SIR SYED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi

Electronic Engineering Department

TE321 – Digital Signal Processing
Final Examination (Fall-2010) – Batch 2008

Max. Marks: 60 December 8th, 2010 Time Allowed: 3hrs.

Instruction:
• Attempt all five questions.
• Be conceptual & be logical.
• This is a closed book exam. Any type of material i.e. notes, handout, photocopies,
printed papers, books are not allowed.
• Do not waste more than 3 minutes on 1 mark.
• You may use calculator but sharing is strictly not permitted.

Q1. (a) Figure 1 shows the flow graph for an 8-point DIT-FFT algorithm. Let 𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛]be the
sequence whose DFT is 𝑋𝑋[𝑘𝑘]. In the flow graph, 𝐴𝐴[∙], 𝐵𝐵[∙], 𝐶𝐶[∙] & 𝐷𝐷[∙] represent
separate arrays that are indexed consecutively in the same order as indicated nodes.
(i) Specify how the elements of the sequence 𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] should be placed in the array 𝐴𝐴[𝑟𝑟],
𝑟𝑟 = 0,1, ⋯ ⋯ ,7. Also, specify how the elements of the DFT sequence should be
extracted from the array 𝐷𝐷[𝑟𝑟], 𝑟𝑟 = 0,1, ⋯ ⋯ ,7. (3)
(ii) Determine the sequence 𝐶𝐶[𝑟𝑟], 𝑟𝑟 = 0,1, ⋯ ⋯ ,7, if the output Fourier transform is
𝑋𝑋[𝑘𝑘] = 1, 𝑘𝑘 = 0,1, ⋯ ⋯ ,7. (5)

Figure 1
(b) The FFT requires the multiplication of complex numbers: (𝑎𝑎1 + 𝑗𝑗𝑏𝑏1 ) ∙ (𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑗𝑗𝑏𝑏2 ) =
𝑐𝑐1 + 𝑗𝑗𝑑𝑑1 . Write out its complex multiplication, and determine how many real
multiplies & real adds are required. (2)
(c) The butterfly in Figure 2 was taken from DIT-FFT with 𝑁𝑁 = 8. what are the possible
values of 𝑟𝑟 in its stage? (2)

Figure 2

Q2. (a) Sampling a continuous-time signal 𝑥𝑥𝑎𝑎 [𝑡𝑡] for 1 𝑠𝑠 generates a sequence of 4096 samples.
(i) What could be the highest frequency in 𝑥𝑥𝑎𝑎 [𝑡𝑡] if it was sampled without
aliasing? (2)

1
 (ii) If a 4096-point DFT of the sampled signal is computed, what is the frequency
spacing in hertz between the DFT coefficients? (3)
(b) The signal 𝑥𝑥𝑎𝑎 [𝑡𝑡] is sampled at a rate of Ω𝑠𝑠 . Now the signal is modulated and becomes
𝑦𝑦𝑎𝑎 [𝑡𝑡] = 𝑥𝑥𝑎𝑎 [𝑡𝑡]𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(Ω0 𝑡𝑡). What would be the sampling rate for the modulated signal
𝑦𝑦𝑎𝑎 [𝑡𝑡]. (3)
(c) How many bits are needed in an A/D converter if we want a signal-to-quantization
noise ratio of at least 90 dB? Assume that 𝑥𝑥𝑎𝑎 [𝑡𝑡]is gaussian with a variance 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥2 , and that
the range of the quantizer extends from -3𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 , to 3𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 ; that is, 𝑋𝑋𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 3𝜎𝜎; (with this
value for 𝑋𝑋𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 , only about one out of every 1000 samples will exceed the quantizer
range). (4)
OR
(c) Assume a 4-bit ADC channel accepts analog input range from 0 to 5 volts, determine:

(i) Step size of the quantizer (ii) Quantization level when the analog voltage is 3.2 volts
(iii) Binary code produced by ADC (iv) Quantization error when analog i/p is 3.2 volts

