation state d
riven decline in calcification (McNeil et al., 2004). Another likely pressure in
coming decades is significant shifts in top predator populations, caused by ant
hropogenic or natural fluctuations (Jackson et al., 2001). As a result top-down
control pressures may alter with the potential for significant knock-on effects
at other trophic levels. Although the evidence for trophic cascades, where the r
emoval of a predator causes massive restructuring of an ecosystem, is limited fo
r large complex systems, evidence has been presented for the Scotian Shelf syste
m (Frank et al., 2005). There is more certain evidence detailing the impact of t
rophic cascades in colder or simpler, geographically limited systems such as fre
sh-water lakes (Strong, 1992). So whilst changing top down control pressures nee
d to be considered, it can be hypothesised that in systems perturbed by temperat
ure, acidification and fishing for example, the potential for trophic cascades t
o radically alter ecosystem structure might increase. The early vulnerability of
polar systems to acidification coupled with the increased sensitivity of cold w
ater systems to cascades suggests sensitivity worthy of consideration. Using env
ironmental monitoring of pH to inform experimental parameters provides a means t
o improve our understanding of acclimatization of organisms in a dynamic ecosyst
em. In conclusion, it is important to keep the environment in good condition to
protect the earth from global warming and rising of temperature.