Large scale integration of wind

energy into the Grid

Dr. K.Balaraman M.Tech, Ph.D

Chief General Manager
PRDC, Bangalore
balaraman@prdcinfotech.com
Introduction

Wind energy is being harnessed to a great
extent throughout the world with an installed
capacity of over 120800MW by end of 2008.

Indian sub-continent too joined the race for most
wind power plants with an installed capacity of
around 8583MW with more than 4000MW
installed capacity in Tamil Nadu alone (Mar08)

It is estimated that wind potential in Indian sub-
continent alone is more than 50000MW
Wind Energy

Wind as a source of electricity has two
wonderful attributes

It does not emit air pollutants

Extremely low operating costs

At the same time, wind has some peculiar
technical characteristics

Limited Control or no control on generation

New technology allows for some control on the generation

Relatively unpredictable

Variable
Integration with the Grid

There are a number of unresolved technical,
institutional, and regulatory questions
concerning distributed generation in general and
Wind generation in Particular.

On the technical level, the major barriers are

The novelty and unfamiliarity of the distributed
technologies,

The lack of substantial field experiences with these
technologies, and

The costs and complexity associated with thorough
engineering evaluations
Electrical Grid

Electric Power Grid is an unique one in which production
and consumptions are balanced instantaneously and
continuously

Fluctuations in power consumed by the consumers and
variations in uncontrolled generators are compensated
from the controlled generators

In the grid system, it is not necessary for compensating
each and every variation from individual
consumers/generators

Only aggregate variation in the control area is balanced

Aggregation is the powerful tools with the power system
operators
 Load Penetration

Max
Max
Intercon wind/(p
Wind wind/(mi
Country nection eak
Peak Min Power % peak n load Energy
capacity load
MW MW demand +interco Terms
+interc
nnectio
onnecti
n)
on)

West
3700 1400 2570 2350 63.51% 59.19% 37.48% 24%
Denmark

North
2000 750 5200 2275 113.75% 38.24% 31.60% 33%
Germany

Ireland 5000 1800 500 745 14.90% 32.39% 13.55% 6%

Spain 38200 15300 1800 11615 30.41% 67.92% 29.04% 10%

Gotland
160 45 180 90 56.25% 40.00% 26.47% 19%
Sweden
 Effect of Large Scale Wind
Generation on Grid Operation
Introduction

In power system reliability and quality is given
more emphasis as any disturbance is proved to
be costly to the economy

Wind generation has impacts in power system
reliability and efficiency

The impact is both positive as well as negative
and depends on the time scale

Different time scale means to different models
for studying impact on the grid
 Generation
System-wide Primary Adequacy
over Reserve Secondary
1000MW Reserve
Hydro-Thermal
Efficiency Grid
Grid Transmission Adequacy
Stability Efficiency
Regional
100- Congestion
1000MW Management
Voltage Distribution
Local Management Efficiency
<50MW
Power
Quality
ms-sec Sec-min Min-hr Hr-days Years
Wind Generation

When wind power plants are introduced into the
power system, an additional source of variation
is added to the already variable nature of the
system.

Every change in wind output need not be
matched one-for-one by a change in another
generating unit moving in the opposite direction.

This is a direct consequence of the requirement
that the entire system must be balanced instead
of balancing each individual load or individual
wind generator.
 Wind Generation

Available power from wind = 1/2 ρAvn (n = 2 to 2.3 for wind
turbines)

The power trace would follow the general trend of wind
speed closely but it would be smoother

This is because of the inertia of the machine

In general in a typical wind farm with large number of
wind turbines, the power flow is very smooth with a
standard deviation of 4.4MW in a 100MW wind farm
whose output has varied from 32.4MW to 47.9MW in an
hour

The co-efficient of variation would drop from 0.86 with
small capacity less than 2MW to 0.4 with capacity of 50 to
100MW and to 0.15 with capacity of over 1000MW
Variability of Wind Generation

Variability of wind has been widely studies across the
world

Most of the data available give insight into the variability
that is relevant for power system operation

Variability decreases with more turbines and wind power plants
distributed over the area

Larger areas decrease the number of hours of zero output

Variability decreases as the time scale decreases – second and
minute variability is generally small whereas variability for hours
can be large

