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Dispozitive Medicale Portabile Inteligente
Dispozitive Medicale Portabile Inteligente
GENERAL REPORTS
Rezumat Summary
Prevalenþa afecþiunilor cutanate este în creºtere la The prevalence of skin disorders is increasing
nivel mondial datoritã mai multor factori cum ar fi worldwide due to, several factors like the changing
schimbarea mediului ºi a climei sau un stil de viaþã environment and climate, or to an inappropriate
necorespunzãtor. Afecþiunile cutanate au implicaþii lifestyle. Skin disorders have major and long-term
negative majore ºi pe termen lung la nivel individual ºi al
negative implications at individual and national
sistemelor de sãnãtate naþionale. Dispozitivele medicale
portabile inteligente (smart wearable medical devices) sunt
healthcare systems levels. Smart wearable medical
integrate din ce în ce mai mult în practica dermatologicã devices are more and more integrated in dermatology
deoarece ele pot facilita o abordare proactivã a asistenþei practice because they can facilitate a proactive
medicale, o mai bunã monitorizare, un diagnostic ºi approach of the healthcare, a better monitoring, and
tratamente îmbunãtãþite. Lucrarea de faþã are drept scop improved diagnosis and treatments. This paper aims
prezentarea beneficiilor aduse de utilizarea pe scarã largã în to present the benefits brought by the use on large
dermatologie a dispozitivelor inteligente portabile. Dupã o scale of the smart wearable devices in dermatology.
scurtã trecere în revistã a particularitãþilor dispozitivelor After a short review of the particularities of the
portabile folosite în domeniul asistenþei medicale, sunt wearable devices employed in healthcare, the practical
prezentate implicaþiile practice ale implementãrii lor în
implications of the implementation in dermatology
practica dermatologicã. O scurtã trecere în revistã a unora
practice are put forward. A brief look over some of the
dintre dispozitivele inteligente portabile actuale ºi viitoare
care susþin serviciile dermatologice, demonstreazã
current and future smart wearable devices that
potenþialul lor de a transforma practica medicalã curentã. sustain dermatological services demonstrates their
Monitorizarea continuã, accesul mai uºor la o cantitate potential of transforming the current medical
uriaºã de date eterogene colectate, un sprijin eficient pentru practice. Continuous monitoring, easier access to a
luarea deciziilor privind diagnosticarea ºi tratamentul ºi o huge amount of heterogeneous collected data, an
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responsabilizare îmbunãtãþitã a pacienþilor faþã de propria effective support for diagnose and treatment decision
sãnãtate sunt doar câteva dintre caracteristicile care making, and improved engagement of the patients are
dovedesc rolul indiscutabil al acestor dispozitive emergente only some of the features that prove the undoubted
în practica dermatologicã. role of these emerging devices in dermatology
Cuvinte cheie: dispozitive inteligente portabile, practice.
senzori, dermatologie, monitorizare, diagnozã.
Key words: smart wearable devices, sensors,
dermatology, monitoring, diagnosis
Introducere Introduction
În perioada curentã, afecþiunile cutanate sunt Nowadays, the skin disorders are among the
o sursa importantã pentru costurile mari major sources of the current burden of the
resimþite de serviciile naþionale de sãnãtate la worldwide national health services, also
nivel global, cu implicaþii ºi la nivel individual
implying high expenditure at individual level [1].
[1]. Majoritatea afecþiunilor cutanate au un
Most of the skin diseases have a strong negative
impact negativ puternic asupra calitãþii vieþii
impact on the quality of patients’ life, and some
pacienþilor, iar unele dintre acestea pot duce la
dizabilitãþi permanente sau chiar la deces. of them can lead to permanent disabilities or
Creºterea numericã ºi îmbãtrânirea continuã a death. The continuous growth and ageing of the
populaþiei globale, dinamica factorilor de mediu global population, the dynamics of environment
ºi a factorilor de risc pentru sãnãtate (cum ar fi and health risk factors (like climate changes)
schimbãrile climatice) impun o cerere sporitã de impose an increased demand of financial,
resurse financiare, umane, ºtiinþifice ºi tehno- human, scientific and technological resources
logice pentru susþinerea ºi îmbunãtãþirea servi- for sustaining and improving dermatology
ciilor dermatologice. practice.
