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Properties: Applications:
Only second to
• High electrical conductivity silver for electrical
• High thermal conductivity conductance
• High corrosion resistance Copper
• Good ductility and malleability trolley
• Reasonable tensile strength wires www.reawire.com
July 2006
Metals US dollar/LB Metals US dollar/LB
Aluminum 1.1195 Nickel 12.1109
Alum Alloy 1.0183 Lead .4717
NA Alloy 1.0115 Tin 3.7195
Copper 3.4332 Zinc 1.4451
Metalprice.com
Extraction processes:
Cathode copper
Au and Ag) • Matte is then converted into
(99.9% Cu) Melt, refine and cast blister copper (elemental copper
with impurities) by blowing air
Electrolytic tough pitch copper (99.9% Cu)
through the matte in a copper
Ingots Billets Wire bars converter.
2Cu 2 S + 2O2 → 4Cu + 2SO2
M + Cu 2 O → MO + 2Cu
Wrought alloys
- C100-C799
Cast alloys
- C800-C999
Alloy brasses
Suranaree University of Technology Tapany Udomphol May-Aug 2007
The wrought coppers
Unalloyed copper
150 x
1) α brasses (hypo-peritectic)
with α structure containing
upto ~35% Zn. Phase diagram of Cu-Zn system
2) α+β brasses (hyper- α phase – FCC structure
peritectic) with α+β two β phase – BCC structure (disordered)
phase structure, based on β’ phase – BCC structure (ordered)
60:40 ratio of Cu and Zn γ phase – complex structure (brittle)
Suranaree University of Technology Tapany Udomphol May-Aug 2007
Microstructure of α brasses
• Microstructures of the single-
phase α brasses consist of α
solid solution.
• Annealing twins observed in
the α grains increases with the
Zn contents.
• Dislocation structure also 75 x 75 x
changes from cellular to well-
(a) Commercial bronze (b) Cartridge brass
defined planar array structure (90%Cu-10%Zn) (70%Cu-30%Zn)
with increasing Zn. (due to
lowered stacking fault energy). Increasing Zn content
100 x 75 x
(a) Cast structure shows dendrites (b) Hot rolled Muntz metal sheet
of alpha (dark) in a matrix of beta structure of beta phase (dark) and
(white) alpha phase (light)
Suranaree University of Technology Tapany Udomphol May-Aug 2007
Decomposition of β’ in α+β
Cu-Zn alloys
• Heat treating from 830oC and hot quenched to
~700-710oC causing an isothermal
transformation of unstable β or β ’ to α phase.
• There are two types of α phase
formed during decomposition.
1) Rod-type α precipitate Section
of Cu-Zn
Formed at higher temp (500-700oC) phase
above the Bs (bainitic start) diagram
temperature.
2) Widmanstätten α precipitate
Cu-41.6% Zn heat
Nucleated uniformly throughout treated to 830oC,
the β grains and grew rapidly quenched to 250oC
and held for 20h
in the lengthwise below the Bs shows a plates
temperature. transformed from β
matrix
75 x
75 x
Annealed γ1
microstructure 565oC
9.4%
of Cu-5%Al, 11.8%
showing α
grains with
twin bands. 363oC
75 x
Suranaree University of Technology Tapany Udomphol Cu-Al phase diagram May-Aug 2007
Microstructure and heat treatment of
the complex aluminium bronzes
(a) (b)
• From Cu-Al phase diagram,
the β phase is introduced
when the Al content is above
8% at T> ~900oC. complex
microstructure.
• Above 9.5% Al, quenching from
~900oC gives almost β’
(c) (d)
martensites, fig (a).
• Slowly cooled to 800 or 650oC and
quenched gives less β’
martensites, fig (b) and (c).
• Cooled to 500oC and quenched,
the β phase will decompose to form
α+γ2, fig (d). brittle β’ martensite strength
β ↔α +γ2
Ductility
(aluminium bronze pearlite)
Suranaree University of Technology Tapany Udomphol May-Aug 2007
(a) (b)
Tempering of
β’ martensite
Increasing
Larger
tempering (e)
microstructure
temperature
Tempering of β’
(a) Soaked 1 h and quenching martensite at
from 900oC. different
(b) Tempered 1 h at 400oC. temperatures in
(c) Tempered 1 h at 500oC Cu-10%Al.
(d) Tempered 1 h at 600oC.
Suranaree University of Technology Tapany Udomphol May-Aug 2007
Properties of aluminium bronzes
• Aluminium bronzes have high strength, excellent corrosion and
good resistance to wear and fatigue.
• Self-healing surface film of aluminium oxide excellent
corrosion resistance.
Annealed 96%Cu-
3%Si-1%Mn
bronze, showing α
grains with twin
bands
75 x Cu-Si phase diagram
• Silicon bronzes have high corrosion resistance, high strength
(~390-1000 MPa) and toughness. Low-cost substitutes to tin-bronze
(due to high corrosion resistance to sea water).
Suranaree University of Technology Tapany Udomphol May-Aug 2007
Copper-beryllium alloys
• Be has maximum solid solubility of 2.7% in Cu at 866oC.
• Cu-Be alloys with upto 2% Be are precipitation hardenable due
to a rapid decrease in Be solubility.
Suranaree University of Technology Tapany Udomphol Cu-Be phase diagram May-Aug 2007
Precipitation sequence and microstructure
• General precipitation sequence in
Cu-2%Be alloy.
Intermediate
ordered γ’ of Cu-
'
SSSS → GP zones → γ → γ 1.87% Be solution
( flat plate ) ( rods , plates ) CuBe ( ordered ) heat-treated at
800oC, quenched
and aged at
• The GP zones were first formed 350oC/4h
and then transform to partially
coherent γ’ precipitates while further
ageing, fig (a).
• Increasing ageing temperature
(~380oC) produces equilibrium
ordered BCC γ phase CuBe
(eutectoid structure), fig (b). Cu-1.87%Be alloy
solution heat-treated
overageing decreased at 800oC, quenched
hardness. and aged 16h at
400oC
solutions.
•
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", ISBN
974-582-155-1.
• Smith, W.F., Structure and properties of engineering
alloys, second edition, 1993, McGraw-Hill, ISB 0-07-59172-5.
• www.cda.org.uk.