Q3. (a) Let 𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] be the sequence 𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] = 2𝛿𝛿[𝑛𝑛] + 𝛿𝛿[𝑛𝑛 − 1] + 𝛿𝛿[𝑛𝑛 − 3]. The five-point DFT of
𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] is computed and the resulting sequence is squared: 𝑌𝑌[𝑘𝑘] = 𝑋𝑋 2 [𝑘𝑘]. A five-point
inverse DFT is then computed to produce the sequence 𝑦𝑦[𝑛𝑛]. Find the sequence 𝑦𝑦[𝑛𝑛] by
using DFT properties. (3)
(b) Find 10-point inverse DFT of 𝑋𝑋[𝑘𝑘] = 1 + 2𝛿𝛿[𝑘𝑘], 0 ≤ 𝑘𝑘 ≤ 9. (5)
(c) Find N-point DFT of 𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] = 𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛] − 𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛 − 𝑛𝑛0 ], 0 < 𝑛𝑛0 < 𝑁𝑁. (4)
OR
2 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
(c) Find N-point DFT of 𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] = 4 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 � 𝑁𝑁 � , 𝑛𝑛 = 0,1,2, ⋯ ⋯ , 𝑁𝑁. (4)

2𝑧𝑧 1
Q4. (a) The output 𝑌𝑌(𝑧𝑧)of a discrete-time LTI system is found to be 1 ; |𝑧𝑧| > 3 when the input
𝑧𝑧−
3
𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧
𝑋𝑋(𝑧𝑧) is 𝑧𝑧−1; |𝑧𝑧| > 1. Provided that 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢(𝑛𝑛) ⟷ 𝑧𝑧−𝑎𝑎 (5)
(i) Find the impulse response ℎ(𝑛𝑛)of the system
1
(ii) Find the output 𝑦𝑦(𝑛𝑛) when input 𝑋𝑋(𝑧𝑧) is 1
𝑧𝑧−
2
𝜋𝜋
(b) An ideal discrete-time highpass filter with the cut-off frequency 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 = 2 was designed
using the bilinear transformation with 𝑇𝑇 = 1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚. What was the cut-off frequency Ω𝑐𝑐
for the prototype continuous-time ideal highpass filter? (2)
(c) An analog Integrator is described by the system function 𝐻𝐻𝑎𝑎 (𝑠𝑠) = 1/𝑠𝑠. A digital
integrator with system function 𝐻𝐻(𝑧𝑧) can obtained by use of the bilinear
transformation. That is,
𝑇𝑇 1+𝑍𝑍 −1
𝐻𝐻(𝑧𝑧) = 2 1−𝑍𝑍 −1 = 𝐻𝐻𝑎𝑎 (𝑠𝑠)|𝑠𝑠=�2� 1−𝑧𝑧 −1� .
𝑇𝑇 �� 1+𝑧𝑧 −1
�
Write the difference equation for the digital integrator relating the input 𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] to the
output 𝑦𝑦[𝑛𝑛]. (1)
1
(d) An analog lowpass prototype is given as 𝐻𝐻𝑠𝑠 = 𝑠𝑠+1. Find the equivalent Z-transform
input - output equation of a lowpass digital filter when sampled at 5 ms and cut-off
frequency is 200 rad/s. (4)

Q5. (a) Given the following difference equation with the input-output relationship of a certain
initially relaxed DSP system: 𝑦𝑦(𝑛𝑛) − 0.4𝑦𝑦(𝑛𝑛 − 1) + 0.29𝑦𝑦(𝑛𝑛 − 2) = 𝑥𝑥(𝑛𝑛) +
0.5𝑥𝑥(𝑛𝑛 − 1). (4)
(i) Find the impulse response sequence 𝑦𝑦(𝑛𝑛) due to an impulse sequence 𝑥𝑥(𝑛𝑛) =
𝑢𝑢(𝑛𝑛) − 𝑢𝑢(𝑛𝑛 − 1)
(ii) Find output response of the system when a unit step function 𝑢𝑢(𝑛𝑛) is applied.
(b) Obtain the coefficients of an FIR lowpass filter to meet the specifications given below
using window method: Passband edge frequency = 1.5kHz, Transition width = 0.5kHz,
stopband attenuation > 20dB & sampling frequency = 8kHz. Use 𝑤𝑤(𝑛𝑛) = 0.54 +
0.9
0.46𝑘𝑘, where 𝑘𝑘 = 1 & normalized transition width = 𝑁𝑁 (4)
(c) Write the generalized transfer function & difference equation of the designed FIR in
Q5 (b). (1)
(0.4) 𝑛𝑛
(d) A causal LTI Discrete-Time System develops an output 𝑦𝑦(𝑛𝑛) = 𝑢𝑢(𝑛𝑛) −
0.3(0.4)𝑛𝑛−1 𝑢𝑢(𝑛𝑛 − 1). For an input 𝑥𝑥(𝑛𝑛) = (0.2)𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢(𝑛𝑛), develop a parallel form
realization of the system. (3)