Prin urmare, este obligatoriu ca noile tehno-
Therefore, it is compulsory to integrate in
logii ºi modele de afaceri, care au potenþialul de a
current and future dermatology practice newer
oferi un sprijin eficient ºi accesibil, sã se integreze
în practica dermatologicã actualã ºi viitoare. technologies and business models which have
Unele dintre provocãrile majore din domeniul the potential to provide an efficient and
asistenþei medicale pot fi rezolvate prin utilizarea affordable support. Some of the major challenges
tehnologiilor Internet of Things – IoT (Internetul in healthcare can be handled by Internet of
lucrurilor sau obiectelor), ce includ dispozitive Things (IoT) technologies, including smart
medicale inteligente portabile care pot susþine o wearable medical devices able to sustain more
monitorizare ºi diagnozã mai precise, în timp accurate, real-time, cost-effective and compre-
real, mai eficiente ºi mai cuprinzãtoare. hensive monitoring and diagnosis.
Lucrarea de faþã urmãreºte sã prezinte pe
This paper aims to briefly present the main
scurt principalele caracteristici ale dispozitivelor
characteristics of smart wearable medical devices
medicale inteligente portabile ºi sã sublinieze
and to emphasise their extended capacity to
capacitatea lor extinsã de a transforma practica
dermatologicã. Pentru a le demonstra opor- transform the dermatology practice. In order to
tunitãþile, sunt prezentate câteva exemple din demonstrate their opportunities, some examples
cele mai noi dispozitive medicale inteligente of the newest smart wearable medical devices are
portabile. brought in.
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la mai multe dispozitive portabile sunt direc- exchanging of information with other devices are
þionate cãtre o reþea wireless care poate transmite facilitated. Data obtained from multiple wearable
date medicale cãtre Internet prin conexiuni devices are routing to a body area network that
Bluetooth, Wi-Fi LTE, 3G, 4G sau 5G pentru can transmit the medical data to the Internet
obþinerea de analize suplimentare sau a unui through Bluetooth, Wi-Fi LTE, 3G, 4G, or 5G
rãspuns de la un furnizor de asistenþã medicalã connection for further analyses or feedback from
[5]. a healthcare provider [5].
Dispozitivele medicale portabile care au un The medical wearable devices that have a
contact direct cu pielea pentru a furniza o serie de robust and soft contact with the skin to deliver a
funcþionalitãþi ale acesteia trebuie sã fie flexibile, range of functionalities have to be flexible,
elastice ºi sã asigure într-un mod non-invaziv o stretchable, and to provide accurate sensing and
detectare precisã ºi o biometricã corectã, elemente biometrics required for health monitoring in a
necesare monitorizãrii stãrii de sãnãtate. noninvasively way. Flexible smart wearable
Dispozitivele portabile flexibile „pot fi devices “can be configured to make conformal
configurate pentru a face un contact adaptat cu contact with epidermal, ocular, and dental
suprafaþa epidermei, suprafaþa ocularã ºi interfaces to collect biochemical or electro-
dentarã, pentru colectarea semnalelor biochimice physiological signals” [5].
sau electrofiziologice" [5]. The restrictions on wearable devices refer to
Restricþiile privind dispozitivele portabile se the size, battery life, and weight. Medical
referã la dimensiune, durata de viaþã a bateriei ºi wearables devices must provide on board sensors
greutate. Dispozitivele medicale portabile trebuie and a large amount of computing power into a
sã asambleze senzori ºi o putere mare de calcul small package [10].
într-un format mic [10]. “Smart wearable devices (a merge between a
„Dispozitivele inteligente portabile (o îmbi-
sensor and a microcontroller) leverage the IoT
nare între un senzor ºi un micro controler) mãresc
potential in the healthcare area by stimulating a
potenþialul IoT în domeniul sãnãtãþii prin
proactive preventive care, a more accurate
stimularea unei îngrijiri preventive proactive, a
diagnostic and a more appropriate evaluation of
unui diagnostic mai precis ºi a unei evaluãri mai
the treatment results” [11]. These wearable
adecvate a rezultatelor tratamentului" [11].
medical devices are developed for both
Aceste dispozitive medicale portabile cu rol în
monitoring and diagnostic functions and can be
monitorizare ºi diagnosticare pot fi purtate pe
placed at various locations on the human body
diverse pãrþi ale corpului uman ºi includ senzori
pentru electroencefalogramã, electrocardio- (ex. electrodes for electrocardiography, electro-
gramã, electromiografie sau dispozitive pentru myography, devices for monitoring of blood
mãsurarea diverºilor parametri fiziologici (ten- pressure, temperature, glucose, lactate, pH, Na,
siune arterialã, oxigenare sanguinã, temperaturã K, blood oxygenation, skin hydration or
corporalã, glicemie, nivelul plasmatic al lacta- evolution of wounds) [12].
