2001-AL

PHY HONG KONG EXAMINATIONS AUTHORITY

PAPER 2
HONG KONG ADVANCED LEVEL EXAMINATION 2001

PHYSICS A-LEVEL PAPER 2

1.30 pm – 4.30 pm (3 hours)

Q.P. Code 8262
This paper must be answered in English

SECTION A  Multiple-choice Questions  Answer ALL Questions

SECTION B  Answer any THREE Questions

INSTRUCTIONS FOR SECTION A

1. Read carefully the instructions on the Answer Sheet and insert the information
required (including the Q.P. Code) in the spaces provided.

2. When told to open this book, you should check that all the questions are there.
Look for the words ‘END OF PAPER’ after the last question.

3. All questions carry equal marks.

4. ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS. You should mark all your answers on the
Answer Sheet.

5. You should mark only ONE answer for each question. If you mark more than
one answer, you will receive NO MARKS for that question.

6. No marks will be deducted for wrong answers.

ଉཽ‫ە‬ᇢ‫ݝ‬ΓΓঅఎठᦞ
Hong Kong Examinations Authority
All Rights Reserved 2001

2001-AL-PHY 2–1
Section A

There are 45 questions in this section. Answer ALL questions. Each question is
followed by five suggested answers. Select the best answer in each case. Where
necessary, take g to be 10 m s-2 and take c to be 3 x 108 m s-1.

1. A block rests on a rough inclined plane. Which of the following diagrams

correctly shows the lines of application of all the forces acting on the
block ? (The dot represents the centre of mass of the block.)

A. B.

C. D.

E.

2001-AL-PHY 2–2 –1–

2. Which of the following pairs of forces is/are example(s) of action and
reaction ?

(1) The centripetal force keeping a satellite in orbit round the earth and
the weight of the satellite.
(2) The air resistance acting on an object falling through the air with
terminal velocity and the weight of the object.
(3) The forces of attraction experienced by two parallel wires carrying
currents in the same direction.

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)

3. A stone is projected at an angle of 45o to the horizontal with an initial

kinetic energy E. Neglecting air resistance, when the stone is halfway up,
its kinetic energy is

E
A. .
4
E
B. .
2
3E
C. .
4
E
D. .
2
E. E .

4. Which of the following is/are vector quantities ?

(1) impulse
(2) moment of inertia
(3) pressure

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)

2001-AL-PHY 2–3 –2– Go on to the next page

5.

X Y Z

An object accelerates uniformly along a straight line from X to Z. It passes

X and Z with speeds u and v respectively. What is its speed when it passes
Y, which is the mid-point of XZ ?

u2 + v2
A.
2
B. uv
2uv
C.
u+v
u+v
D.
2
E. It cannot be found as the distance between X and Z is not
known.

6. For an object oscillating with simple harmonic motion, which of the

following quantities will reach the maximum value when the object is at its
maximum displacement ?

(1) the restoring force acting on the object

(2) the total potential energy of the system
(3) the speed of the object

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)

7. The maximum speed of a simple harmonic oscillator is 1 m s-1 and its

amplitude is 0.5 m. What is the speed of the oscillator when its
displacement from the equilibrium position is 0.3 m ?

A. 0.2 m s-1
B. 0.36 m s-1
C. 0.4 m s-1
D. 0.6 m s-1
E. 0.8 m s-1

2001-AL-PHY 2–4 –3–

8.
O

The figure shows a swinging simple pendulum, starting from a point higher
than P. Which of the following forces is/are acting on the pendulum bob
when it is at P ? (Neglect air resistance)

(1) the weight of the bob

(2) a force exerted by the string pointing towards O
(3) a third force along the direction of motion of the bob

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)

9. A solid cylinder and a hollow cylinder, each having the same mass and
external radius, are released together from rest, side by side, at the top of a
rough inclined plane. Both cylinders roll down the inclined plane without
slipping. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT ?

A. The solid cylinder has a smaller moment of inertia about its

axis.
B. The solid cylinder reaches the bottom of the incline first.
C. There is no work done by each cylinder against the friction
due to the incline.
D. The total kinetic energy of each cylinder is the same at the
bottom of the incline.
E. The solid cylinder has greater rotational kinetic energy at the
bottom of the incline.

