GPS and WiFi Technology

M AY 1 2 , 2 0 0 9

Will Lumpkins, Sr. Member IEEE, Sr. FAE

IEEE CE Society Dallas Chapter 1

 GPS System

 Space Segment (NavStar)

Space Segment
 Constellation of 32 satellites

 Continuously transmit navigation

messages at carrier frequency of
1.575Ghz (L1)
 Satellite Orbits allow a GPS receiver
to observer at least 4 satellites
(7~11 avg)
 Control Segment
 Track the navigation messages from
the satellites
 Upload information to correct for
satellite orbit errors
 User Segment
 GPS receivers that decode
GPS
Receiver
navigation message and determine
position of receiver

Control Segment User Segment

2
 Satellite Frequencies
3

 L1 (1575.42 MHz): Mix of Navigation Message, coarse-acquisition (C/A) code and

encrypted precision P(Y) code, plus the new L1C on future Block III satellites.
 Waveform is a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) signal

 L2 (1227.60 MHz): P(Y) code, plus the new L2C code on the Block IIR-M and newer
satellites.
 L3 (1381.05 MHz): Used by the Nuclear Detonation (NUDET) Detection System
Payload (NDS) to signal detection of nuclear detonations and other high-energy
infrared events. Used to enforce nuclear test ban treaties.
 L4 (1379.913 MHz): Being studied for additional ionosphere correction.
 L5 (1176.45 MHz): Proposed for use as a civilian safety-of-life (SoL) signal . This
frequency falls into an internationally protected range for aeronautical navigation,
promising little or no interference under all circumstances. The first Block IIF satellite
that would provide this signal is set to be launched in 2009.

6/16/2009
 GPS System

 Task of GPS receiver is to find its own location

 It needs to know WHERE and how far (DISTANCE) the satellites are located
in space
 Satellites sends coded information about WHERE they are
located
 ALMANAC – Contains the approximate position of the satellites
 EPHEMERIS – Contains the corrected and exact position of the satellite.
 DISTANCE information is computed by measuring how long the
satellite data takes to reach the GPS receiver

4
 GPS System Computing Distance

Distance between Satellite and GPS

Receiver:-
d = c X (t2 – t1)

A d c – Speed of Electromagnetic Wave

t1 t
A
Time t1 time determined
by clock on satellite
GPS
t1 t2 t Receiver

Time t2 time determined User Segment

by clock on GPS receiver
5
 GPS Measurement Errors

 Signal Multipath Satellite Clock Time = T1

 Ionosphere and Troposphere delays.

 Satellite signal “slows” as it Signal Delay
passes through the atmosphere.
This affects the timing calculation d1
for distance measurements
 Receiver Clock Errors
 There will always be a slight Receiver receives
difference between the satellite Reflected and delayed
signal (results in incorrect
and GPS receiver clock. This distance computation)
affects distance measurements d2

 Orbital Errors
GPS
 Inaccuracies in the satellites Receiver Clock Time = T1 + Dt Receiver
reported orbit. Results in distance computation
User Segment
error

6
 Key GPS Parameters

# Description Results
1 Acquisition Sensitivity
1.1 Minimum Satellite Acquisition Signal Level 31 dBHz @ -142 dBm
2 Tracking Sensitivity
2.1 Strong Signal Sensitivity Level 40 dBHz @ -129 dBm
2.2 Normal Signal Sensitivity Level 34 dBHz @ -139 dBm
2.3 Minimum Signal Tracking Level 15 dBHz @ -157dBm
3 Time to First Fix (TTFF)
3.1 Hot Start TTFF (Ave of >20 measurements) - 0.5s
Normal Signal Level
3.2 Hot Start TTFF (Ave of >20 measurements) - Low 0.8s
signal level
3.3 Hot Start TTFF (Ave of >20 measurements) - 1.9s
Weak Signal Level
3.4 Cold Start TTFF Autonomous (Ave of >20 32.6s
measurements)
4 Full Power Stationary
4.1 Number of Samples/3D Navigation (2 hrs min) 9137
4.2 Horizontal Position Accuracy (Max .) 5.2m
4.3 Horizontal Position Accuracy (Ave.) 1.5m
4.4 Vertical Position Accuracy (Max .) -9.5m
4.5 Vertical Position Accuracy (Ave.) -0.1m
4.6 Horizontal Velocity Accuracy (Max Dev.) 0.728 m/s
4.7 Vertical Velocity Accuracy (Max Dev.) 0.379 m/s

7 6/16/2009
 Time To First Fix

 Cold Start
 Receiver does not know where it is and does not have enough information to
search for satellites that are visible
 When you do a cold start you must search through all 32 satellites looking for any
that might have a signal present.
 Warm Start
 Receiver knows its approximate position and the approximate time so knows
which satellites are visible and will specifically look for them.
 In weak signal conditions this can be much faster than a cold search

 Hot Start
 Same as a warm start, except we also have ephemerides in memory so when we
find the satellite signals we can immediately compute a position.