Variability is high in off shore compared to on shore as
coherency is very strong in off shore
Wind output for single m/c., wind farm (72.7) and All
wind farms (15900MW)
 Wind Generation in Tamilnadu July 2008

2000
1800
1600 7/1/2008
7/2/2008
1400
Gen eratio n in M W

7/3/2008
1200 7/4/2008
1000 7/5/2008
800 7/6/2008
7/7/2008
600
7/8/2008
400 7/9/2008
200
0
0:00
1:05
2:10
3:15
4:20
5:25
6:30
7:35
8:40
9:45
10:50
11:55
13:00
14:05
15:10
16:15
17:20
18:25
19:30
20:35
21:40
22:45
23:50
Time
 Wind Gen. and TN Demand on 7th July 2008

10000 1800
9000 1600
8000 1400
7000
Demand in MW

Wind Gen. in MW
1200
6000
1000
5000
800
4000
600
3000
2000 400
Demand
1000 Wind Gen 200
0 0
0:00
1:17
2:34
3:51
5:08
6:25
7:42
8:59
10:16
11:33
12:50
14:07
15:24
16:41
17:58
19:15
20:32
21:49
23:06
Time
Worst Behaviour recorded

Denmark : 2000MW decrease in 6 hours
on 8th Jan 2005

North Germany: 4000MW decrease within
10 hours on 24th Dec. 2004

Portugal: 700MW decrease in 8 hours on
1st June 2006

Texas: Decrease of 1550MW in 2 and half
hours on 24th Feb 2007
 Study results of NREL

Wind Power Plant Behaviors:

Analyses of Long Term wind Power
Data
Variation of Wind speed and power Output
Average Wind speed and power Output
(Minute and Seconds interval)
Minute variation
Hourly variation
 State Transition Rates with
1-Second Power Data
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
10% 0.999 8E-04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20% 0.002 0.997 0.002 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
30% 0 0.002 0.996 0.002 0 0 0 0 0 0
40% 0 0 0.003 0.995 0.003 0 0 0 0 0
50% 0 0 0 0.003 0.993 0.004 0 0 0 0
60% 0 0 0 0 0.005 0.989 0.006 0 0 0
70% 0 0 0 0 0 0.007 0.986 0.007 0 0
80% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.008 0.979 0.012 0
90% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.976 0.014
100% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.99
 State Transition Rates with 1-
Minute Average Power Data
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
10% 0.993 0.007 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20% 0.014 0.968 0.018 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
30% 0 0.021 0.956 0.023 0 0 0 0 0 0
40% 0 0 0.032 0.939 0.03 0.0001 0 0 0 0
50% 0 0 0 0.037 0.93 0.0328 0.0001 0 0 0
60% 0 0 0 0 0.041 0.9187 0.0408 0 0 0
70% 0 0 0 0 0 0.0435 0.9161 0.04 0.0001 0
80% 0 0 0 0 0 0.0001 0.0459 0.908 0.0464 0
90% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0001 0.036 0.9376 0.027
100% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0191 0.981
 State Transition Rates with
Hourly Average Power Data
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
10% 0.857 0.12 0.017 0.004 0.002 0.0005 0 0 0 0
20% 0.22 0.495 0.198 0.07 0.012 0.0026 0.0018 0.003 0 0
30% 0.045 0.242 0.425 0.209 0.046 0.0228 0.0089 0.002 0 0
40% 0.005 0.08 0.276 0.344 0.177 0.0764 0.0306 0.009 0.0013 0
50% 0.003 0.013 0.132 0.211 0.317 0.1805 0.0959 0.031 0.013 0.003
60% 0 0.009 0.03 0.103 0.24 0.3132 0.1833 0.089 0.0249 0.007
70% 0 0.004 0.008 0.044 0.103 0.2447 0.2849 0.224 0.0803 0.008
80% 0 0 0.007 0.005 0.035 0.0726 0.2341 0.359 0.2523 0.035
90% 0 0 0 0.003 0.013 0.0217 0.0562 0.18 0.6066 0.12
100% 0 0 0 0 0 0.0028 0.0028 0.021 0.1487 0.824
Grid Impact for Large Scale Wind
Generation

Regulation and Load following

Unit commitment and efficiency

System Adequacy – Generation and
Transmission

System Stability
Balancing

Balancing in power system occurs over wide
time frames

Years in advance: Enough generation has to be
planned and built so that there is sufficient capacity
available to meet load requirements.