2001-AL-PHY 2–5 –4– Go on to the next page

10. A small sphere is connected to one end of a string which passes through a
hole on a horizontal frictionless board. The other end of the string is pulled
by a downward force F so that the sphere describes a uniform circular
motion with radius r as shown.

The force F is gradually increased until the radius reduces steadily to r/2.
What is the ratio of the new kinetic energy of the sphere to its original
kinetic energy ? (Neglect any friction between the string and the hole.)

A. 4:1
B. 2:1
C. 1:1
D. 1:2
E. 1:4

11. The SI unit of time, second, used to be defined as 9 192 631 770 times the
period of the electromagnetic wave emitted from a caesium-133 atom. In
which region of the electromagnetic spectrum is this wave to be found ?

A. infra-red
B. ultra-violet
C. radio wave
D. microwave
E. visible

12. In which of the following cases can the principle of superposition be applied
to two overlapping waves of the same nature ?

A. Only when the two waves have the same frequency.

B. Only when the two waves have the same amplitude.
C. Only when the two waves travel in opposite directions.
D. Only when the two waves are coherent.
E. It can be applied in all cases.

2001-AL-PHY 2–6 –5–

13. A student prepares a double-slit set-up as shown below. However, no
interference fringe can be observed on the screen.

a = 1 mm
sodium screen
lamp
d = 0.01 m

x = 0.1 m D=1m

Your suggestion for improvement may be

A. using a mercury lamp to provide radiation of a shorter

wavelength.
B. reducing x.
C. reducing D.
D. increasing a.
E. reducing d.

14. Which of the following statements concerning Newton’s rings is/are

correct ?

(1) A convex lens with long focal length should be used.

(2) Adjacent rings become farther apart when moving outwards from the
central spot.
(3) The central spot is bright when some liquid is introduced between the
convex lens and the reflector.

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)

2001-AL-PHY 2–7 –6– Go on to the next page

15. What is the intensity ratio of a note of 60 dB compared with another note of
40 dB which has the same frequency ?

A. 1.5
B. 15
C. 20
D. 100
E. 200

16. The focal length of a concave mirror is f. The mirror will produce a real,
inverted and diminished image when the distance of the object from the pole
of the mirror is

A. greater than 2f .
B. equal to 2f .
C. between f and 2f .
D. equal to f .
E. less than f .

17. Three polaroid sheets P, Q and R are placed along a straight line with a lamp
and a detector as shown.
P Q R

lamp

detector

Initially the directions of polarisation of P and Q are parallel but are both
normal to that of R. What happens to the intensity I recorded by the detector
when Q is being rotated slowly through 90o until its direction of polarisation
is parallel to that of R ?

A. I remains unchanged.
B. I increases throughout.
C. I decreases throughout.
D. I increases and then decreases.
E. I decreases and then increases.

2001-AL-PHY 2–8 –7–

18. A boy sitting at the rim of a rotating merry-go-round blows a whistle
continuously with frequency fo. An observer on the ground hears the sound
of the whistle. Which of the graphs below gives the possible variation of
the observed frequency f of the sound in a period of revolution T ?

A. f B. f

fo fo

T time T time

C. f D. f

fo fo

T time T time

E. f

fo

T time

19. Kepler discovered that the line joining the Sun and a revolving planet
sweeps out equal areas in equal times. The physical law which most
directly explains this phenomenon is

A. Newton’s first law of motion.

B. Newton’s third law of motion.
C. Newton’s law of universal gravitation.
D. conservation of angular momentum.
E. conservation of energy.

2001-AL-PHY 2–9 –8– Go on to the next page

20. Two insulated uncharged metal spheres X and Y are in contact with each
other. A positively charged rod is brought near X without any contact while
sphere X is earthed as shown.

X Y
+
+
+
+

At steady state, which of the following descriptions is/are correct ?

(1) Sphere X gains electrons.

(2) Sphere Y loses electrons.
(3) Sphere X acquires a negative electric potential.
(4) Sphere Y acquires a positive electric potential.

A. (1) only
B. (1) and (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (2) and (4) only
E. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

21. 10 Ω 60 Ω
A C

10 Ω 60 Ω
B D

The above figure shows a network of resistors. If a voltage of 100 V is

applied across terminals A and B, the potential difference between C and D
is 80 V. If the voltage is applied across terminals C and D instead, what is
the potential difference between A and B ?