8 6/16/2009
 GPS Receiver Architecture

Receive GPS Down convert RF

Signal Signal to baseband
RTC TCXO
Remove out of
band signal noise
Demodulate
Antenna Satellite
DSP
RF Section Baseband
Navigation
Processing Messages

LNA RF Filter
RTC
Memory Application
Battery Host
Flash Processor
Amplify any Back Microcontroller
SRAM (ARM7)
received Ram
DSP and
GPS signal
ARM
Firmware
Generate Navigation
On Power Down Real
Message in NMEA
Time Clock and Battery
Format.
Back Battery Back Ram
And/Or the manufacturers
Must Remain On
proprietary format
For Hot and Warm Start

9
 Firmware Navigation Options

 Track Smoothing
 Assists in removing sporadic
position jumps or unexpected
position variations due to variables
such as multipath, poor satellite
visibility, or introduced noise.
 Dead Reckoning
 Use for overcoming small blockages
in satellite visibility such as bridges
and overpasses
 Position is propagated by using the
last known heading and speed of the
GPS receiver
 If there is any variation in speed to
direction, then position accuracy will Example of Track Smoothing
degrade significantly
10 6/16/2009
 NMEA and Proprietary Message
 (NMEA) National
Marine Electronics
Association
 Protocol is a universal
output protocol used by
all GPS receivers
 Provides information on
the number of GPS
satellites in view
 Signal to noise ratio and
signal strength
 Time, position and fix
type data
11
 Proprietary (eg
SiRFBinary)
 Provides lower level
satellite data not
available with NMEA
 Provides greater control
of device – eg GPIO
control
 Data output format can
be switched between
NMEA and proprietary
format
6/16/2009
 Evaluating GPS Receivers
• Provides
satellite
position and
Satellite signal level
information
Position
and • Displays
NMEA and
Signal SiRFBinary
Strength Data for
debug and
development
• Can be used
to configure
GPS receiver
settings
Satellite
Locations

12 6/16/2009
 WiFi Standards – 802.11

802.11 Technology Frequency Band Channel Bandwidth Streams Peak Data Rate
(Mbps)
802.11b 2.4Ghz 11
802.11g 2.4Ghz
802.11a 5.0Ghz 54
802.11n (800ns Guard 2.4Ghz, 5.0Ghz 20Mhz One 65
Interval)
20Mhz Two 130
40Mhz* One 135
40Mhz* Two 270
802.11n (400ns Guard 2.4Ghz, 5.0Ghz 20Mhz One 72.2
Interval)
20Mhz Two 144.4
40Mhz* One 150
40Mhz* Two 300

* Channel Bonding
13 6/16/2009
 WiFi Basic System

 Client needs to determine if Access

DSL/Cable Modem
Point is present – Scans for Access
Points
 Access Point announces its
Internet
WLAN Access Point Access presence by transmitting “Beacon
Client
Packets” at regular intervals
Network  Beacon packets contain AP
information including service set
Server identifier (SSID), supported data
WLAN rates, etc.
Client
S
 Client Examines Beacon Packets
and then proceeds to form an
association with the Access Point
 Client has now joined the network
and data exchange can begin
14
 Basic Wireless Environment

D Signal
Furniture attenuates
Other In proportion
RF to distance
Devices “D” between
Transmitter
Interference and Receiver

WiFi
Receiver
WiFi
Transmitter

Wall
Reflections causes Objects Increase
Multipath propagation Signal attenuation
Wi2Wi Confidential 15
 WiFi Receiver Architecture

