CS 3001 Concrete Engineering

Reinforced Concrete #2

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Dr. Rabin Tuladhar March 14, 2011

(REVIEW) Cracking Moment M = Mcr

l
εc σc
εct: tension strain in concrete
dn at cracking
D f’cf : concrete flexure tensile
strength
M εst σst : tension stress in steel
εct σst
σct=f’ct.f
strain profile stress profile

- When tensile stress of concrete reaches flexural tensile strength of

concrete (f’ct.f), flexure cracks appear at extreme tension fibre
- Steel starts to take tensile stress

Cracking moment is given by:

M cr = f ct' . f Z
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(REVIEW) Ultimate Moment M = Mu
crushing
l
εcu = 0.003 f’c
C
dn=kud
d z
M
εst σst T

strain profile stress profile Forces

εcu: maximum compressive strain in concrete = 0.003

f’c : nominal compressive strength of concrete

- Compressive strain in extreme compression fibre in concrete reaches

ultimate value (0.003) and concrete crushes in compression
- Moment at this stage is called as flexural ultimate moment (Mu)

Strain compatibility condition (assuming that concrete is crushing)

ε st ε cu 0.003
= =
d − dn dn dn 3

(REVIEW) Ultimate Moment M = Mu

Can be idealized as
equivalent rectangular
crushing
stress block
l
εcu = 0.003 f’c

dn=kud
d
M
εst σst

strain profile stress profile

Equivalent rectangular stress block

The non-regular shaped stress block
can be replaced by an equivalent
α2f’c
rectangular stress block such that:
γ kud C
-The total volume of the “equivalent
z stress block is equal that of the “true”
stress block
fs T - the centroid of the “equivalent” and
“true” stress blocks are located at the
same height from the NA 4
(REVIEW) Modes of Failure
a) Tension failure – Under reinforced section
- reinforcement yields before concrete crushes (εst > εsy)
- Concrete crushes εcu = 0.003
- This is ductile failure mode

b γ ku d 2
εcu = 0.003 α2f’c
γ ku d C
γ ku d ku d

D d d − γ ku d 2
Ast
fsy T
εst > εsy
strain stress force
C =T
α 2 f c'bγku d = Ast f sy
Ast f sy M u = T × z = Ast f sy × (d − γk u d 2 )
ku =
α 2 f bγd
c
'

(REVIEW) Modes of Failure

b) Compression failure – Over reinforced section
- Concrete crushes (εcu = 0.003)
- Reinforcement has not yield yet (εst < εsy)
- This is brittle failure and should be avoided

b γ ku d 2

εcu = 0.003 α2f’c

γ ku d ku d γ ku d C
d d − γ ku d 2
Ast
σst< fsy T
D εst < εsy

strain stress force

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b) Compression failure – Over reinforced section
Here, C = α 2 f c'bγku d
 1 − ku 
And, T = Astσ st = Ast ε st E s since ε st < ε sy ⇒ σ st = E s × ε st = E s ×   × ε cu
 ku 
Equilibrium of horizontal forces

C =T
α 2 f c'bγku d = Ast ε st E s
 1 − ku  Solving this quadratic equation we can get
α 2 f c'bγku d = Ast E sε cu   ku and we can find nominal flexural
 ku  strength

Taking moment about the force C

Nominal moment capacity (Mu),

M u = T × z = Astσ st × (d − γku d 2 ) 7

(REVIEW) Modes of Failure

c) Balance failure – Balanced section
- Concrete and steel reach ultimate strain simultaneously
− εcu = 0.003 and εst = εsy

b γ kub d 2
εcu = 0.003 α2f’c

kub d γ kub d C

D d d − γ kub d 2
Ast
fsy T
εst = εsy
strain stress
force

From the strain profile

ε sy ε cu ε cu 0.003
= ⇒ k ub = = = 0.545
d − k ub d k ub d ε cu + ε sy 0.003 + 0.0025 8
At balance failure,

Nominal moment capacity at balance section (Mub),

M ub = T × z = Ast f sy × (d − 0.5 × 0.545γd )

From force equilibrium,

C =T
α 2 f c'bγkub d = Ast f sy
f c'
Ast = α 2 kubγbd
f sy

Reinforcement ratio (ρb) at balanced section is given by:

Ast f'
ρb = = α 2 c kubγ 9
bd f sy

ρb) for
Example #3 Evaluate reinforcement ratio at balance point (ρ
D500N steel assuming fc’ = 40 MPa) εcu = 0.003
kud
d

εst = εsy
strain

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 Failure mode

a) If ρ < ρ b (also k u < k ub ) Tension Failure (under reinforced section)

b) If ρ > ρ b (also ku > kub ) Compression Failure (over reinforced section)

Neutral axis depth ratio (ku)

b b
kud kud
d d
D D
Ast Ast

a) ku = 0.15-0.3 b) ku = 0.45-0.55
ductile behaviour brittle behaviour

• To achieve under-reinforced section, reinforcement ratio (ρ) is kept in the

range between 0.01 – 0.02
• Corresponding range of ku is 0.15 – 0.3
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• Sections with ku greater than 0.4 should be avoided

Modes of failure (M = Mu)

Extreme εc =0.003
compression
fibre ρ = reinforcement ratio = Ast/bd
kub
Tension failure ρb = reinforcement ratio for
σst > fsy balanced failure
d
Balanced
σst = fsy Kub = neutral axis depth for
failure
balanced failure
compression failure
Centroid of σst < fsy
tension steel εst < εsy
εst = εsy
εst > εsy

εst > εsy εst < εsy εst = εsy

ρ < ρb ρ > ρb ρb
ku > kub kub
ku < kub

Under reinforced Over reinforced Balanced failure 12

Tension failure Compression failure
Modes of failure (M = Mu)

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Flexural deformation and curvature

δθ 1
Rotation per unit length, is called as curvature (κ) κ= =
δx R

Change in angle:

δθ =
(ε 0δx + ε st δx )
d

Hence,

δθ (ε 0 + ε st ) ε 0
κ= = =
δx d dn

For small deflections, the curvature equals the slope of the average strain diagram
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Ductility
- Ductility allows large deformations to occur under overload conditions
before eventual failure
- Ductile members give warning of the impending failure
- Under reinforced beams are more ductile
κu
Ductility: µ=
κy

where,

κu : curvature at the ultimate

failure moment Mu

κy : curvature at the yield moment

My

ε cu
κu =
dn
Moment-Curvature plot for an under reinforced beam
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Flexural Strength of RC Beams

When evaluating (assessing) strength of a given beam
b

- Assume the type of the failure mode

d FIND
Flexural - And then check if the assumption is
D
Ast Strength = ? correct
- Find the flexural strength

Known sectional
properties

When designing a new section for the required strength

b=?
Design
Required
Strength
- Design a section such that it guarantee
tensile failure at ultimate limit state
D=? d=?
Ast= ?
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Evaluation of Nominal Flexural Strength
Example #4: Evaluate nominal moment and design moment capacity
of the beam shown below. fc’ = 32 MPa. fsy = 500 MPa, φ=0.8

250mm γ ku d 2
εcu = 0.003 0.85f’c

ku d γ ku d C
450mm 400mm d − γ ku d 2
3D24
σst T
εst
strain stress

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