A. 80 V
B. 60 V
C. 40 V
D. 20 V
E. It cannot be found as the value of R is not known.

2001-AL-PHY 2–10 –9–

22. X and Y are bulbs with ratings ‘6 V, 12 W’ and ‘6 V, 3 W’ respectively. If
they are connected to a 12 V supply of negligible internal resistance, which
of the following connections allows the two bulbs to work at their respective
rated values ?

A. B.
X X

Y Y

C. D.
Y
X Y X

E.
Y

23. The two plates of a parallel-plate capacitor initially carry equal amounts of
positive charge. If some charges are transferred from one plate to another,
the charges on the plates are respectively + 9 00 µC and +1 00 µC. The
potential difference across the plates becomes 4 V. What is the capacitance
of the capacitor ?

A. 25 µF
B. 100 µF
C. 125 µF
D. 200 µF
E. 225 µF

2001-AL-PHY 2–11 – 10 – Go on to the next page

24. A ‘jumbo’ capacitor has capacitance 100 000 µF. Such a capacitor charged
to 20 V would

(1) provide a mean current of 1 mA for 2000 s.

(2) be completely discharged through a 10 Ө resistor in 1 s.
(3) store 40 J of electrostatic energy.

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)

25. If the separation between the plates of a parallel-plate capacitor is increased

by 20%, its capacitance will
A. decrease by 17%.
B. increase by 17%.
C. decrease by 20%.
D. increase by 20%.
E. decrease by 25%.

26. Magnetic flux is measured in weber. Which of the following is/are

equivalent to weber ?

(1) henry-ampere
(2) volt-second
(3) tesla-metre

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)

27. Which of the following properties is NOT common to both electric and
magnetic fields ?

A. Both can be ‘shielded’ using suitable materials.

B. Both can exert attractive and repulsive forces.
C. Both can deflect moving charged particles.
D. Both can be represented by field lines of closed loops.
E. Both can store energy.

2001-AL-PHY 2–12 – 11 –
28.
P Q

C
The figure shows a light and flexible conducting loop C freely hung on a
smooth horizontal rail. A bar magnet PQ approaches the loop from the
right. Which of the following descriptions about this process is correct ?

A. If P is an N-pole, the loop will be repelled to the left and its

area will increase slightly.
B. If P is a S-pole, the loop will be repelled to the left and its
area will increase slightly.
C. If P is an N-pole, the loop will be attracted to the right and
its area will decrease slightly.
D. No matter whether P is an N-pole or a S-pole, the loop will
be repelled to the left and its area will increase slightly.
E. No matter whether P is an N-pole or a S-pole, the loop will
be repelled to the left and its area will decrease slightly.

29. Which of the following descriptions about a moving-coil meter is/are

correct ?

(1) It has a massive soft iron core to provide damping.

(2) It has curved magnetic poles to assist in producing linear scale.
(3) It has weak hair springs to increase the sensitivity.

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)

30. In an a.c. circuit, two components, one of resistance 5 Ө and the other of
inductive reactance 10 Ө, are connected in series to the source. The r.m.s.
current is 2 A. What is the average power dissipated as heat in the circuit ?

A. 10 W
B. 20 W
C. 40 W
D. 45 W
E. 60 W
2001-AL-PHY 2–13 – 12 – Go on to the next page
31. Which of the following waveforms CANNOT be obtained by applying
sinusoidal voltages to both X- and Y-inputs of a CRO ?

A. B. C.

D. E.

32. Which of the following is NOT a basic assumption of the kinetic theory of
an ideal gas ?

A. All molecules are in random motion.

B. All molecules move with the same speed at a certain
temperature.
C. All molecules are point particles that have no physical size.
D. All collisions are perfectly elastic.
E. All molecules do not exert force on one another except
during collisions.

33. The first law of thermodynamics can be expressed as ӔU = Q + W. When

an ideal gas is compressed while keeping its pressure constant, which of the
following holds ?
Q ӔU W
A. positive negative negative
B. positive positive positive
C. zero negative negative
D. negative negative negative
E. negative negative positive

2001-AL-PHY 2–14 – 13 –
34. The concept that “energy change occurs in discrete and not continuous
amounts” is NOT REQUIRED to explain

A. absorption line spectrum.

B. nuclear fission.
C. emission of γ-rays in radioactive decay.
D. photoelectric effect.
E. X-ray line spectrum emitted in X-ray tubes.

