Velocity [meters/sec.] Force [1 NEWTON] = [1 kg.meter/sec~ ] Snergy [1 joule] = [Newton meter] = [kg. meter~/sec2] Power [1 WATT] = [1 joule/sec.] = [Newton meter/sec.] P= dw/dt Work [1 joule] =(Newton meter] Momentum [kg.meter/sec.] Impulse [Newton sec. ] Torque [Nawten meter) = (Rg. meter* /seel] = [Joule second] Frequency (Hertz] = [cycles/sec.] Angular frequency [radians/second] Angular Monetum [kg. meter* /sec.] = [Joule second]For energy kinetic energy potential energy U = mgh mechanical energy potential energy + kinetic energy For springs HOOKE'S LAW: Fo= -kx (k is the force constant) work done by spring W = ‘yt %s” — Yonex potential energy of spring Us 1/2 k xe For the moments of inertia t = 2mr> hoop = I = mr~ eo a ring f= 1/2 m(r, + 4,7) disk 1 = 1/2mr*! rod(center) 1 = 1/12 m 1* rod(end) T=i/3m1* sphere I 2/Smr spherical shell 1 = 2/3 mr™ slab(a,b) r= 1/12 m (a*+b™ ) for axis of rotation other than the C.M. at a distance d Ie +m d® Tew For vectors components of 2 magnitude of vector a y dot product: aeb = lal 1bl cose cross product: “@ xb = lal 1bl sine gt lal sine For satellite motion gravitational force P= G mym,/r™ gravitational potential energy of satellite U = -G mym2/r total energy of the satellite E mym/2r escape velocity from earth v Fea relationship between speed of satellite and distance from earth v e ReFor circular and rotational motion centipedal acceleration ag=v/r =4rw tangential acceleration ay=@r angular velocity = dp/dt We wot @t angular acceleration @ = dw/dt angle of rotation Q-=wet + 1/2@t relationship between linear velocity and angular velocity for pure rooling motion Vou = Ew relationship between linear acceleration and angular acceleration for pure rolling motion agy=r @ torque ERX PF “= db/dt relationship between torque and angular acceleration $ = 1 @ rotational kinetic energy K = 1/2 1 w™ angular momentum = 1 = R x momentum angular momentum for circular motion L= mrv general angular momentum = L = I w relationship between torque and work: work=(torque) (angle rotstwn ) power delivered by the torque power = (torque)(anguiar velocity) = %w For harmonic oscillatory motion A cos(wt + &) “Aw sin(wt + 6) - A wroos(wt + &) period T of motion T = 2n/w frequency f of motiom f£ i/T we2anft amplitude A = + (vw, /w)* used when you drop a ball onto a@ spring FOR SPRINGS: w= (k/m T= 2 n{vk 2 energy stored in spring 1/2 kA FOR PENDULUMS: w = gravity / length of pendulum = /o/i T= 2n\4/g FOR PHYSICAL PENDULUM " afesas it where d is the distance between C.M. and w_axis of rotation Te2mr{r/mgdMECHAN STAY 1, The distance traveled is the area under a v(t) vs. t graph. 2. The slope at any point of a distance - time graph represents the instanteous velocity. 3. Mass is a term used to measure the inertia of a body. 4. The tendency of a body to maintain its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line is called inertia. 5. Newton's laws of motion: i the law of inertia Fema third: for every action there is an opposite an equal reaction 6. The weight of an object = (mass) (gravity). 7. Force, velocity, and acceleration are vectors. 8. When a particle moves at a constant speed v in a circle of radius r, it has a acceleration directed toward the center of the circle and the acceleration has a magnitude of v*/r. 9. The velocity is always tangent to the circle im the direction of motion. 10. To find the spring constant of an unknown spring: force of spring Nea ka = ng k = mg/d weight of mass | oq Al. The centripetal force is in the same direction as the acceleration. 12. Force can be thought of as the quantity that changes the velocity of an object. 13. The kinetic energy of an object can change only if work is done on the object. 14. WORK - ENERGY THEOREM: work equals change in kinetic energy. 15. Definition of the mechanical energy of a particle: 1/2 mv + mgh kinetic energy potential energy.16. Jf there are no nonconservative forces present then the change in potential energy plus the change in kinetic energy is zero. 17. work nonconservative equals (kg - kL) + (up - ud. 18. CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM: If two particles of mass m, and mz form an isolated system and collide their total momentum remains constant. 29. In perfectly elastic collision the momentum is conserved and the kinetic energy is conserved. 20. Collision Short cuts: A, for perfectly elastic collisions the relative velocity of recession after the collision equals the relative velocity of approach before the coliision. 