Receive WiFi Amplify received Demodulate

Signal WiFi signal Down convert RF WiFi
Signal to baseband Signal

Protocol
LNA DSP Stack
Host
Baseband
Processing
Interface And Driver

BPF Switch RF Host

Switch Section MAC Layer
Filter Control
Application
Power Mgmt Application
Bluetooth Processor
Processor
Coexistence Memory
PA
Remove out of Flash
band signal noise SRAM Processor for MAC
servicing and
Amplify Transmit communication with
Power Signal MAC Layer for
BT/WiFi host processor
co-ordination
Coexistence to radio
Signals Firmware for
channel
MAC Layer

16
 Physical Layer (RF + Baseband Processing)

 Physical Layer Function

 Carrier Sense
 Transmit data (Modulation)
 Receive data (Demodulation)
 Physical Layer Types
 802.11b – Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
 Resistance to RF interference
 802.11a – Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
 High Spectral Efficiency
 Resilience to RF Interference
 Lower Multipath Interference
 802.11n – MIMO – OFDM
 Increased Range
 Increased Throughput

17
 Media Access Control (MAC) Layer Operation

 Scanning
 Passively searches for Access Points by searching for broadcast beacons from AP.
 Determines the AP (and channel) with the best signal strength and proceeds to
associate with it
 Authentication
 Process of proving identity of the client by using either Open or Shared Key
Authentication procedures
 Association
 Synchronizes client and access point with information, such as supported data rates
 Fragmentation
 Reduction in size of transmitted data blocks to minimize re-transmits of erroneous
blocks

18
 Media Access Control (MAC) Power Save

 Best way to save power would be to switch it off

 Optimal Power Saving
 Client no longer associated with an AP
 Packets might be lost.
 IEEE Power Save mode
 AP will buffer data for client that is in power save mode and send it when the
client wakes up
 Client periodically wakes up from power save mode to receive packets (if
any) from AP
 AP and client are synchronized so the AP knows when the client wakes up
 Client can consume on average10ma when in power save mode
 Client can consume on average 200ma on wake up to transmit or receive
data packets
19
 WiFi Bluetooth Coexistence
WiFi
 Wi-FiTM and Bluetooth share the
same frequency spectrum
WiFi WiFi
Access
 Will often located in close
Point
physical proximity to one another
 WiFi and Bluetooth chips both
support a Coexistence interface
Bluetooth Bluetooth Bluetooth  Coexistence Information
Device
Exchanged
WiFi Bluetooth • WiFi is busy sending or
Coexistence
Information
receiving data
Exchange
WiFi
• Bluetooth is Busy sending
or receiving data
WiFi
• Bluetooth has a high
WiFi
Access
Point
priority message to send
Bluetooth Bluetooth • WiFi has a high priority
Bluetooth Device
message to send

20
WiFi Coexistence – Bluetooth WiFi
Spectrum

21
WiFi Spectrum

22
WiFi Bluetooth Coexistence

23
 WiFi Bluetooth – Single Antenna Options

 Coexistence is degraded when using

a single antenna
WiFi
 Single antenna solution is more cost
effective, but does not allow
Bluetooth simultaneous Bluetooth and 802.11
operation
 3 dB loss experienced with a single
antenna solution
 Two approaches – our switch-based
reference design, or a combiner and
WiFi a splitter approach.
 Combiner based approach enables
simultaneous operation of Bluetooth
Bluetooth
and WiFi
 Switch based approach allows mutual
exclusive Bluetooth and WiFi
operation

24
 WiFi – Basic (Switched) Antenna Diversity

 Improves the quality and

reliability of a link
Switch
 Signal from only one antenna is
Control
fed to the receiver
 Antenna selection is based on
WiFi which one provides the better
signal quality
 MAC layer controls the antenna
switching mechanism
 Switching threshold can be based
on Signal to Noise Ratio or
Receive Signal Strength Indicator
values

25
 WiFi Throughput Testing
3

Measurement Test Equipment Measurement Test Equipment

Hardware Software
Laptop x 2 (1 with an SDIO interface) Windows XP User Driver for Wi2Wi WiFi
LINKSYS WRT54G Router dev kit
Wi2Wi WiFi Development Kit IPERF data rate measurement utility

6/16/2009
 Data Rate Versus Receive Sensitivity
3
60  Received signal power dictates data
50
rate
40
30  Higher receive signal power results
Mbps
20 in higher data rate
10
0
 Data rate decreases with increasing
-74 -75 -80 -83 -87 -88 -88 -90 distance
dBm
Date Rate Modulation Coding Rate
 Data rate controlled by modulation 6 BPSK 1/2
type 9 BPSK 3/4