35. The interatomic force between pairs of similar atoms consists of two
components. These are

(1) a short-range repulsive force which varies inversely as r6,

(2) a long-range attractive force which varies inversely as r3,
where r = interatomic separation.

Given that a and b are positive constants, and repulsive force is taken as
positive, which of the following correctly expresses in mathematical form
the interatomic potential energy of a pair of atoms ?

a b
A. 7
− 4
r r
a b
B. − 6 + 3
r r
a b
C. −
r6 r3
a b
D. − 5 + 2
r r
a b
E. −
r5 r2

2001-AL-PHY 2–15 – 14 – Go on to the next page

36. In an experiment to determine the Young modulus for a steel wire, a student
obtained the following data :
length of steel wire = 1.96 ± 0.01 m
diameter of steel wire = 0.61 ± 0.01 mm
mass of the load = 10.00 ± 0.01 kg
extension = 3.9 ± 0.1 mm
acceleration of free fall = 9.8 ± 0.1 m s-2
Which of the following leads to the greatest uncertainty in the calculated
value of the Young modulus ?

A. measurement of length
B. measurement of diameter
C. measurement of load
D. measurement of extension
E. assumed value of the acceleration of free fall

37. stress/MPa

600
X
400

Y
200

Z
0 strain
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
The graph above shows the tensile stress - tensile strain curves for three
materials X, Y and Z up to their breaking points. Which of the following
statements is/are correct ?

(1) X is stiffer than Y.

(2) Y is stronger than Z.
(3) Z can be stretched to twice its original length without breaking.

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)
2001-AL-PHY 2–16 – 15 –
38.

Y
X Z
The above diagram shows the steady flow of water through a horizontal
uniform pipe with a central narrow section near Y. The water levels in
manometers at X, Y and Z indicate the pressure in each section. The levels
in Y and Z are NOT shown. Which of the following statements is/are
correct ?

(1) The water speed in the narrow section is greater than the speeds in
other sections.
(2) The water speed in section Z is equal to that in section X.
(3) The water level in manometer Y is the highest.

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)

39. A certain photocell emits electrons when illuminated with yellow light.
This photocell will PROBABLY NOT emit electrons when illuminated with

A. blue light.
B. green light.
C. red light.
D. ultra-violet radiation.
E. X-rays.

40. Which of the following electron transitions between energy levels in an

atom will emit electromagnetic radiation of the highest frequency ?
A. n = 2 to n = 1
B. n = 3 to n = 2
C. n = 4 to n = 3
D. n = 4 to n = 2
E. n = 5 to n = 2
2001-AL-PHY 2–17 – 16 – Go on to the next page
41. 6V
2 kΩ
R
Vout

0V
In the above transistor circuit, the voltage across the base and the emitter is
0.6 V when the transistor conducts. The current amplification factor of the
transistor is 100. If the output voltage is 2 V, what is the value of R ?

A. 150 kΩ
B. 270 kΩ
C. 300 kΩ
D. 540 kΩ
E. 600 kΩ

42. The activity of a radioactive sample was 70 Bq at time t = 5 minutes and

49 Bq at t = 10 minutes. Deduce its activity at time t = 0.

A. 112 Bq
B. 100 Bq
C. 95 Bq
D. 91 Bq
E. 80 Bq

43. Isotopes must have the same

(1) nuclear binding energy.

(2) number of nucleons.
(3) number of protons.

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)

2001-AL-PHY 2–18 – 17 –
44. Given: mass of proton = 1.0078 u
mass of neutron = 1.0087 u
2
mass of deuteron H = 2.0146 u
1
1 u is equivalent to 931 MeV

Calculate the binding energy per nucleon, in MeV, of a deuteron.

A. 9.5ͪ 10-4
B. 1.9ͪ 10-3
C. 8.8ͪ 10-˄
D. 9.4ͪ 102
E. 1.9ͪ 103

45. The table below gives the corrected count rate (in counts per minute) from
three samples of radioactive isotopes at three different times.

Isotope 0 min 20 min 40 min

X 480 243 119
Y 135 32 9
Z 168 118 93

The above data show that

(1) X produces the most penetrating radiation.

(2) Y has the largest decay constant.
(3) Z has the longest half-life.

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)

END OF SECTION A

2001-AL-PHY 2–19 – 18 – Go on to the next page

Section B

Answer any THREE questions from this section. Write your answers in the
ANSWER BOOK provided.