6 m/s 3m/s \ 4 m/s 2 m/s Ue aes. B. for perfectly elastic collisions and m, = mz the particles exchange velocities as a result of the collision: particle 2 acquires the velocity that particle 1 had before the collision and vice versa. Tenlsee. C, If a very heavy particle collides with a stationary light particle, the velocity of the heavy particle is nearly the same and the light particle takes off with twice the velocity of the heavier one. 21. Collisions in which the kinetic energy is not conserved are called inelastic collisions. 22 In a perfectly inelastic collision the objects stick together. 23. A point A on a rotating rigid body is twice as far from the axis of rotation as point B. Which of the following quantities are the same at point A as at point B? which are larger ? ANGULAR VELOCITY SAME, LINEAR VELOCITY LARGER AT A ANGULAR ACCELERATION SAME CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION LARGER AT A TANGENTIAL ACCELKERATION LARGER AT A 24. Tangential acceleration is caused by nonconstant angular velocity 25. Radial acceleration caused by any circular motion.26. the moment of inertia measures the resistance to angular acceleration. The moment of inertia is a geometric property of the body. 27. The larger the moment of inertia the more difficult it is to give the body an angular acceleration about the designated axis. 28. Moment of inertia takes the role of MASS in all rotational equations. T= gm r> 29. The tendency of a force to rotate a body about some axis is measured by a quantity called torque. t = Rx F. 30. Torque ius the rotational equivalent of force. 31. = 1 @ The torque acting on a particle is proportional fo its angular acceleration with the proportionality constant being the moment of inertia. 32.4 = I @ is the rotational analoque of Newton's second law of motion. 33. The tote] angular momentum of a rotating system remains constant if the net external torque acting on the system is zero. 34. When a figure skater brings her arms in the angular momentum stays the same, the angular velocity increases, and the kinetic energy increases. 35. For a spring in harmonic motion the kinetic energy is maximum through the equilibrium point and the potential energy is least there.36. NEWTON'S LAW OF GRAVITY: 2 Wo F 2G Mem,/Ré where G = 6.67x10 Nm /kg> The force on a particle of mass m at the earth's surface has the magnitude FG Mem / Re~ But the gravitational force is the weight of the particle giving mg = GMem/R@ giving g = G Me / R& = 9.80 m/sec 37. the weightlessness experienced by people in a satellite orbit close to the earth is the same apparent weightlessness experienced in a freely falling elevator. 38. KEPLER'S LAWS OF PLANETART ORBIT: A. All the planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one of the focal points. B. The radius vector drawn from the sun to any planet sweeps out equal areas in equal time intervals. C. The square of the orbital period of any planet is proportional to the cube of the semi - major axis of the elliptical orbit. T = fan") ec? @ Ms 39. In a satellite system: A. The total energy is conserved. B. Angular momentum is also conserved. 40. GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY: U(r) = -GMem/r The potential energy is negative since the force is attractive and we have taken the potential energy to be zero when the particle separation is infinity. Since the force between the particles is attractive an external agent must do positive work to increase the separation between the two particles.41. ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS IN PLANETARY AND SATELLITE MOTION Be K+U B=1/2 mv For circular motion: force centripetal = force gravity mv? SMm — Ts giving 1/2mv7=GMm = substituting E=GMm ~ GMm ar r gives | ENERGY TOTAL = - THE TOTAL ENERGY MUST BE NEGATIVE IN THE CASE OF CIRCULAR ORBITS. 42. ESCAPE VELOCITY is the minimum speed the object must have at the earth's surface in order to escape from the influence of the earth's gravitational field. This corresponds to the situation where the object can just reach infinity with a final speed of zero. vel. esep. = [2.6 Me. os 43, SHELL'S THEOREM: 1. If a particle of mass m is located outside a spherical shell of mass M, the spherical shell attracts the particle as though the mass of the shell were concentrated at its center. 2. If the particle is located inside the shell the gravitational force on it is zero. 44. ANGULAR MOMENTUM IS CONSERVED IN A SATELLITE SYSTEM: aCe ee angular momentum at A angular momentum at B s SO THE PLANET MOVES FASTEST CLOSEST TO THE SUN.