Day ahead : Select which available generators can
reliably meet the expected requirements at the lowest
cost.

Real Time : This time is again divided into two

Load Following

Load Regulation
 L o a d in M W

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000
0 :0 0 0

Load Variation & Frequency variation in a Day

0 :5 3
1 :4 6
2 :3 9
3 :3 2
4 :2 5
5 :1 8
6 :1 1
7 :0 4
7 :5 7
8 :5 0
9 :4 3
1 0 :3 6
Time

1 1 :2 9
1 2 :2 2
1 3 :1 5
1 4 :0 8
1 5 :0 1
1 5 :5 4
1 6 :4 7
1 7 :4 0
1 8 :3 3
1 9 :2 6
2 0 :1 9
FREQ
Demand

2 1 :1 2
2 2 :0 5
2 2 :5 8
2 3 :5 1
49

49.2

49.4

49.6

49.8

50

50.2

50.4

50.6

50.8

51

F re q u e n c y in H z
Load Following

Here is the generation schedules are adjusted ( or
paid for balancing market) following changes in the
loads

The time frame is of the order of 10 minutes

Load following requirement is highly correlated

Most load raise in the morning

Load decreases in the night

Total system load following requirement is less than
the sum of the load following requirements of the
individuals

With wind the requirement would depend on how
wind generation is concentrated or well distributed
along with the terrain,
Load Regulation

The random variation in the demand is adjusted
instantaneously by the generator– taken care of by
Primary response generators

The time frame is the real time

Load Regulation requirement are uncorrelated

Total system load regulation requirement is less than the
sum of the load regulation requirements of the
individuals

The wind variation would have to accounted and would
call for additional primary response generators in strict
frequency regime condition
 Demand
Load following & Regulation Load Following
Base Load
Load Regulation
4500 100

4000 80

60
3500
40

Load Regulation
3000
Load in MW

20
2500
0
2000
-20
1500
-40
1000
-60

500 -80

0 -100
5:31
5:35
5:39
5:43
5:47
5:51
5:55
5:59
6:03
6:07
6:11
6:15
6:19
6:23
6:27
6:31
6:35
6:39
6:43
6:47
6:51
6:55
6:59
Time
Unit Commitment

Traditional unit commitment procedure need to
be modified by considering the wind power
variation with time scales of 1 hour to days

The main issue is on how the conventional
capacity is run and also on ramp rates, partial
operation, start/stops of conventional units

This calls for very good operational planning set-
up at the Load despatch center
System Adequacy

Transmission efficiency & operation is critical for
any generation if availability is less than 30%

Reactive power requirement of transmission
system depends on the loading of the lines
(above or below SIL)

Planning criteria for these generation be
modified from the conventional method (N-1 or
N-2)
Penetration of wind

The studies worldwide indicate that

What is “HIGH” penetration of wind power is
not straight forward

Metrics used are % of gross demand
(energy), % of peak load

Penetration level depend on the
interconnecting capacity of the grid as critical
moments of high wind and low load can be
relieved by the interconnector capacity
Conclusion

The large scale integration of wind energy has impacts
on the power system operation

The Impact has both positive and negative effects

Need to strengthen operational planning in the system
operation

Need for new operational tools for the system operator
for secure and reliable operation of the grid

Need for on-line monitoring of wind generation to take
effective steps during load regulation and load following
time scales
Acknowledgement

National Renewable Energy Lab

Wind Power Plant behaviors: Analysis of
Long-Term wind Power Data

A Method and case study for Estimating the
Ramping Capability of a Control Area or
Balancing Authority and Implications for
Moderate or High Wind Penetration
Acknowledgement

IEW wind

Design and operation of power system with large
amounts of wind power - VTT

GE Power Systems Energy Consultants

The Effects Of Integrating Wind Power On
Transmission System Planning, Reliability, and
Operations

Eltra

Specifications for Connecting Wind Farms to the
Transmission Network
Thank you