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H H
C C Benzene, C6H6, is unique. It
HC CH HC CH can be drawn as shown, but
HC CH HC CH the actual structure involves
C C
H H a circular pi bond (sp 2
23 • Organic Chemistry two resonance structures orbitals & delocalized e-‘s).
Aromatic Compounds Benzene is also shown with a circle as the pi bond.
Benzene and its Derivatives The carbon #’s can be used for substituted 1
6 2
(10 of 16) benzene. Example: dichlorobenzene
1,2- is known as the ortho- position
1,3- is known as the meta- position 5 3
Aldehydes Ketones
General formula: O O
C C
R H R R'
23 • Organic Chemistry Naming: names end in “al” names end in
Functional Groups II or “aldehyde” “one”
methanaldehyde propanone
Aldehydes and Ketones (formaldehyde) (acetone)
(12 of 16) Aldehydes and ketones both have a C=O group (carbonyl
group). Aldehydes have it on an end carbon. Ketones have
it on a middle carbon. Reactions: Primary alcohols can be
oxidized into aldehydes. Secondary alcohols into ketones.
Carboxylic Acids Esters
General formula: O O
C C
R OH R OR
23 • Organic Chemistry Naming: names end - “oic names end - “ate”
Functional Groups III acid” ethyl acetate
ethanoic acid (acetic acid +
Carboxylic Acids and Esters (acetic acid) ethyl alcohol)
(13 of 16) Reactions: Acids can be made by oxidizing aldehydes.
Esters are formed (“esterification”) from a carboxylic acid &
an alcohol. Water is removed (a “condensation” reaction).
Esters often have pleasant, agreeable odors (e.g. banana.)
Amines Amides
General formula: H H O
N
C
R R NH2
23 • Organic Chemistry Naming: names contain names end in
Functional Groups IV “amino” or end in “amide”
Amines & Amides “amine” acetamide
(14 of 16) aminomethane
(methylamine)
The N may have 1 or 2 or all 3 H atoms replaced with groups.
The lone pair on the N atom makes these molecules basic.
Your body needs certain amines “vital amines” ≈ “vitamins.”