 For high receive sensitivity 64-QAM 12 QPSK 1/2

used 18 QPSK 3/4

24 16-QAM 1/2
 For decreasing sensitivity 36 16-QAM 3/4
modulation gradually switches to 48 64-QAM 2/3
BPSK 54 64-QAM 3/4

6/16/2009
 MIMO Versus SISO Key Architectural
Differences
Header Data 1 802.11a/b/g Legacy MAC Data Structure

Header Data 1 Data 2 … Data n 802.11n MAC Data Structure (Packet Aggregation)

Host MAC Layer

RF MAC Layer Host
Application Power Mgmt
Section RF Power Mgmt Application
Processor Bluetooth
Section Bluetooth Processor
Coexistence
Host Coexistence
Host
Interface
Interface
Application DSP
DSP Application
Processor Baseband
Baseband Processor
(ARM9) Processing
Processing (ARM9)

RF and Baseband Enables Spatial RF and Baseband Enables Spatial

Multiplexing
-Use multiple transmit and receive
antennas to send more then one data
stream simultaneously – Higher PHY
Rates
-Channel responses for each MIMO path
must be sufficiently decorrelated
28
Beamforming
-Use multiple transmit and receive
antennas to send same data stream to
improve reception
-Adjusts amplitudes and phases of
received data signals and adds them to
optimize the BER
 802.11n Features and Tradeoffs

 Increasing the number of spatial streams increases the raw data

rate, but also increases the power consumption and cost
 MIMO power save mode mitigates power consumption by using
multiple paths only when communication would benefit
 40Mhz channels effectively doubles data rates by doubling
channel width from 20Mhz to 40Mhz
 802.11n Access Point will communicate with 802.11a over 5Ghz
and 802.11b and 802.11g at 2.4Ghz
 “Easier” for 802.11n to coexist with other OFDM based devices
802.11g and 802.11a, then DSSS based 802.11b

29
 802.11n Applications

 VoIP and Streaming Music

 Does not require high bandwidth, but does demand reliable connection and
range that 802.11n can provide
 Transfer of large files such as personal video and photographs
onto a notebook computer or personal medial player.
 Send graphics and high definition MPEG 2 video data

30
 FCC Certification for 802.11

 Objective is to determine
compliance with FCC rules for
output power, antenna
requirements, 6dB bandwidth, ….,
spurious emissions….
 Performed for a specified antenna.
 Gain, type (dipole, chip), size
 Set up requires a host with,
“engineering driver” connected to
“Equipment Under Test”

Host
Processor Equipment Spectrum
With Engineering Under Test Analyzer
Driver
31 6/16/2009
 Selecting a Wireless Solution

• System-in-Package design
• Completely integrated multi-function
wireless system
RF
To
Front End
Baseband Host • RF Front End
Antenna Processor Interface
Circuitry • Optimized RF front end design
prevents cross-coupling of
amplifiers, noise ( note: standard
reference designs not used)
• Power Regulation
Clocks • Includes all regulation
Power
Regulation And • Removes need for bulk capacitors,
Timing
can reduce passive count by as
much as 8-16 (WiFi solution )
To 3.3v • Clocking
External DC
Supply • On chip XTALS. Eliminates the
Wi2Wi SiP need for an external XTAL

32 6/16/2009
 Wireless Solutions from Wi2Wi

W2SW0001
SiP, 802.11 b/g
MRVL 8686
Samples: Now (limited)
W2SG0006
Module, GPS
W2SG0004 SiRF GSC3F/LP
W2SG0001 Module, GPS In Production
Module, GPS SiRF GSC3LTf
SiRF GSC3f/LP In Production
In Production W2SG0007
W2CBWG01 Module, GPS
Minicard, BT+802.11b/g+GPS SiRF GSC3F/LP
W2CBW003 CSR BC04, MRVL 8686 and Samples: Now
SiP, BT + 802.11 b/g SiRF GSC3LTf
CSR BC04, MRVL 8686 Samples: Now
In Production

Q3 2006 Q4 2006 Q2/Q3 2009

33 6/16/2009
W2SG0004 – GPS Module
• Completely integrated GPS
system
• SiRF Baseband Processor
• High Sensitivity XCVR
• Ultra Low Power
Consumption
• UART Interface
• Package: 20 Pin PLGA, 1mm
Pitch
• Dimension: 11.2mm x 12mm
x 2.5mm
• Hardware and software
controlled power on/off mode