tului, sodiului sau potasiului, gradul de hidratare
al pielii) sau pentru monitorizarea proceselor de Emerging trends concerning the evo-
cicatrizare cutanatã. [12] lution of wearable medical devices
“Smart wearables are becoming increasingly
Tendinþe noi privind evoluþia dispoziti- pervasive driven by the continuous miniaturiza-
velor medicale portabile tion of electronics; advances in sensor technology,
„Dispozitivele inteligente portabile au o computing power and connectivity; they
utilizare din ce în ce mai largã datoritã demonstrate an even stronger capability to
miniaturizãrii continue în domeniul electronicii, embed intelligence in electronic (and photonic)
a avansurilor în tehnologia senzorilor, a puterii components and systems, ultimately coupled by
de calcul ºi a conectivitãþii; ele demonstreazã o a reduction in the price of components. From
capacitate ºi mai puternicã de a încorpora phase 1 when they were accessary type devices,
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logilor sã evalueze continuu proprietãþile • the health specialists can be notified almost
pielii (cum ar fi hidratarea, temperatura, instantly whenever an abnormal event
nivelul oxigenului din sângele capilar, occurs by receiving current data on their
vindecarea rãnilor, mecanica pielii) sau smartphones;
biomarkerii mãsuraþi în transpiraþie ºi sã • the underserved population (like people
ofere un tratament personalizat cât mai living in isolated areas or untrasportable
rapid;
ones) can be monitorized and treated
• Specialiºtii din domeniul sãnãtãþii pot fi
remotely;
anunþaþi aproape instantaneu de fiecare
datã când apare un eveniment anormal, • being non-invasive, smart wearable
primind date actualizate pe telefonul medical devices have a positive impact on
mobil; patients’ attitude and behaviour regarding
• Populaþia defavorizatã (cum ar fi per- the treatment of the skin disorder;
soanele care trãiesc în zone izolate sau cele • the outcomes obtained after a specific use
netransportabile) poate fi monitorizatã ºi of a smart wearable medical device in a
tratatã de la distanþã; skin disease treatment or a wound or post
• Fiind non-invazive, dispozitivele medicale surgery healing might support the
inteligente portabile au un impact pozitiv deployment of improved medicines,
asupra atitudinii ºi comportamentului dressings, patches or devices.
pacienþilor în ceea ce priveºte tratamentul
afecþiunilor cutanate;
• Rezultatele obþinute dupã o anumitã utili-
Examples of smart wearable medical
zare a unui dispozitiv medical inteligent
portabil într-un tratament pentru o afec- devices in current and future derma-
þiune cutanatã sau pentru favorizarea tology practice
cicatrizãrii plãgilor pot susþine dezvoltarea a) The smart bandage that helps heal
unor noi medicamente, pansamente, wounds and administers antibiotics on
plasturi sau dispozitive îmbunãtãþite. its own [17]
The researchers from Tufts University in
Exemple de dispozitive medicale porta- Massachusetts have invented a smart bandage
bile din practica dermatologicã curentã ºi with sensors and processor that constantly checks
viitoare how the wound progresses and automatically
administers the required dose of drugs. The
a) Bandajul inteligent care contribuie la smart bandage has a special processor and
vindecarea rãnii ºi care administreazã sensors integrated that constantly monitor how
singur antibiotice [17] the wound heals.With the help of special sensors
Cercetãtorii de la Universitatea Tufts din that analyze the temperature and pH of the
Massachusetts au inventat un bandaj inteligent, wound, smart bandage can detect signs of
cu senzori ºi procesor, care verificã permanent infection or inflammation in time. Thus, it will
modul în care evolueazã rana ºi administreazã
administer directly to the skin the antibiotics that
automat doza necesarã de medicamente.
are needed. [17]
Bandajul inteligent are integrat un procesor ºi
The new generation of bangs will be used
senzori speciali, care monitorizeazã constant
modul în care se vindecã rana. Cu ajutorul unor especially to treat persistent wounds that heal
senzori speciali, care analizeazã temperatura ºi very hard. It is the case of burns, but also of the
pH-ul rãnii, bandajul inteligent poate depista la injuries suffered by diabetics. Of course, there are
timp semnele de infecþie sau inflamaþie. Astfel, va other situations where chronic wounds can not be
administra direct pe piele antibioticele de care cured, because the skin does not have the normal
este nevoie. regenerative capacity.