1. (a) (i) What is meant by inertia ? Briefly explain its relation to

force.

(ii) Use an example to illustrate that an object may not

necessarily be at rest when the net force acting on it is
zero.
(3 marks)

(b) (i) Give an example in which a body is accelerating but its

speed remains unchanged. Briefly explain the motion by
using the concepts of force and the change of momentum.

(ii) Briefly outline an experiment to show the following

relation:
force ∝ mass × acceleration

Under what condition(s) would the relation become an

equation ?
(8 marks)

(c) By considering a head-on collision between two moving spheres of

different masses, show clearly that the principle of conservation of
momentum follows from Newton’s laws of motion. (5 marks)

2001-AL-PHY 2–20 – 19 –
2. (a) Distinguish between mechanical and electromagnetic waves in
terms of their nature and propagation. State the factors governing
the speed of mechanical waves in a solid. (3 marks)

(b) (i) Describe an experiment, involving a double-slit

arrangement, to demonstrate the wave nature of light and
to estimate its wavelength.

(ii) What further evidence would suggest that a light wave is

(I) electromagnetic and (II) transverse ?
(7 marks)
(c) What is the principle of superposition ? Use this principle to
explain (i) the formation of beats and (ii) the formation of
stationary waves. (6 marks)

3. (a) Define electric field intensity and electric potential at a point in an

electric field. Derive a relationship between these two quantities.
(4 marks)

(b) (i) What do you understand by the capacitance of an isolated

conductor ? Suggest TWO practical applications of
capacitors.

(ii) With the aid of a diagram, explain how the electric

potential and the capacitance of a positively charged,
isolated conductor would be affected by a neutral isolated
conductor nearby.
(6 marks)

(c) Describe a method of measuring the capacitance of a parallel-plate

air capacitor using a reed switch. Discuss the factors limiting the
accuracy of the method. (There is no need to describe the
mechanism of the reed switch.) (6 marks)

2001-AL-PHY 2–21 – 20 – Go on to the next page

4. (a) (i) Explain how the SI unit of magnetic field strength, the
tesla, is defined.

(ii) Explain why two infinitely long straight wires carrying

currents in the same direction exert forces on each other.
(3 marks)

(b) Describe how you would produce a uniform magnetic field using a
current-carrying conductor. Briefly describe an experiment using a
Hall probe to show that the field is uniform. (6 marks)

(c) A metal rod PQ of length l is moved with constant velocity v

across a uniform magnetic field of flux density B as shown. A
potential difference of magnitude Blv is developed across PQ.

× × × × × × × × × uniform magnetic
P
× × × × × × × × × field (into paper)
× × × × × × × × ×
× × × × × × × ν× ×
l
× × × × × × × × ×
× × × × × × × × ×
× × × × × × × × ×
× × × × × × × × ×
× × × ×Q × × × × ×

(i) By considering the force(s) acting on an electron in the

rod, explain how the potential difference is developed and
why it remains constant.

(ii) Show that the result is consistent with the law of

electromagnetic induction.

(iii) What would the situation be if the rod is moved with

acceleration ? Explain briefly.
(7 marks)

2001-AL-PHY 2–22 – 21 –
5. (a) Give TWO pieces of experimental evidence which support the
nuclear model of an atom with energy levels. Briefly explain the
implications associated with these pieces of experimental evidence.
(4 marks)

(b) The energy levels of a hydrogen atom, in eV, are given by

En = -13.6/n2 where n = 1,2,3,…

(i) With the aid of an energy level diagram, explain the terms
ground state and ionization potential as applied to a
hydrogen atom.

(ii) Describe TWO ways to bring about excitation of a

hydrogen atom. How does the concept of energy levels
explain the emission line spectrum of hydrogen ?
(7 marks)

(c) Under certain circumstances, electrons can be emitted from

substances by photoelectric effect, thermionic emission or
radioactivity. For each process, briefly describe the condition(s)
for electron emission and compare the maximum kinetic energy of
the emitted electrons. (5 marks)

