Unit 2.

Drawing applied to technology

Unit 2.Drawing applied to
technology
 What are we going to see in this unit?
 2.1Drawing tools and how to use them
 2.2 Drafts and sketches
 2.3 Drafting scale
 2.4 Diedric system
 2.5 Marking and standardizing
2.1 Drawing materials and instruments

Paper
 Paper is made of cellulose that is obtained from trees
 The paper size that we use is A4 . It is the result of
dividing 1 m2 (A0) four times by half the longest side.
 2.1 Drawing materials and instruments

Pencil
A pencil has a lead covered with wood. The
lead is made with graphite and clay
Lead

clay
Wood
cover
Graphite
2.1 Drawing materials and instruments

Pencil hardness
The more clay it contains the harder the lead will
be. We use letter H for hard pencils and letter
B for soft ones. less clay
Hard: H More clay Soft: B

Very hard Hard Medium Soft Very soft

6H 5H 4H 3H 2H H HB B 2B 3B 4B 5B 6B

Technique draw Artistic draw

2.1 Drawing materials and instruments

Mechanical pencils
They hold a graphite lead. They can be used for
technical drawing (if used )with a soft lead.

ERASERS
Erasers are made of rubber, they absorb
graphite and erase it.
 2.1 DRAWING TOOLS

THE RULER
It is a precision tool that makes it possible to measure
and to transfer a distance.
TRIANGULAR SET SQUARE
A set square is a tool for drawing perpendicular
(vertical) and parallel lines and for obtaining angles.
There are 2 types of trianglular set squares
A 45 A 60
degree degree
2.1 Drawing materials and instruments
How to draw vertical and parallel lines with
the set square

Vertical: Parallel:

Activity: Draw the set squares in your

notebook as you can see them in both
positions
2.1 Drawing materials and instruments

Activity :Draw a chessboard using the

set square. The separation between
squares is 2 cm!
16 cm

16 cm
square
2.1 Drawing materials and instruments

Drawing angles: we can get 15º, 30º, 45º, 60º,

75º, 90º, 120º, 135º…angles combining the 30º, 45º ,
60º and the 90º angles from the set squares

You don't
have to copy
them because
you can find
them in your
text book on
page 25
2.1 Drawing materials and instruments

Drawing angles exercise: you have

to obtain, 45º, 75º, 90º, 120º angles
combining the set squares
2.1 Drawing materials and instruments

Drawing angles exercise: you have to obtain,

45º, 75º, 90º, 120º angles combining the set squares
2.1 Drawing materials and instruments
The Compass
It is used for drawing circles and angles

Advice: sharpen the

lead tip by rubbing it
on a fingernail file
2.2 DRAFT AND SKETCH

 DRAFT: It is a free hand drawing (just with a pencil).

We show an idea or object without totally defining it.

Page 41
2.2 DRAFT AND SKETCH

ATTENTION!
 A DRAFT IS NOT A BAD
DRAWING AND A SKETCH
IS NOT A GOOD
DRAWING !!!!!!
 2.2 DRAFT AND SKETCH

The sketch: It is a free hand drawing too, but it

includes the measures, therefore it shows the
precise size and a shape similar to the final
drawing.

measure

Page
41
2.2 DRAFT AND SKETCH

 Activity:
draw a sketch of your home
cupboard.
2.2 DRAFT AND SKETCH

the
Sketch
2.3 Drafting scale

 Wedefine scale as the relation between the

drawing size and the real object

A model uses a reduction

scale
 2.3 Drafting scale

1:2

The Drawing The Real size

size
Page
38
 Page
2.3 Drafting scale 38
1 cm measured on the drawing is equivalent to
1200cm in reality

1:1200

1cm drawing 1200 reality

 2.3 Drafting scale
Scale types:
• Reduction scale: it is used to represent
big objects, so they can be drawn on
paper
– We usually use: 1:2 1:5 1:10…
In this example we have reduced 1000 times
the real size of the tree

1:1000
drawn Real
 2.3 Drafting scale
Enlargement scale: it is used to represent
small objects so we can see them on
paper
– It is used: 2:1 5:1 10:1 …

In this example the drawing is two times the real

object
Safety
pin
2:1

Draw Real
ing
2.3 Drafting scale

An example of scale application

• Let’s draw a pencil that is 10cm high
and 1cm wide using different scales:
2:1, 1:2, 1:4 1cm

10cm
2.3 Drafting scale
2:1

Scale 2:1
High wide

Real

Drawn 2

Real 1 10 1
2.3 Drafting scale
2:1

Scale 1:2
High wide

Real

Drawn 1
1:2

Real 2 10 1
2.3 Drafting scale
2:1

Scale 1:4
High wide

Real

Drawn 1
1:2

1:4
Real 4 10 1
2.3 Drafting scale

Scale exercise
• This drawing is 4,5cm long and 2,5 cm
high, if we have used a 1:100 scale
How high and long is the real car?

