Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
in FOCARUL DE BOLI
TRANSMISIBILE
(Outbreak Investigation)
email: monicadeliat@gmail.com
Ce este medicul epidemiolog?
Mr. Poiroit
Ce? De ce? Cand? Cum? Unde?
Cine?
• I keep six honest serving-men
• They taught me all I know
• Their names are What? and Why? and
When?
• And How? and Where? and Who?
“Rudyard Kipling”
Triada Epidemiologica
Infectie
Agent Mediu
Infectiozitate, Clima, Igiena
Virulenta, aderare Mediu social,
Procesul epidemiologic
• Sistematica,rapida, 2 etape:
- Preliminara (formarea echipei)
- Definitiva (10 etape)
Pc = 1-1/Ro
Etapele Investigatiei
Epidemiologice
1. Confirmarea Epidemiei, pe baza Definitiei de
Caz:
• aparitia unui numar de cazuri in exces, cu
simptomatologie asemanatoare,
Diagnostic
Clinic
+
(Laborator)
Contact
(expunere)
si date
timp, loc ,
persoana
Guidance for defining an epidemiologically linked case
prospectively
Pentru a certifica existenta unei legaturi epidemiologice
intre un caz confirmat si un Contact:
P74. 27M P78. 36F P80. 27F P82. 38F P84. 27F P86. 39F P88. 38F P90. 25F P92. 24F P94. 26F P96. 45F P98. 71F P100. 46F
15 Mar 16 Mar 16 Mar 16 Mar 16 Mar 17 Mar 17 Mar 19 Mar 19 Mar 23 Mar 15 Mar 17 Mar 21 Mar
Mother of P76. 29F Patient 79 P81. 43F P83. 38F P85. 34F P87. 32F P89. 25F P91. 49F P93. 29F P95. 29M P97. 37M P99. 19F
patient 74 15 Mar 32F 16 Mar 16 Mar 17 Mar 17 Mar 19 Mar 19 Mar 21 Mar 23 Mar 17 Mar 20 Mar
P75. 64F P77. 61F HCW who possibly attended to patient 76 when the latter had
21 Mar 24 Mar an outpatient appointment at another healthcare institution
1. Confirmarea existentei unei Epidemii,
Definitia de Caz
Important:
- educatie medicala: mass media, scoli
- eforturi de depistare rapida a cazurilor aditionale cu izolare
acestora si instituirea tratamentului corespunzator,
- identificarea si tinerea sub observatie a cazurilor probabile si
a contactilor (la nevoie instituirea carantinei).
Etapele Investigatiei
Epidemiologice
5. Colectarea datelor:
• Elaborarea unui chestionar (completat in urma unui interviu adresat
prin telefon sau self administered – completat de catre pacient)
pentru culegerea standardizata a datelor de la fiecare caz.
Timp (luni)
Abcisa (X)
In data de 16 Aprilie 2 cazuri au prezentat
simptome de infectie
27 tari din 6 continente au raportat cazuri de SARS, avind la baza definitia de supraveghere elaborata de
OMS.
8,098 cazuri, 21% reprezentind personal medical (la 31.07. 03); 774 decese (Rata fatalitate ≈10%)
Cost - $US30-140 billion
,
The Lancet Infectious Diseases,
Volume 9, Issue 5, Pages 291 - 300,
May 2009
Incubation periods of acute respiratory viral infections: a
systematic review (Justin Lessler, Nicholas G Reich, Ron Brookmeyer, Trish M Perl,
Kenrad E Nelson, Derek AT Cummings)
Sumar
• Cunostiintele referitoare la “Perioada de incubatie” a bolii reprezinta
o informatie esentiala in cadrul investigatiei epidemiologice si a
aplicarii masurilor de prevenire si control – .
• Intr-un studiu care s-a ocupat de revizuirea sistematica a literaturii
medicale de specialitate, cu referire la 9 infectii respiratorii de
etiologie virala, cu importanta in sanatatea publica, studiul a
identificat 436 articole cu informatii referitoare la perioada de
incubatie a bolii.
• Prin aplicarea unui model care asigura distributia pe o scala
logaritmica normala a datelor s-au stabilit urmatoarele valori
mediane ale perioadei de incubatie a bolii:
The Lancet Infectious Diseases,
Volume 9, Issue 5, Pages 291 - 300,
May 2009
• 5·6 zile (95% CI 4·8—6·3)- Adenovirusuri,
• 3·2 zile (95% CI 2·8—3·7) – Coronavirusuri umane,
• 4·0 zile (95% CI 3·6—4·4) – SARS coronavirusuri
• 1·4 zile (95% CI 1·3—1·5) – virus gripal A,
• 0·6 zile (95% CI 0·5—0·6) – virus gripal B,
• 12·5 zile (95% CI 11·8—13·3) - Rujeola,
• 2·6 days (95% CI 2·1—3·1)- virusuri Paragripale,
• 4·4 zile (95% CI 3·9—4·9) - VSR
• 1·9 zile (95% CI 1·4—2·4) - Rinovirusuri.