END OF PAPER

2001-AL-PHY 2–23 – 22 –
 Useful Formulae in Advanced Level Physics

υ2
A1. a= = ω 2r centripetal acceleration
r

A2. a = −ω 2 x simple harmonic motion

A3. L = Iω angular momentum of a rigid body

dL
A4. T= torque on a rotating body
dt

1
A5. E= Iω 2 energy stored in a rotating body
2

T velocity of transverse wave motion in a

B1. υ= stretched string
m

E velocity of longitudinal wave motion in a

B2. υ=
ρ solid

B3. n = tan θ p refractive index and polarising angle

λD fringe width in double-slit interference

B4. d=
a

B5. d sin θ = nλ diffraction grating equation

υ − u0
B6. f′= f( ) Doppler frequency
υ − us

I2
B7. 10 log 10 ( ) definition of the decibel
I1

2001-AL-PHY 2–24
 Useful Formulae in Advanced Level Physics

Gm1 m2 Newton’s law of gravitation

C1. F=
r2
GM gravitational potential
C2. V =−
r

C3. r 3 / T 2 = constant Kepler’s third law

Q
C4. E= electric field due to a point charge
4πε 0 r 2

Q electric potential due to a point charge

C5. V=
4πε 0 r

V electric field between parallel plates

C6. E=
d (numerically)

Q ε0A capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor

C7. C= =
V d

C8. Q = Q0 e − t / RC decay of charge with time when a capacitor

discharges

C9. Q = Q0 (1 − e − t / RC ) rise of charge with time when charging a

capacitor
1
C10. E = CV 2 energy stored in a capacitor
2

C11. I = nAυQ general current flow equation

ρl resistance and resistivity

C12. R =
A

C13. F = BQυ sin θ force on a moving charge in a magnetic field

C14. F = BIl sin θ force on a moving conductor in a magnetic

field
BI
C15. V = Hall voltage
nQt

2001-AL-PHY 2–25
 Useful Formulae in Advanced Level Physics

µ0I magnetic field due to a long straight wire

C16. B =
2πr
µ 0 NI magnetic field inside long solenoid
C17. B =
l
µ 0 I1 I 2 force per unit length between long parallel
C18. F =
2πr straight current carrying conductors

C19. T = BANI sin φ torque on a rectangular current carrying coil

in a uniform magnetic field
C20. E = BANω sin ωt simple generator e.m.f.

Vs N ratio of secondary voltage to primary voltage

C21. ≈ s
Vp Np in a transformer

C22. E = − LdI / dt e.m.f. induced in an inductor

1 2 energy stored in an inductor

C23. E = LI
2
C24. X L = ωL reactance of an inductor

1 reactance of a capacitor
C25. X C =
ωC
C26. P = IV cos θ power in an a.c. circuit
RL voltage gain of transistor amplifier in the
C27. ∆Vout / ∆Vin = −β
RB common emitter configuration

C28. V0 = A0 (V + − V − ) output voltage of op amp (open-loop)

Rf gain of inverting amplifier

C29. A = −
Ri

Rf
C30. A = 1 + gain of non-inverting amplifier
Ri

2001-AL-PHY 2–26
 Useful Formulae in Advanced Level Physics

D1. pV = nRT = NkT equation of state for an ideal gas

1 kinetic theory equation

D2. pV = Nmc 2
3

3RT 3 molecular kinetic energy

D3. Ek = = kT
2N A 2

F x macroscopic definition of Young modulus

D4. E=
A L

1 energy stored in stretching

D5. E= Fx
2

dU relationship between force and potential

D6. F=− energy
dr

D7. E = k /r microscopic interpretation of Young modulus

1
D8. P+ ρυ 2 + ρgh Bernoulli’s equation
2
= constant

D9. ∆U = Q + W first law of thermodynamics

13.6 energy level equation for hydrogen atom

D10. E n = − 2
eV
n

D11. N = N 0 e − kt law of radioactive decay

ln 2
D12. t 1 = half-life and decay constant
2 k

1
D13. mυ 2m = hv − Φ Einstein’s photoelectric equation
2

D14. E = mc 2 mass-energy relationship

2001-AL-PHY 2–27
 2001 AL Physics Paper 2 Section A

Question No. Key Question No. Key

1. E 31. C
2. B 32. B
3. C 33. E
4. A 34. B
5. A 35. E

6. C 36. B
7. E 37. E
8. C 38. C
9. E 39. C
10. (A) This item was deleted. 40. A

11. D 41. B
12. E 42. B
13. E 43. B
14. A 44. C
15. D 45. D

16. A
17. D
18. D
19. D
20. A

21. C
22. D
23. B
24. A
25. A

26. C
27. D
28. E
29. D
30. B