34 6/16/2009
W2SG0006 GPS Module
• Complete integrated GPS system
• SiRF Baseband Processor
• TTFF Accelerator
• High Sensitivity XCVR
• Supports all SiRFStar III Power
Saving Modes
• Ultra Low Power Consumption
• 2 UART Interface + GPIO
• Package: 14 Pin PLGA, 1mm
Pitch
• Dimension: 15mm x 15mm x
2.5mm
• Hardware and software controlled
power on/off mode

35 6/16/2009
W2SW0001 WiFi Device

• Completely integrated WLAN solution

• Marvell 88W8686 802.11b/g WiFi Chip
• Fully Compliant Radio SiP
• ISM Band 802.11b/g
• Full Support for 802.11i (Security)
• Ultra Low Power Consumption
• SDIO Interface for 802.11b/g
• SPI Access for Diagnostics
• GPI/O Pins for applications
• Package: 81 Pin LGA, .75mm Pitch
• Dimension: 9.5mm x 9.5mm x 1.4mm
• Availability:
• Started Production: Q1 2007

36 6/16/2009
W2CBW0003 WiFi and Bluetooth Device
• Completely integrated WLAN-BT
solution
• Marvell 88W8686 802.11 b/g WiFi Chip
• Cambridge Silicon Radio BC04-ROM
Bluetooth
• Fully Compliant Dual Mode Radio SiP
• ISM Band 802.11 b/g
• Full Support for 802.11i (Security)
• Bluetooth v2.0 + EDR
• Fully Developed Coexistence Solution
• SDIO Interface for 802.11 b/g
• UART or USB Interface for Bluetooth
• Package: 100 Pin LGA, 1mm Pitch
• Dimensions: 12mm x 12mm x 1.4mm

37 6/16/2009
 Wi2Wi WiFi/BT integration Example

Vdd
• Requires Little External
Connections
• Three basic connections
Bluetooth
Interface • Antenna
Wi2Wi • Power Supply
BlueTooth Host • Host Processor
WiFi Processor
Combo • BlueTooth Interface options
WiFi • USB
Interface
• UART
• WLAN Interface options
• G-SPI
• SDIO
Vss

38 6/16/2009
WiFi/Bluetooth Development Kit

39
WiFi, Bluetooth and GPS Combo

• Integrated BT-WLAN-GPS solution

• Completely tested coexistence of 3 radios
• Half Mini PCI card form factor
• Pinout based on Intel’s McCaslin and Menlow
Platforms
• Dimensions: 26.8mm x 30mm x 3.2mm
• Availability:
• Samples: Now
• Production: Now

40 6/16/2009
 W2SG006 Evaluation Kit

Power On-Off
Switch
5-V DC Supply

Active
W2SG0006
Antenna
Serial Connection

Serial Connection

41 6/16/2009
Any Questions???

42 6/16/2009
ADDITIONAL SLIDES
Fast Roaming: Technical Details

APRIL 21-22,2007
 Agenda
4
5

 Mobility in WiFi
 Roaming Application Examples
 Basic WiFi Setup
 What is Roaming? – Enables Mobility
 Benefits of Roaming
 Implementing Roaming
 Roaming Sequence

6/16/2009
 Mobility/Roaming in WiFi
4
6

“Mobility and Roaming are often used

interchangeably to refer to the ability of a
device to perform its advertised function while
it is in Motion”
Ref – ROAMING IN WLAN. MARVELL APPLICATION NOTE AN11009

6/16/2009
 Mobility/Roaming Benefits
4
7

 Enables users to move physically while using a wireless

appliance such as handheld PC or Data Collector.
 Enables real time access to centralized databases while
mobile

6/16/2009
 Mobility/Roaming Applications
4
8

 Retail
 Warehousing
 Healthcare
 Hospitality
 Enterprise Communications
 Bar Code Scanners

6/16/2009
 WiFi - Basic Configuration
49

DSL/Cable Modem

Internet
WLAN Access Point Access
Client

Network

Server
WLAN
Client
S

49
 WiFi – Basics
5
0

 Client needs to determine if Access Point is present – Scans for

Access Points
 Access Point announces its presence by transmitting “Beacon
Packets” at regular intervals
 Client Examines Beacon Packets and then proceeds to form an
association with the Access Point
 Client has now joined the network and data exchange can begin