Perioada de incubatie
• Informatiile referitoare la perioada de incubatie a bolii
sunt deosebit de importante:
- Valoarea maxima (right tail) – pt stabilirea perioadei de
carantina/izolare.
- Valoarea mediana- pentru a stabilii momentul cel mai
probabil in care a avut loc expunerea,cu rol in
identificarea sursei de infectie.
- Intregul interval pentru modelling, previziuni - in scopul
elaborarii programelor de planificare, in situatii de criza.
Interpretarea unei curbe epidemice
Prima
Generatie A doua
de cazuri Generatie
de cazuri
- De exemplu pentru o infectie pentru care sursa este reprezentata de om, cum este
cazul pentru infectie cu VHA, un caz aparut devreme, cu mult inainte de aparitia
exposure
• Se pot efectua harti pe care in zonele afectate sunt trecute informatii utile
(nr de cazuri – nu permite compararea intre zone geografice!!!!!; ratele de
atac, rate de incidenta – permit compararea).
• Utile in implementarea masurilor de preventie si control, a diverselor
programe de sanatate publica.
Decese – Epidemia de Holera ,1854 - Snow’s Grand Experiment*
Water Company
Southwark and
Vauxhall Company 40,046 1,263 315
(remained in London section
of Tamisa river)
Lambeth Company
(had moved to cleaner upriver 26,107 98 37
location)
Rest of London 256,423 1,422 59
*Source: J. Snow, On the Mode of Communication of Cholera (2nd ed). London: Churchill, 1855.
Reproduced in C.H. Hennekens, Epidemiology in Medecine, 1987. 1
Those households supplied with the cleaner water of the LambethCompanyexperience much lower mortality
than those supplied with contaminated water by Southwark and Vauxhall Company.
A drop of Thames water, as depicted by Punch in 1850.
(From Extracts from Appendix (A) to the Report of the General Board of Health
on the Epidemic Cholera of 1848 and 1849, published by HMSO, London, 1850.
Int J Epidemiol 31:900-907, 2002.)
MAP
Distributia cazurilor de infectie cu WNV,
Romania 2010
HCV prevalence in Romania: 4.56%
63
Incidenta Hepatitei Virale de tip B in Romania, 2011
64
Sursa: Centrul National de Supraveghere si Control al Bolilor Transmisibile.
6.3 Descrierea cazurilor :
Populatia la risc/susceptibila (Cine?)
• Identificarea activa a cazurilor si a populatiei la risc - surse de
informatie multiple: spitale, laboratoare, policlinici, scoli, din usa in
usa, radio.
- colectarea datelor socio-demografice, clinice, pentru a identifica
caracteristicile de persoana care predispun, favorizeaza, aparitia
infectiei:
- Virsta
- Gen
- Profesia
- Simptomatologie
- Vaccinuri efectuate
- Boli asociate
- Ce alimente, apa, medicamente, droguri, tigari, a consumat?
- Daca a utilizat echipament de EPP?
- Cu cine a venit in contact intr-un anumit interval de timp? (acasa, la servici,
in timpul calatoriei?)
6.3 Identificarea populatiei la risc
*Populatie la risc = pop. susceptibila de a dezvolta boala respectiva = receptiva (nevaccinata) = expusa.
Exercitiu
carne
29 17 63 17 12 59 1.07
spanac
26 17 60 20 12 62 0.97
cartofi
23 14 62 23 14 62 1.00
salata
13 11 54 28 19 60 0.90
Inghetata
43 11 80 3 18 14 5.71
Etapele Investigatiei
Epidemiologice
9. Comunicarea rezultatelor:
1. Comunicare orala catre autoritatile locale
2. Pregatirea unui document scris:
• Document de sanatate publica, esential.
• Baza unor studii ulterioare, cercetare stiintifica
• Informarea populatiei despre epidemia investigata!!!.
• La baza elaborarii unor masuri de politica de sanatate in
populatia respectiva:propunerea de masuri specifice de
preventie si control.
Raportul scris trebuie sa includa:
• Sumarul datelor relevante, metoda de colectare a
datelor, analiza si interpretarea datelor.
• O descriere a masurilor de preventie si control
implementate.
• Rezultatele evaluarii eficacitatii masurilor de control
implementate.
• Alte Informatii relevante pentru prevenirea si controlul
infectiei.
• Recomandari pentru masuri de supraveghere si
control necesar a fi implementate in viitor.
Raportul va fi distribuit tuturor celor implicati in programele de control
al bolilor infectioase.
10.Masuri de Prevenire si ControlE
CONTROL
• 10. Masuri de Prevenire si Control
• Se adreseaza factorilor determinanti ai procesului
epidemiologic:
– Sursa
– Cale de transmitere
– Populatie receptiva
• Se aplica pe toata durata de evolutie a focarului/epidemiei.
- Imunizarea ,
- Chemoprofilaxia, adresata celor care calatoresc in
anumite zone geografice, in care exista un risc crescut pt
anumite infectii.
MASURI
Masuri DE CONTROL
de Prevenire si ControlE
SURSA DE INFECTIE
CONTROL
• Identificarea SURSELOR (bolnavi,
purtatori)
• Izolarea – in spital, la domiciliu (ord. Ms
nr. 638/ 1978)
• Confirmarea diagnosticului si tratament
• Raportarea cazului / focarului (HG nr.