2.5cm
4.5cm
 2.5cm

2.3 Drafting scale

Scale 1:100
Long High

4.5cm
Drawn 1 4,5 2,5

Real 100 450 250

2.3 Drafting scale

• Activity:
Let’s draw a plan of your classroom using
your feet and your hands applying the
suitable scale to draw it

1 hand: 10cm 1 foot: 20cm

2.3 Drafting scale
24 feet are equivalent to
480cm
Therefore we have
4,5 hands = 45cm
4hands x 18cm/hand= 72cm
3,5 hands=35cm
3hands x 18cm/hand= 54cm
31 feet x 20cm/foot= 620cm
24 feet x 20cm/foot=480cm

31 feet are
equivalent to 620cm
2.3 Drafting scale

Which scale could we use to

draw the classroom and your
desks on your notebooks?
length width

Classroom 620cm 480cm

Desk 72cm 54cm

 2.3 Drafting scale
Let’s use the1:100 scale, so the drawing will be 100
times smaller than reality

Classroom Long wide

Drawn 1 6,2 4,8

Real 100 620 480

Desks Long wide

Drawn 1 0,72 0,54

Real 100 72 54
2.3 Drafting scale

• Homework:
Draw a plan of your bedroom using your
feet and your hands. Apply a 1:25 scale
to draw it

1 hand: 10cm 1 foot: 20cm

15feet= 300cm

20 pies =
400cm habitación lenght Wide

bedroom 330 200

Desk 150 150

Bed 100 70
2.4 Diedric system
2.4 Diedric system

The diedric system represents the objects

using a perpendicular projection on a
plane
2.4 Diedric system
The projection or VIEW consists of drawing just
what we see when we are perpendicular to the
object and to the plane

Page
28
 2.4 Diedric system
To define an object we only need 3 views, floor, front and
profile:
 Floor view: from the top of the object
 Front view: facing the object
 Profile view: from the side Floor
view
Profile
view
Front
view

Profile
view Front
Floor view
view
 Draw the left profile, floor and front view of
your pencil case.
2.4 Diedric system
Diedric Rules
 The front is usually indicated with an arrow
 The views distribution
 The front is always on top of the floor
 The profile is situated the other way round,
that is, the left profile is situated on the right

front Left profile Right profile front

floor floor
 2.4 Diedric system
Remember:
 The same height: the object has the same height on the
floor and on the profile views
 The same width: on the front and on the floor views
 The same depth: on the floor and on the profile views
2.4 Diedric system
 Exercise:Draw the front, left profile
and floor views of the class chair
2.4 Diedric system
 Exercise:Draw the front, profile and floor
views of the class chair
2.4 Diedric system

Where do we have to be situated to see

these objects like circles?
2.4 Diedric system
2.4 Diedric system
Exercise 11: Complete the views of the following objects

Page
31
2.4 Diedric system
Exercise 11: Complete the views of the following objects
2.4 Diedric system
Exercise 11: Complete the views of the following objects
2.4 Diedric system
Exercise 11: Complete the views of the following objects
 2.4 Diedric system
 Non visible lines: when we know there is a hidden
line we have to draw it using a discontinuous line

hidden line
2.4 Diedric system
 Insert video
2.4 Diedric system

Activity: draw the front, floor and right

profile views of this figure colouring each
face in one colour.
2.4 Diedric system
Activity: draw the front, floor y left profile views of this figure colouring
each face in a different colour.
2.4 Diedric system
 Exercice:draw the right profile, front and
floor views of these objects
2.4 Diedric system
2.4 Diedric system
2.5 Marking and standardizing
The standardizing is the group of rules
that defines technical drawing.
 For example:
 For paper size we use the DIN rule: A0,A1,A2…
 The lines are:
 Thick continuous lines: are used to outline objects
 Thick discontinuous lines: indicate hidden lines

 Thin continuous lines: are used for auxiliary measures and

reference lines
 2.5 Marking and standardizing

Reference line

Measure

Measure line

Auxuliary Line
 2.5 Marking and standardizing

Outside thick
continuous line

Thick discontinuous line for a

hidden edge
2.5 Marking and standardizing

Marking : indicating the real

dimensions above the object
2.5 Marking and standardizing
 Activity:
draw these views indicating
which rules are broken
Correct Wrong
2.5 Marking and standardizing.
Marking follows some rules: see
page 37  The measure lines:
 We place them parallel to
the edge and slightly
separated

 They are limited by the

auxiliary lines

 The arrows are thin and

enlongated, they go from
one side to the other
2.5 Marking and standardizing
 Auxiliary lines
 We place them
perpendicular to the
measure lines
 They cross the
measure line a little
bit
 They never cut the
measure line
2.5 Marking and standardizing

 Activity:
draw these views indicating
which rules are broken
Correct Wrong
2.5 Marking and standardizing
 The measures:
 We indicate the real
measure in milimetres, but
“mm” is never written
 They are placed above the
measure line, never under
it
 We only use the extrictly
necessary measures
2.5 Marking and standardizing
 Activity:
draw these views indicating
which rules are broken
Correct Wrong
2.5 Marking and standardizing

 Activity:Draw the front, left profile and

floor views of your pencil marking the
measures
 Let’s revise the important terms
Unit 2.Drawing applied to
technology
 What are we going to see in this unit?
 2.1Drawing tools and how to use them
 2.2 Drafts and sketches
 2.3 Drafting scale
 2.4 Diedric system
 2.5 Marking and standardizing
Vocabulary
 Paper size
 Cellulose
 Clay, graphite, lead
 Hard and soft pencils
 Erasers, technical pencil
 Sixty and forty-five degree rules
 Sketch, draft, free hand drawing, measures
 Scale, real and drawn size, reduction, enlargement scales
 To be reduced 100 times…
 Length, height, width
 Long, high, wide.