6/16/2009
WiFi Roaming – Further Definition
51
 Within the context of WLAN
Client devices, roaming may
be further defined as the act
of changing association from
one AP to another.
 Main goal during roaming is
to minimize disruption to
network services and
choose the best AP
candidate among all
available APs
51
 Roaming – The Steps
52

 Disassociate from current Access Point

 Search for a new Access Point
 Associate with new Access Point
 Authenticate with new Access Point

52
 Roaming Trigger
53

 Roaming is a client driven activity

 Roaming decision is made via roaming algorithms that employ metrics
such as RSSI indication and beacon loss
 When algorithm decides that a roaming threshold is met by the
metrics, it immediately triggers roaming
 The decision to roam involves trading off between opposite conditions;
a sensitive roaming threshold and robust client operation
 Sensitive roaming will unnecessarily force the client to frequently
bounce between APs

6/16/2009
 Roaming Methods
54

 Client uses two methods for determining which AP to roam to

 Roam Type Discovery
 Pre – Emptive Discovery
 Roam Time Discovery
 Client scans for Access Points after the roaming threshold has been reached (RSSI
to low, missing beacons….)
 Large overhead of having to scan for an AP as soon as the roaming trigger is received
 Pre – Emptive Discovery
 Client pre-selects Access Point before the roaming threshold has been reached.
 Scanning for Access point begins before the roaming threshold has been reached.
 Client actively sends out probe requests for the availability of Access Points
 Throughput impacted – e.g. if client on channel 6, it will spend time away from this
channel scanning for other Access Points
6/16/2009
 API Support for Roaming
55

 CMD_802_11_RSSI
 Gets the signal strength of the last beacon as well as the signal strength of a
configurable number of beacons
 CMD_802_11_SCAN
 Starts the scan process to discover AP nearby. The API lets the user choose between
SCAN_ACTIVE and SCAN_PASSIVE
 CMD_802_11_BG_SCAN_QUERY
 Lets the host query the devices most recent background scans
 CMD_802_11_SUBSCRIBE_EVENT
 Allows the host to subscribe to a number of events. The command includes parameter
fine tuning receive conditions e.g setting threshold for events

6/16/2009
 API Roaming Pseudo Code
56

CMD_802_11_RSSI(…..) //get RSSI threshold value

If (RSSI < THRESHOLD) //is RSSI less then the threshold

CMD_802_11_SCAN(…..) //if less then begin scanning for AP

else CONTINUE //if greater then continue

6/16/2009
WiFi Roaming – Corner Case 1
57
 Client wanders out of
Access Point Range
 RSSI drops to zero
 No beacons received
 Possible options
 Put client in deep sleep

 Put client in IEEE power save

mode
 Reduce Access Point scan rate

 Do nothing

Out Of Range
57
 WiFi Roaming – Corner Case 2
58

 Client stationary in the middle of two

Access Points
 RSSI equal from both Access
Points
 Possible Options
 Remain associated with current
Access Point
 Might be the best option since
client is stationary
 Associate with new Access Point

 Disadvantage is that client might

move back in direction of
Middle of two access points original Access Point
58
Further Roaming Support
59

 Each data packet transferred across the

hardware interface from the WiFi to the
host processor contains a “Packet
Descriptor”
 RSSI values available on a per packet
basis via the Received Packet
Descriptors SNR and NF fields.
 It is up to the host to implement an
averaging scheme over these per-packet
values and make roaming decisions
based on either point or average values

6/16/2009
 Further Roaming Support
60

 Roaming can also be triggered by a combination of the following

 Missed Beacons
 Decrease of Transmit/Receive Data Rate

 Signal to Noise Ratio

 Signal Quality – Signal strength, packet loss, retries

 These parameters would be processed on the host processor to derive

a roaming trigger point
 Example if number of missed beacons is 3 and the SNR <
THRESHOLD then begin roaming (scan for a new Access Point)

6/16/2009
Roaming – Channels to Scan
Channel Frequency
(GHz)
1 2.412
2 2.417
3 2.422
4 2.427
5 2.432
6 2.437
7 2.442
8 2.447
9 2.452
10 2.457
11 2.462
12 2.467
13 2.472
14 2.484
 Further Roaming Support
62

CHANNEL 1 CHANNEL 6

 Access Point Channel known to

Client in advance
 When RSSI threshold crossed,
only one channel needs to be
scanned (Instead of 14)

62