589/2007, ord.MS 1466/2008)
• Dispensarizare (acolo unde se impune).
MasuriMASURI DE CONTROL
de Prevenire si ControlE
POPULATIE RECEPTIVA
CONTROL
• Identificarea contactilor (nume, varsta,
domiciliu, profesie, loc de munca, descriere
contact infectant).
• Supraveghere clinica si epidemiologica pe
perioada maxima de incubatie a bolii.
• Investigatii de laborator (acolo unde este
cazul).
• Masuri profilactice (vaccinare, administrare
de imunoglobuline, chemoprofilaxie etc)
• Actiuni de informare – educatie medicala.
MASURI
Masuri DE CONTROL
de Prevenire si ControlE
CAI DECONTROL
TRANSMITERE
• Curatenie
• Dezinfectie
• Sterilizare
• Dezinsectie
• Deratizare
Durata unei epidemii
Este determinata de:
– Numarul persoanelor susceptibile, expuse la
o sursa de infectie si care dezvolta boala.
– Perioada de timp in care persoanele
susceptibile sunt expuse la o sursa de
infectie.
– Minimul si maximul perioadei de incubatie a
bolii infectioase in discutie.
– Eficacitatea masurilor de preventie si control
implementate.
MASURI DE PROTECTIE SI CONTROL –
INFECTII CU TRANSMITERE RESPIRATORIE
Manusile
Ochelarii de protectie
Halatul
Masca
Verificarea etanseitatii
La presiune pozitivă: cu mâinile pe
masca se expiră aerul cu putere, dacă
masca este corespunzătoare ca mărime,
aerul nu trebuie să iasă pe părţile
laterale ale măştii.
http://www.who.int/gpsc/tools/en/
Ability of Hand Hygiene
Agents to Reduce Bacteria on
Hands
Time After Disinfection
% log
0 60 180 minutes
99.9 3.0
Bacterial Reduction
90.0 1.0
Antimicrobial soap
(4% Chlorhexidine)
0.0 0.0
Plain soap
Baseline
Adapted from: Hosp Epidemiol Infect Control, 2nd Edition, 1999.
HAHS © 1999
Ability of Hand Hygiene
Agents to Reduce Bacteria on
Hands
Time After Disinfection
% log
0 60 180 minutes
99.9 3.0
Bacterial Reduction
90.0 1.0
Antimicrobial soap
(4% Chlorhexidine)
0.0 0.0
Plain soap
Baseline
Adapted from: Hosp Epidemiol Infect Control, 2nd Edition, 1999.
FULL PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
Hong Kong's 2003 SARS crisis
Departamentul de urgenta si serviciul
de triaj al pacientilor febrili, situat
inafara spitalului
Lift Lobby J All Lifts
for Patient
Lift Lobby A
Lift 1 to 5
For Visitor
L1 to L13
(except L3 & L6)
Lift Lobby A
Lift 6
For Visitor
B3 to L1
Main Entrance
Lift Lobby A
Lift 12
For Staff
B3 to L1
Lift Lobby A
Health Enrichment Centre
Lift 7, 8, 11
For Staff
L1 to L13
Authorised Visitor
L3 & L6
Lift Lobby K
All Lifts For
Patients
12 Patient to HCW
10 Other intra-hospital transmission
Out of hospital transmission
8 Imported
6
4
2
0
/02
/02
/03
/03
/03
/03
/03
/03
/03
/03
/03
24
27
02
05
08
11
14
17
20
23
26
Outbreak epidemiology
Revised
International Health
Regulation (IHR)
(2005)
4 boli care vor fi notificate :
poliomelita (wild-type polio virus),
variolă, gripa umană subtip nou,
SARS.
• Action:
Place close contacts of cases under phone surveillance and
observe them for flu-like symptoms.
Action!:
• Drastic measures like stopping all social events may be implemented.
• The majority of measures are as in Alert Red plus the following action:
• Suspend all public gatherings, schools and Institutes of Higher Learning
(IHL) closures.
• Issue advisory to public to stay home or even consider imposing curfew.
Methods of isolation and measures for preventing nosocomial
Celia Aitken* and Donald J. Jeffries. Nosocomial
transmission of viruses.
Spread of Viral Disease
Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001 July; 14(3): 528–46.
Wash with soap and water 1 min Wash with soap and water 1 Cover cuts and abrasions with waterproof
Hands before leaving room. Alcohol-based min before leaving room. dressings. Wash with soap and water 1 min
handrub when outside room Alcohol-based handrub when before leaving room and after contact with
outside room. blood or body fluids
Not necessary unless in contact Wear if stool or vomitus contact Wear if contact with blood or other body fluids
Gloves with respiratory secretions likely. is likely.
Apron Wear when in direct contact with Wear when in contact with stool Wear when in contact with blood or other body
patient or bed linen or vomitus fluids
Mask Wear all the time when in contact Not necessary Wear, together with visor or goggles, if
with patient or all the time in the splashing into mouth or conjunctivae is
hospital during an outbreak in the possible.
community or in the hospital.