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Noua generaþie de bandaje va fi folositã mai Another advantage of the new type of patch
ales pentru tratarea rãnilor persistente, care se is that it administers the necessary drugs alone,
vindecã foarte greu. Este cazul arsurilor, dar ºi al without the need for frequent care from doctors
rãnilor de care suferã diabeticii, sau a ulcerelor de or caregivers. In addition, it stimulates the
gambã. Desigur, existã ºi alte situaþii în care apar natural healing process.
rãni cronice, greu de vindecat, cazuri care pot An intelligent bandage has several com-
beneficia de aceste bandaje inteligente. ponents, including: (i) sensors for pH and
Un alt avantaj al noului tip de plasture este temperature measurement; (ii) flexible micro-
faptul cã administreazã singur medicamentele heater, (iii) carriers of thermally responsive drugs
necesare, fãrã sã fie nevoie de o intervenþie incorporated into a hydrogel patch; (iv) wireless
frecventã din partea medicilor sau a îngrijito-
electronics for reading data from sensors and for
rilor. În plus, stimuleazã procesul natural de
triggering and controlling the thermal actuation
vindecare.
system, if necessary. [18]
Un bandaj inteligent are mai multe com-
ponente, printre care: (i) senzori pentru mãsurare b) A patch with nanocip helps heal wounds
pH ºi temperaturã; (ii) microîncãlzitor flexibil; through genetic reprogramming [19]
(iii) dozatoare de medicamente care rãspund
termic, încorporate într-un plasture de tip The researchers from Ohio State University,
hidrogel; (iv) dispozitive electronice fãrã fir United States designed a nanochip re-
pentru citirea datelor de la senzori, pentru programming cells to help the body heal. The
declanºarea ºi controlul sistemului de acþionare new technology is called Tissue Nanotransfection
termicã, dacã este necesar. [18] and involves touching the affected tissue with a
special patch with an inserted a nanochip of a
b) Plasturele cu nanocip care ajutã la coin size. The patch is held on the skin for only
vindecarea rãnilor prin reprogramare one second, then it is removed (at that point, cell
geneticã [19] reprogramming begins), and the skin will heal
Cercetãtorii de la Universitatea de Stat Ohio, itself in record time.
Statele Unite au proiectat un nanocip care The moment it is glued to the skin, a strong
reprogrameazã celulele pentru a ajuta and focused electric field is applied along the
vindecarea. Noua tehnologie se numeºte Tissue device that allows the nanochip to inject into the
Nanotransfection (TNT) ºi presupune atingerea skin cells a genetic code so that they can turn into
þesutului afectat cu un plasture special, în care a any type of cell, stimulating the restoration of the
fost introdus un nanocip de dimensiunea unei destroyed blood vessels.
monede. Plasturele este þinut pe piele doar o
secundã, apoi este înlãturat (în acel moment c) Sensitive sensor for measuring exposure
începe programarea celulelor.), iar pielea se va to UV radiation [20]
vindeca singurã, în timp record. În secunda în UV radiation is essential for the production of
care este lipit pe piele, un câmp electric focalizat
D vitamin and beneficial to human health, but
puternic este aplicat de-a lungul dispozitivului
excessive UV exposure has many associated risk
care permite nanocipului sã injecteze în celulele
factors, including skin cancer and photo-
pielii un cod genetic, astfel încât acestea se pot
sensitisation. The acute effects of excessive UVA
transforma în orice tip de celule, stimulând astfel
refacerea vaselor de sânge distruse. and UVB exposure are usually short-lived and
reversible. Such effects include erythema,
c) Senzorul de precizie pentru mãsurarea darkening of the pigment and sunburn.
expunerii la radiaþii UV [20] Prolonged exposure even at sub-eritemal UV
Radiaþia UV este esenþialã pentru producerea doses causes thickening and epidermal
de vitamina D ºi beneficã pentru sãnãtatea degradation of keratinocytes, elastin, collagen
umanã, dar expunerea excesivã la UV are mulþi and blood vessels, leading to premature aging of
factori de risc asociaþi, inclusiv cancerul de piele the skin.
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e) ªapca Sunee – prototipul unei ºepci radiation, and the natural head cap position
inteligente [22] allows the sensor to be exposed to the sun in the
Prototipul ºepcii Sunee este unul dintre most effective way to measure radiation exposure
proiectele câºtigãtoare ale ediþiei InnovationLabs to other devices such as bracelets or clocks for
2017, realizat de un grup de studenþi români. example. The accelerometer is useful because it
Inventatorii au ales acest obiect vestimentar shows whether the cap is carried by the child,
pentru cã utilizarea lui este naturalã, oamenii whether it is moving or was simply forgotten in
folosind oricum o ºapcã pentru a se proteja de the sun.
soare. The Sunee cap is connected to an app, which
ªapca are incluºi 3 senzori (unul pentru is currently only compatible with Android 4.4
razele ultraviolete, unul pentru temperaturã ºi un
and higher (or Kitkat). The interface of the
accelerometru). Senzorul UV este sensibil la
application is designed to be as user-friendly and
radiaþiile UVA ºi UVB, iar poziþia normalã a
ºepcii pe cap permite ca acest senzor sã fie expus easy to use by both parents and children. It
maxim la soare, mãsurând astfel mai eficient contains a page with statistics on the last days or
nivelul de expunere la radiaþii, faþã de alte weeks on sun exposure, but also an educational
dispozitive, cum sunt brãþãrile sau ceasurile, spre page. Here, users will find information on the
exemplu. Accelerometrul este util deoarece aratã risk of solar radiation, effective protection
dacã ºapca este purtatã de un copil, dacã este în methods and complications that skin burns can
miºcare sau a fost pur ºi simplu uitatã în soare. cause, such as skin cancer.
ªapca Sunee este conectatã la o aplicaþie
mobilã, care momentan este compatibilã numai cu f) Transdermal therapy [23]
sistemul Android de la 4.4 în sus (sau Kitkat). Transdermal therapy is a method of
Interfaþa aplicaþiei este gânditã sã fie cât mai transporting active medical substances through
prietenoasã ºi uºor de folosit atât de cãtre pãrinþi, the dermis, allowing fast and painless delivery of
cât ºi de cãtre copii. Ea conþine o paginã cu statistici active agents to the affected organ or tissue
pe ultimele zile sau sãptãmâni privind expunerea
without causing side effects and without
la soare, dar ºi o paginã educativã. Aici, utilizatorii
overloading other organs: kidney, stomach, liver,
vor gãsi informaþii despre riscul pe care îl
presupun radiaþiile solare, metodele eficiente de and gastrointestinal tract intestinal.
protecþie ºi complicaþiile pe care le pot provoca The phyto-patch is used in this therapy. Body
arsurile de piele, cum este cancerul de piele. phyto-patch are designed for recovery and
preservation of health. First of all, in the
f) Terapia transdermicã [23] composition of phyto-patch we find active
Tehnologia transdermicã este o metodã de substances – complex of valuable herbs and
transportare a substanþelor active medicale prin natural ingredients. Secondly, active drug
epiderm permiþând livrarea rapidã ºi nedure- substances penetrate the body in a natural and
roasã de agenþi activi cãtre organul sau þesutul safe way - through the skin.
afectat, fãrã a cauza efecte secundare ºi fãrã a
supraîncãrca alte organe: rinichi, stomac, ficat sau g) Modernist masks for wrinkle removal
tractul gastro-intestinal. MAPO Opera - Wired Beam Mask is the
În cadrul acestei terapii sunt utilizaþi asa- world's first smart beauty mask. Wired Beauty
numiþii fitoplasturi. În compoziþia fitoplasturilor
has worked with the prestigious French-Japanese
se gãsesc substanþe active – un complex de plante
design studio A + A Cooren to refine the
medicinale ºi ingrediente naturale care pãtrund
în organism într-un mod natural ºi sigur – prin minimalist prototype. This 3D mask is made of
piele. De asemenea, existã dispozitive medicale soft silicone and is provided with bio-moisture
transdermice care permit eliberarea continuã ºi sensors that measure skin moisture levels in real
controlatã de substanþe active medicamentoase time. Information is passed to an application that
care se absorb la nivel cutanat, având efecte looks for the health of the wearer's skin and
sistemice. provides recommendations for skin care. [24]
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Acknowledgment
Proiectul „Platformã inovativã pentru moni-
torizarea ºi asistarea personalizatã în e-Sãnãtate
(MONISAN)“ este finanþat în cadrul Pro-
gramului Nucleu al Ministerului Cercetãrii ºi
(MCI). (martie – decembrie 2018).
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